急性肾损伤 | COVID-19 患者可能出现急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)。年龄 ≥60 岁和重症 COVID-19 是死亡独立危险因素。[68]Lin L, Wang X, Ren J, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2020 Nov 10;10(11):e042573.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/11/e042573.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33172950?tool=bestpractice.com
与非重症 COVID-19 患者相比,罹患重症 COVID-19 患者,更有可能需要给予持续肾脏替代治疗。AKI 会显著增加 COVID-19 患者住院死亡风险。[68]Lin L, Wang X, Ren J, et al. Risk factors and prognosis for COVID-19-induced acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2020 Nov 10;10(11):e042573.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/11/e042573.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33172950?tool=bestpractice.com
一项针对美国 AKI 住院患者的队列研究发现,与不伴 COVID-19 患者相比,COVID-19 相关性 AKI 与出院后更高的估计肾小球滤过率降低发生率具有相关性,其独立于基础合并症或 AKI 严重性。[69]Nugent J, Aklilu A, Yamamoto Y, et al. Assessment of acute kidney injury and longitudinal kidney function after hospital discharge among patients with and without COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Mar 1;4(3):e211095.
https://www.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1095
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33688965?tool=bestpractice.com
英国指南指出,在 COVID-19 患者中,AKI 可在任何时间(住院前、住院期间或住院后)出现,维持正常血容量(最佳容量状态)对于降低 AKI 发病率至关重要。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
COVID-19 患者的 AKI 治疗似乎与其他人群相同,包括必要时给予连续性肾脏替代治疗。[70]Nephrology Journal Club. Acute kidney injury. Mar 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.nephjc.com/news/covidaki
除非必要,否则应停用可引起或加重 AKI 的药物。COVID-19 某些治疗方法可能会增加 AKI 风险。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
体温升高和呼吸频率增加的患者,将出现更多不显性液体丢失。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
在许多病例中需要给予静脉输液,应在生化检测指导下进行治疗选择。静脉补液治疗的目标是维持血容量正常状态。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
钾离子结合剂可作为危及生命高钾血症紧急治疗的一部分,同时给予标准诊疗。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
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| 访问我们的完整专题急性淋巴细胞白血病 美国健康保险索赔数据分析提示,白血病是致死性 COVID-19 重要危险因素。[71]Fair Health. Risk factors for COVID-19 mortality among privately insured patients: a claims data analysis. Nov 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.fairhealth.org/publications/whitepapers
一个国际专家组和美国血液学会已为成人急性淋巴细胞白血病治疗提出建议。[72]Zeidan AM, Boddu PC, Patnaik MM, et al. Special considerations in the management of adult patients with acute leukaemias and myeloid neoplasms in the COVID-19 era: recommendations from a panel of international experts. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Aug;7(8):e601-e612.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(20)30205-2/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32563283?tool=bestpractice.com
[73]American Society of Hematology. COVID-19 and adult ALL: frequently asked questions. Jan 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-all
临床医生应考虑在老年人诱导治疗过程中,和对 COVID-19 并发症出现高风险患者治疗中,尽量减少皮质类固醇暴露,并减少柔红霉素和培门冬酶(聚乙二醇修饰门冬酰胺酶)的剂量。[72]Zeidan AM, Boddu PC, Patnaik MM, et al. Special considerations in the management of adult patients with acute leukaemias and myeloid neoplasms in the COVID-19 era: recommendations from a panel of international experts. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Aug;7(8):e601-e612.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(20)30205-2/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32563283?tool=bestpractice.com
[73]American Society of Hematology. COVID-19 and adult ALL: frequently asked questions. Jan 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-all
抗 CD20 单克隆抗体可降低免疫球蛋白水平;应尽可能推迟使用此类药物进行治疗。对于费城染色体阳性疾病患者,应考虑减少皮质类固醇剂量和给予第二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。[72]Zeidan AM, Boddu PC, Patnaik MM, et al. Special considerations in the management of adult patients with acute leukaemias and myeloid neoplasms in the COVID-19 era: recommendations from a panel of international experts. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Aug;7(8):e601-e612.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(20)30205-2/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32563283?tool=bestpractice.com
[73]American Society of Hematology. COVID-19 and adult ALL: frequently asked questions. Jan 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-all
如果患者经过两个周期化疗后,微小残留病呈阳性,临床医生应考虑使用 blinatumomab。如果患者微小残留病呈阴性,且已经接受了大部分化疗,则可提前接受维持治疗。维持治疗期间,对于 >65 岁患者,临床医生应考虑减少皮质类固醇用量和避免给予长春新碱。对于复发或难治性疾病和移植,已给出相应建议可供参考。对于无 COVID-19 患者,应考虑使用生长因子支持,以促进中性粒细胞计数恢复,并在治疗的所有阶段,将中性粒细胞绝对计数维持于 1000 个细胞/μL 以上。中重度严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)感染患者可能应避免使用生长因子,因其可能导致炎症性肺损伤加重。[72]Zeidan AM, Boddu PC, Patnaik MM, et al. Special considerations in the management of adult patients with acute leukaemias and myeloid neoplasms in the COVID-19 era: recommendations from a panel of international experts. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Aug;7(8):e601-e612.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(20)30205-2/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32563283?tool=bestpractice.com
血液疾病患者进行 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种试验的数据有限。此类患者对疫苗的反应可能削弱。一项对血液系统恶性肿瘤患者进行 BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 疫苗接种的研究发现,与健康对照相比,抗体应答有所降低,且受疾病治疗的影响。[74]Maneikis K, Šablauskas K, Ringelevičiūtė U, et al. Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and early clinical outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies in Lithuania: a national prospective cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Aug;8(8):e583-92.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(21)00169-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34224668?tool=bestpractice.com
可考虑采取其他措施,例如家庭密切接触者尽早进行疫苗接种。[75]Sun C, Pleyer C, Wiestner A. COVID-19 vaccines for patients with haematological conditions. Lancet Haematol. 2021 May;8(5):e312-4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8012057
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33811822?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题急性髓性白血病 美国健康保险索赔数据分析提示,白血病是致死性 COVID-19 重要危险因素。[71]Fair Health. Risk factors for COVID-19 mortality among privately insured patients: a claims data analysis. Nov 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.fairhealth.org/publications/whitepapers
急性髓系白血病(acute myelogenous leukaemia, AML)与 COVID-19 患者较劣的存活情况有关。[76]Passamonti F, Cattaneo C, Arcaini L, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 severity in patients with haematological malignancies in Italy: a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Oct;7(10):e737-45.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(20)30251-9/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32798473?tool=bestpractice.com
开始诱导或巩固化疗之前,应对 AML 患者进行 COVID-19 筛查。[77]National Cancer Research Institute Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia working party. Recommendations for the management of patients with AML during the COVID-19 outbreak. Oct 2020 [internet publication].
http://www.cureleukaemia.co.uk/page/news/523/aml-working-party-covid-19-recommendations
理想情况下,接受强化治疗的患者应在 COVID-19 阴性病房中进行隔离照护,并加强筛查和保护措施。化疗应延迟至症状缓解且患者聚合酶链反应检测呈阴性。细胞遗传学和核仁磷酸蛋白-1(nucleophosmin-1, NPM1)及 fsm 相关性酪氨酸激酶-3(fsm-related tyrosine kinase-3, FLT3)状态将指导化疗选择。venetoclax 和 gilteritinib 已获英格兰 NHS 紧急批准,可用于特定患者群。[77]National Cancer Research Institute Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia working party. Recommendations for the management of patients with AML during the COVID-19 outbreak. Oct 2020 [internet publication].
http://www.cureleukaemia.co.uk/page/news/523/aml-working-party-covid-19-recommendations
中重度 COVID-19 感染患者可能应避免使用生长因子,因其可能导致炎症性肺损伤加重。[72]Zeidan AM, Boddu PC, Patnaik MM, et al. Special considerations in the management of adult patients with acute leukaemias and myeloid neoplasms in the COVID-19 era: recommendations from a panel of international experts. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Aug;7(8):e601-e612.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(20)30205-2/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32563283?tool=bestpractice.com
血液疾病患者进行严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2 疫苗接种试验的数据有限。此类患者对疫苗的反应可能削弱。一项对血液系统恶性肿瘤患者进行 BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 疫苗接种的研究发现,与健康对照相比,抗体应答有所降低,且受疾病治疗的影响。[74]Maneikis K, Šablauskas K, Ringelevičiūtė U, et al. Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and early clinical outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies in Lithuania: a national prospective cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Aug;8(8):e583-92.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(21)00169-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34224668?tool=bestpractice.com
可考虑采取其他措施,例如家庭密切接触者尽早进行疫苗接种。[75]Sun C, Pleyer C, Wiestner A. COVID-19 vaccines for patients with haematological conditions. Lancet Haematol. 2021 May;8(5):e312-4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8012057
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33811822?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题Addison 病 肾上腺皮质功能不全患者感染风险增加,可能伴发肾上腺危象。确诊或疑似 COVID-19 患者的肾上腺危象预防指南已可获取。[78]Arlt W, Baldeweg SE, Pearce SHS, et al. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19: management of adrenal insufficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020 Jul;183(1):G25-32.
https://eje.bioscientifica.com/doi/10.1530/EJE-20-0361
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32379699?tool=bestpractice.com
患者应得到支持,助其安全的进行疾病自我管理,并应接受病期规则(sick day rules)应用教育。指南建议出现 COVID-19 症状的患者应就医,并应按照医嘱服用氢化可的松或泼尼松龙。还建议发热患者服用对乙酰氨基酚,并规律饮水,肉眼监测尿液大致浓度。如有临床恶化征象(例如头晕、强烈干渴、无法控制的颤动、嗜睡、意识模糊、昏睡、呕吐、严重腹泻、呼吸短促、呼吸频率 >24/min、言语困难),患者或其照护者应进行氢化可的松肌内注射,并呼叫紧急医疗救助。[78]Arlt W, Baldeweg SE, Pearce SHS, et al. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19: management of adrenal insufficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020 Jul;183(1):G25-32.
https://eje.bioscientifica.com/doi/10.1530/EJE-20-0361
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32379699?tool=bestpractice.com
住院患者应接受氢化可的松静脉给药和等渗生理盐水持续静脉输液复苏;氟氢可的松应暂时停用。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题再生障碍性贫血 重度再生障碍性贫血(aplastic anaemia, AA)确定性治疗选择为干细胞移植或免疫抑制治疗。美国血液病学会建议,对于中性粒细胞绝对计数(absolute neutrophil count, ANC)<200/μL(非常严重的 AA)患者,延迟移植或免疫抑制治疗,其风险远远大于住院期间或免疫抑制对感染进程产生影响期间暴露于严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV- 2),但目前尚未确定最佳管理方案。[79]American Society of Hematology. COVID-19 and aplastic anemia: frequently asked questions. May 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-aplastic-anemia
免疫抑制治疗选择为抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(antithymocyte globulin, ATG)、环孢素和艾曲泊帕;给予 ATG 需住院进行处理。美国血液病学会、欧洲血液和骨髓移植学会以及英格兰 NHS 发表声明,建议对 COVID-19 大流行期间的重度或极重度 AA 患者,可联合 ATG,使用艾曲泊帕(联合或不联合环孢素)作为干细胞移植或免疫抑制治疗的桥接治疗。[79]American Society of Hematology. COVID-19 and aplastic anemia: frequently asked questions. May 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-aplastic-anemia
[80]European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. COVID-19 - bone marrow failure and PNH recommendations on behalf of the Severe Aplastic Anemia Working Party, European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Mar 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.ebmt.org/ebmt/documents/covid-19-bone-marrow-failure-and-pnh
[81]NHS England. Eltrombopag as bridging therapy to haematopoietic stem cell transplant in severe or very severe aplastic anaemia during the COVID19 pandemic (in adults) (RPS 2006). Dec 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/publication/eltrombopag-as-bridging-therapy-to-haematopoietic-stem-cell-transplant-in-severe-or-very-severe-aplastic-anaemia-during-the-covid19-pandemic-in-adults
血液疾病患者进行 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种试验的数据缺乏。此类患者对疫苗的反应可能削弱。一项小型研究报道称,与健康对照相比,再生障碍性贫血患者接种第一剂 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗后,血清转化率降低,抗体反应降低。第二次疫苗接种后,再生障碍性贫血患者和健康对照的血清阳性及抗体水平相当。[82]Pike A, McKinley C, Forrest B, et al. COVID-19 vaccination antibody responses in patients with aplastic anaemia and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Lancet Haematol. 2022 Aug;9(8):e553-6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9246481
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35780797?tool=bestpractice.com
可考虑采取措施,例如给予家庭接触者早期疫苗接种。[75]Sun C, Pleyer C, Wiestner A. COVID-19 vaccines for patients with haematological conditions. Lancet Haematol. 2021 May;8(5):e312-4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8012057
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33811822?tool=bestpractice.com
美国血液病学会指出,尽管部分接受免疫抑制治疗的患者可能无法对疫苗接种产生适当的免疫反应,但 AA 患者进行 COVID-19 疫苗接种的获益超过风险,尤其是具有重症 COVID-19 其他危险因素者。[79]American Society of Hematology. COVID-19 and aplastic anemia: frequently asked questions. May 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-aplastic-anemia
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| 访问我们的完整专题哮喘 患者应继续如常服用给予的哮喘药物,包括吸入和口服皮质类固醇以及生物治疗。[83]Cardinale F, Ciprandi G, Barberi S, et al. Consensus statement of the Italian society of pediatric allergy and immunology for the pragmatic management of children and adolescents with allergic or immunological diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ital J Pediatr. 2020 Jun 16;46(1):84.
https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-020-00843-2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32546234?tool=bestpractice.com
[84]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention, 2022. [internet publication].
https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports
[85]Licskai C, Yang CL, Ducharme FM, et al. Addressing therapeutic questions to help Canadian physicians optimize asthma management for their patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Can J Resp Crit Care Sleep Med. 2020 Apr 30;4(2):73-6.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24745332.2020.1754027
[86]European Lung Foundation. COVID-19 and lung disease Q&A. Mar 2021 [internet publication].
https://europeanlung.org/en/information-hub/covid-19/expert-information/covid-19-and-lung-disease-qa
GINA 建议应为所有患者制定书面行动计划,以便其知晓如何识别哮喘恶化,如何增加缓解和控制药物,以及何时就医。[84]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention, 2022. [internet publication].
https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports
GINA 建议,由于存在呼吸道病毒颗粒传播风险,因此急性发作时应避免使用雾化器,取而代之,可使用加压定量吸入器和带有咬口的储雾罐或紧密贴合的面罩给予短效 β-2 受体激动剂。[84]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention, 2022. [internet publication].
https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports
美国疾病预防控制中心提出,雾化器使用可能导致传染性气溶胶生成;但目前尚不清楚雾化器使用与感染之间的关联,是由于感染性颗粒生成,还是患者与施用雾化器的医护人员之间产生密切接触所致。[87]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical questions about COVID-19: questions and answers. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/faq.html
GINA 建议,如果需要进行肺活量和峰值流量测定,应遵循当地 COVID-19 检测建议和感染控制程序。[84]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention, 2022. [internet publication].
https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports
GINA 建议,使用管路过滤器可将肺活量测定过程中的传播风险降至最低,如果患者感到需要咳嗽,应建议其勿松开咬口。[84]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention, 2022. [internet publication].
https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports
美国变态反应、哮喘和免疫学会(American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, AAAAI)就肺部手术安全实践提供了建议,包括肺量测定、呼出气一氧化氮分数、雾化治疗和乙酰甲胆碱激发试验。[88]Virant FS, Randolph C, Nanda A, et al. Pulmonary procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a work group Report of the AAAAI Asthma Diagnosis and Treatment (ADT) interest section. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022 Jun;10(6):1474-84.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9009724
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35431153?tool=bestpractice.com
患者应确保家中有足够的药物补给,但不应过多堆积。可提醒患者勿与他人共用吸入器或储雾罐。临床医生应鼓励患者戒烟。[83]Cardinale F, Ciprandi G, Barberi S, et al. Consensus statement of the Italian society of pediatric allergy and immunology for the pragmatic management of children and adolescents with allergic or immunological diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ital J Pediatr. 2020 Jun 16;46(1):84.
https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-020-00843-2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32546234?tool=bestpractice.com
GINA 建议,按照通常的疫苗预防措施为哮喘患者进行 COVID-19 疫苗接种。[84]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention, 2022. [internet publication].
https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports
对于接受生物治疗的重度哮喘患者,COVID-19 疫苗接种和生物治疗不应在同一天进行。[84]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention, 2022. [internet publication].
https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports
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| 访问我们的完整专题自身免疫性肝炎 一项对英国 500,000 人进行的队列研究发现,自身免疫性疾病和口服皮质类固醇史与致死性 COVID-19 风险升高具有相关性。[89]Elliott J, Bodinier B, Whitaker M, et al. COVID-19 mortality in the UK Biobank cohort: revisiting and evaluating risk factors. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021 Mar;36(3):299-309.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-021-00722-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33587202?tool=bestpractice.com
英国、欧洲和美国不建议对未罹患 COVID-19 患者的免疫抑制药物进行预想性调整。[90]American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Clinical best practice advice for hepatology and liver transplant providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: AASLD expert panel consensus statement. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262242
[91]Boettler T, Marjot T, Newsome PN, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic. JHEP Rep. 2020 Oct;2(5):100169.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32835190
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835190?tool=bestpractice.com
这样做可能会导致自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis, AIH)发作。布地奈德可予以考虑,为不伴肝硬化的 AIH 急性发作患者诱导缓解,最大程度减少全身皮质类固醇暴露。[91]Boettler T, Marjot T, Newsome PN, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic. JHEP Rep. 2020 Oct;2(5):100169.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32835190
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835190?tool=bestpractice.com
美国肝病研究协会(AASLD)建议,无论是否患有COVID-19的AIH患者,都应开始免疫抑制治疗。[90]American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Clinical best practice advice for hepatology and liver transplant providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: AASLD expert panel consensus statement. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262242
如果患者罹患 COVID-19,根据免疫抑制患者感染管理一般原则,以及为减少超级感染风险,AASLD 建议临床医生考虑减少免疫抑制剂的剂量(特别是硫唑嘌呤和麦考酚酯)。[90]American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Clinical best practice advice for hepatology and liver transplant providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: AASLD expert panel consensus statement. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262242
药物调整应予个体化,并应根据 COVID-19 严重性进行。如果患者正在使用皮质类固醇,并罹患 COVID-19,则皮质类固醇剂量必须给足,以防止肾上腺功能不全。[91]Boettler T, Marjot T, Newsome PN, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic. JHEP Rep. 2020 Oct;2(5):100169.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32835190
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835190?tool=bestpractice.com
COVID-19 可能导致 AIH 患者肝功能检查异常;未经活检确认,不应将此归因于肝炎急性发作。[90]American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Clinical best practice advice for hepatology and liver transplant providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: AASLD expert panel consensus statement. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262242
英国胃肠病学会、英国肝病研究协会、NHS 血液与移植司和英国肝脏基金会联合声明建议,自身免疫性肝炎患者应考虑采用任意可获取疫苗进行 SARS-CoV-2 免疫接种。[92]British Society of Gastroenterology. A joint statement on vaccination for Sars-CoV-2 in patients with liver disease. Mar 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.bsg.org.uk/covid-19-advice/a-joint-statement-on-vaccination-for-sars-cov2-in-patients-with-liver-disease
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| 访问我们的完整专题乳腺癌 COVID-19 疫苗接种与乳腺 MRI 和乳腺 X 线钼靶摄影呈现更高的腋窝淋巴结肿大发生率具有相关性。[93]Edmonds CE, Zuckerman SP, Conant EF. Management of unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy detected on breast MRI in the era of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2021 Oct;217(4):831-4.
https://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/AJR.21.25604
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33543649?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Robinson KA, Maimone S, Gococo-Benore DA, et al. Incidence of axillary adenopathy in breast imaging after COVID-19 vaccination. JAMA Oncol. 2021 Sep 1;7(9):1395-7.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2782036
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34292295?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究报道称,在接种 COVID-19 疫苗后,乳腺 X 线钼靶摄影检查显示腋窝淋巴结肿大的发生率为 3%。[94]Robinson KA, Maimone S, Gococo-Benore DA, et al. Incidence of axillary adenopathy in breast imaging after COVID-19 vaccination. JAMA Oncol. 2021 Sep 1;7(9):1395-7.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2782036
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34292295?tool=bestpractice.com
指南已发布,帮助避免反应性淋巴结活检。任意一剂接种 4 周内,MRI 所探及与疫苗接种上臂同侧的单侧腋窝淋巴结肿大,极可能与 COVID-19 疫苗接种具有相关性。建议在第二剂疫苗接种后 6 至 8 周进行超声检查。[93]Edmonds CE, Zuckerman SP, Conant EF. Management of unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy detected on breast MRI in the era of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2021 Oct;217(4):831-4.
https://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/AJR.21.25604
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33543649?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题毛细支气管炎 英国指南建议对符合条件的儿童优化预防性治疗,包括流感疫苗接种和帕利珠单抗治疗。[95]Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. National guidance for the management of children with bronchiolitis and lower respiratory tract infections during COVID-19. May 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/national-guidance-management-children-bronchiolitis-during-covid-19
评估的主要特征为氧合、水化和营养,不考虑儿童潜在 COVID-19 状态。高流量鼻导管给氧是一种气溶胶生成性操作;如果正在对其使用加以考虑,应咨询高年资临床医生。需收住入院的儿童应接受呼吸道病毒检测,包括严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-Cov-2)、流行性感冒和呼吸道合胞病毒。需给予重症/高依赖性治疗或手术的儿童,应优先进行快速 SARS-CoV-2 检测。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题心肺复苏 (CPR) 由于气溶胶生成性操作、多名医务工作者与患者近距离接触,以及迅速行动的需要,在 COVID-19 流行环境下进行 CPR,给医务工作者带来较高风险。 如果发现心脏骤停(患者无反应且呼吸异常),英国和国际指南(ILCOR)建议立即查看呼吸,但不建议将面部靠近患者口部打开气道,或聆听/感觉呼吸。[96]International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. COVID-19: practical guidance for implementation. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.ilcor.org/covid-19
[97]Resuscitation Council UK. Resuscitation Council UK statement on COVID-19 in relation to CPR and resuscitation in acute hospital settings. Aug 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.resus.org.uk/covid-19-resources/statements-covid-19-hospital-settings/resuscitation-council-uk-statement-covid
急性疾患医院环境中,英国指南建议,复苏小组所有成员进入房间前必须穿戴完整的气溶胶生成操作(Aerosol Generating ProcedureAerosol Generating Procedure, AGP)个人防护装备(Personal Protective Equipment, PPE);若 AGP PPE 尚未穿戴完整,则不应开始进行胸外按压或气道操作。房间内人员数量须加以限制,应由经验丰富人员给予气道干预,从而最大程度减少气溶胶风险。[97]Resuscitation Council UK. Resuscitation Council UK statement on COVID-19 in relation to CPR and resuscitation in acute hospital settings. Aug 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.resus.org.uk/covid-19-resources/statements-covid-19-hospital-settings/resuscitation-council-uk-statement-covid
更新版美国指南目前建议,胸外按压或除颤不应因穿戴 PPE 而延迟,但初期复苏人员应尽快由穿戴适当 PPE 者进行替代。[98]Hsu A, Sasson C, Kudenchuk PJ, et al. 2021 Interim guidance to health care providers for basic and advanced cardiac life support in adults, children, and neonates with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2021 Oct;14(10):e008396.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.008396
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34641719?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者不能仰卧,心肺复苏可在俯卧位进行,特别是如果患者已建议高级气道和循环支持。[99]Task Force for the management of COVID-19 of the European Society of Cardiology. ESC guidance for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: part 2-care pathways, treatment, and follow-up. Eur Heart J. 2022 Mar 14;43(11):1059-103.
https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab697/6429145
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34791154?tool=bestpractice.com
在急救和社区环境中,非专业急救人员应实施仅胸外按压的复苏和除颤(如有条件);如果认为有感染风险,可用布料遮盖患者口鼻。小儿心脏骤停更可能是由呼吸疾患引发,因而通气至关重要。非专业急救人员或许会认为不进行呼吸复苏的风险可能高于 COVID-19 传播的风险。[96]International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. COVID-19: practical guidance for implementation. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.ilcor.org/covid-19
[97]Resuscitation Council UK. Resuscitation Council UK statement on COVID-19 in relation to CPR and resuscitation in acute hospital settings. Aug 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.resus.org.uk/covid-19-resources/statements-covid-19-hospital-settings/resuscitation-council-uk-statement-covid
[98]Hsu A, Sasson C, Kudenchuk PJ, et al. 2021 Interim guidance to health care providers for basic and advanced cardiac life support in adults, children, and neonates with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2021 Oct;14(10):e008396.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.008396
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34641719?tool=bestpractice.com
对溺水患者不宜进行水中口对口复苏。救援人员应首先从水中撤离,从而可以穿戴 PPE 和使用急救设备。救援人员在进行复苏前,应穿戴手套、口罩和眼部防护装置。推荐使用高效空气过滤器(high-efficiency particulate arrestance, HEPA)的双人袋瓣面罩通气。如果无法进行,二线选择为使用带 HEPA 过滤器的口-面罩通气,三线选择为被动氧合。如果救援人员无法遵循该指南,则应仅进行 CPR,并用布料遮盖患者口鼻。[100]Resuscitation of the drowned person in the era of COVID-19 disease: a common ground for recommendations, identification of research needs and a global call to action. Position Statement of the International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, International Life Saving Federation Medical Committee and International Maritime Rescue Federation. May 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.international-maritime-rescue.org/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=d44362ba-dd18-4dfe-841c-9480646704d8
巴西指南建议开始进行连续胸部按压,对成人实施 CPR。开始胸部按压之前,应使用布料或口罩遮挡患者口唇,低流量(6-10 L/min)给氧;遮挡物应保持在位,直至建立侵入性气道。如果可能,应避免使用袋-阀面罩或袋-阀管通气;如有必要,应由两名急救人员进行通气(从而使双手得以对面罩边缘进行密封),并应使用口咽气道。面罩和氧气袋之间应放置一个 HEPA 过滤器。如果患者在心脏骤停时呈俯卧位,且未建立侵入性气道,则应将其重新摆为仰卧位。如果患者已进行气管插管,则应在俯卧位时即进行胸外按压。理想情况下,建立气道前,应采用胸外按压,并使用带 HEPA 过滤器的袋阀面罩装置进行儿童复苏。[101]Position Statement: cardiopulmonary resuscitation of patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 - 2020. Brazilian Association of Emergency Medicine (ABRAMEDE), Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC), Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine (AMIB), and Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA). Jul 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0066-782X2020000701078&lng=es&nrm=i&tlng=en
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| 访问我们的完整专题慢性肾病 严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗在接受血液透析的患者和健康对照者中诱导的中和抗体滴度相当。腺病毒相关载体疫苗 ADZ1222 在接受血液透析未进行血清学检测(seronaive)患者中可诱导次优中和抗体。[102]Carr EJ, Wu M, Harvey R, et al. Neutralising antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination in UK haemodialysis patients. Lancet. 2021 Sep 18;398(10305):1038-41.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8360704
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34391504?tool=bestpractice.com
美国一项回顾性观察性研究发现,在接受血液透析的患者中,接种 BNT162b2 或 mRNA-1273 疫苗与 COVID-19 诊断风险降低以及 COVID-19 确诊患者住院或死亡风险降低具有相关性。[103]Sibbel S, McKeon K, Luo J, et al. Real-world effectiveness and immunogenicity of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV2 vaccines in patients on hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022 Jan;33(1):49-57.
https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/early/2021/11/17/ASN.2021060778.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34789546?tool=bestpractice.com
美国的另一项回顾性队列研究显示,在接受维持性透析的患者中,不同疫苗诱导的血清反应随着时间的推移而减弱。[104]Hsu CM, Weiner DE, Manley HJ, et al. Seroresponse to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among maintenance dialysis patients over 6 months. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022 Mar;17(3):403-13.
https://www.doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12250921
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35144972?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题慢性淋巴细胞性白血病 血液疾病患者进行严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2 疫苗接种试验的数据有限。此类患者对疫苗的反应可能削弱。一项对 CLL 患者进行 BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 疫苗接种的研究发现,与健康对照相比,抗体应答有所降低,且受疾病活动度和治疗影响。[74]Maneikis K, Šablauskas K, Ringelevičiūtė U, et al. Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and early clinical outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies in Lithuania: a national prospective cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Aug;8(8):e583-92.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(21)00169-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34224668?tool=bestpractice.com
[105]Herishanu Y, Avivi I, Aharon A, et al. Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2021 Jun 10;137(23):3165-73.
https://ashpublications.org/blood/article-lookup/doi/10.1182/blood.2021011568
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861303?tool=bestpractice.com
单独使用 Bruton 酪氨酸激酶抑制剂或维奈克拉,或与抗 CD20 抗体联合使用的患者中,抗体应答率相对较低。还可考虑采取其他措施,例如让家庭密切接触者尽早接种疫苗。[75]Sun C, Pleyer C, Wiestner A. COVID-19 vaccines for patients with haematological conditions. Lancet Haematol. 2021 May;8(5):e312-4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8012057
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33811822?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题慢性髓性白血病 接受 COVID-19 治疗的患者,应对其可能出现的药物相互作用加以考虑。 血液疾病患者进行严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2 疫苗接种试验的数据有限。此类患者对疫苗的反应可能削弱。一项对血液系统恶性肿瘤患者进行 BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 疫苗接种的研究发现,与健康对照相比,抗体应答有所降低,且受疾病治疗的影响。[74]Maneikis K, Šablauskas K, Ringelevičiūtė U, et al. Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and early clinical outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies in Lithuania: a national prospective cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Aug;8(8):e583-92.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(21)00169-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34224668?tool=bestpractice.com
可考虑采取其他措施,例如家庭密切接触者尽早进行疫苗接种。[75]Sun C, Pleyer C, Wiestner A. COVID-19 vaccines for patients with haematological conditions. Lancet Haematol. 2021 May;8(5):e312-4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8012057
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33811822?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD) 慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议(Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, GOLD)建议对伴新发呼吸道症状或呼吸道症状加重、发热和/或任何其他 COVID-19 可能相关症状的 COPD 患者,进行严重急性呼吸疾病冠状病毒 2(acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)检测,即使症状轻微。[106]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2022 report. Dec 2021 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2022-gold-reports-2
一项大型前瞻性队列研究发现,50 岁及以上伴或不伴哮喘的 COPD 患者,与不伴呼吸系统疾病患者相比,更需给予辅助供氧和无创通气,但接受有创机械通气或危重症诊疗的可能性较小。该组死亡率超过 40%。[107]Bloom C, Drake T, Docherty A, et al. Risk of adverse outcomes in patients with underlying respiratory conditions admitted to hospital with COVID-19: a national, multicentre prospective cohort study using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Jul;9(7):699-711.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213260021000138?via%3Dihub
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33676593?tool=bestpractice.com
GOLD 建议患者应维持其常规治疗,目前尚无证据建议 COVID-19 大流行期间应避免给予 COPD 患者皮质类固醇治疗(吸入或口服)。[106]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2022 report. Dec 2021 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2022-gold-reports-2
COPD 加重应由患者按照其个人计划进行管理,不应更改预先规划的挽救性抗生素和皮质类固醇给药。不应为治疗患者 COVID-19 症状而起始挽救性抗生素和皮质类固醇,也不应为降低风险而起始预防性抗生素。[108]British Thoracic Society. COPD and COVID-19 for healthcare professionals. Apr 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/about-us/covid-19-information-for-the-respiratory-community
加拿大指南建议,罹患 COVID-19 的 COPD 患者应继续给予常规吸入性维持治疗,且如有必要,应给予泼尼松龙治疗 COPD 急性加重,无论加重是否由 SARS-CoV-2 引发。[85]Licskai C, Yang CL, Ducharme FM, et al. Addressing therapeutic questions to help Canadian physicians optimize asthma management for their patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Can J Resp Crit Care Sleep Med. 2020 Apr 30;4(2):73-6.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24745332.2020.1754027
为减少急性加重风险和 COVID-19 感染导致不良结局风险,强烈建议吸烟患者停止继续使用烟草。[108]British Thoracic Society. COPD and COVID-19 for healthcare professionals. Apr 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/about-us/covid-19-information-for-the-respiratory-community
GOLD 认为雾化会增加飞沫产生和疾病传播风险。[106]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2022 report. Dec 2021 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2022-gold-reports-2
GOLD 的建议指出,应尽可能使用干粉吸入器、加压定量吸入器和缓释型气雾吸入器来替代经雾化器给予药物。美国疾病预防控制中心提出,雾化器使用可能导致传染性气溶胶生成,但目前尚不清楚雾化器使用与感染之间的关联,是由于感染性颗粒生成,还是由于患者与施用雾化器的医护人员之间的密切接触。[87]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical questions about COVID-19: questions and answers. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/faq.html
GOLD 建议,在 COVID-19 患病率较高时期,肺活检仅限于需要紧急诊断 COPD 和/或在介入治疗或手术前评估肺功能的患者。[106]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2022 report. Dec 2021 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2022-gold-reports-2
英国胸科协会推出了呼吸康复在线资源,以供患者无法进行当面诊疗时使用,并推出了 COVID-19 生存患者资源包。[109]British Thoracic Society. Pulmonary rehabilitation resource pack. Jun 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/about-us/covid-19-information-for-the-respiratory-community
新加坡一项研究报道称,大流行期间,因 COPD 急性加重而住院的人数呈显著且持续性下降(包括呼吸道病毒感染相关性急性加重),这与公共卫生措施(例社交疏离和口罩的普及使用)的施行情况吻合。[110]Tan JY, Conceicao EP, Wee LE, et al. COVID-19 public health measures: a reduction in hospital admissions for COPD exacerbations. Thorax. 2021 May;76(5):512-3.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7716293
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33273024?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题肝硬化 罹患慢性肝病的患者 COVID-19 感染死亡率更高,且死亡与肝病严重程度相关。[90]American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Clinical best practice advice for hepatology and liver transplant providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: AASLD expert panel consensus statement. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262242
[91]Boettler T, Marjot T, Newsome PN, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic. JHEP Rep. 2020 Oct;2(5):100169.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32835190
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835190?tool=bestpractice.com
COVID-19 感染可能会导致失代偿期肝硬化患者发生慢加急性肝衰竭。[111]Große K, Kramer M, Trautwein C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 as an extrahepatic precipitator of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int. 2020 Jul;40(7):1792-3.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/liv.14540
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32436600?tool=bestpractice.com
欧洲指南建议,罹患肝硬化和 COVID-19 者应入院进行治疗。此类患者具有新发或加重肝脏失代偿、重症 COVID-19 和死亡高风险。[91]Boettler T, Marjot T, Newsome PN, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic. JHEP Rep. 2020 Oct;2(5):100169.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32835190
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835190?tool=bestpractice.com
肝硬化和门静脉高压患者应避免使用非甾体类抗炎药。肝硬化患者应注意避免过量服用对乙酰氨基酚。[112]Chandok N, Watt KD. Pain management in the cirrhotic patient: the clinical challenge. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 May;85(5):451-8.
https://www.doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2009.0534
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20357277?tool=bestpractice.com
肝硬化患者对 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗的反应可能被削弱;然而,专家建议对此类患者进行优先疫苗接种,因为失代偿期肝硬化患者 COVID-19 相关性死亡率较高。[113]Marjot T, Webb GJ, Barritt AS, et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with liver disease: responding to the next big question. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Mar;6(3):156-8.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(21)00008-X/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33444545?tool=bestpractice.com
英国胃肠病学会、英国肝病研究协会、NHS 血液与移植司和英国肝脏基金会联合声明建议,慢性肝病患者应考虑采用任意可获取疫苗进行 SARS-CoV-2 免疫接种。[92]British Society of Gastroenterology. A joint statement on vaccination for Sars-CoV-2 in patients with liver disease. Mar 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.bsg.org.uk/covid-19-advice/a-joint-statement-on-vaccination-for-sars-cov2-in-patients-with-liver-disease
一项对肝硬化患者进行的队列研究发现,使用 COVID-19 mRNA 疫苗,与 COVID-19 感染减少,以及收住入院减少,或 28 天后因 COVID-19 感染导致的死亡减少具有相关性。[114]John BV, Deng Y, Scheinberg A, et al. Association of BNT162b2 mRNA and mRNA-1273 vaccines with COVID-19 infection and hospitalization among patients with cirrhosis. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1306-14.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2782121
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34254978?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题艰难梭菌相关性疾病 由于存在通过粪便微生物菌群移植(faecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)传播严重急性呼吸系统疾病冠状病毒 2(severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)的潜在风险,因此美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)对 2019 年 12 月 1 日后捐献的粪便提出以下新建议:[115]US Food and Drug Administration. Safety alert regarding use of fecal microbiota for transplantation and additional safety protections pertaining to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Mar 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/safety-availability-biologics/safety-alert-regarding-use-fecal-microbiota-transplantation-and-additional-safety-protections
对捐赠者进行筛查,以识别当前或最近可能感染 SARS-CoV-2 者。 尽可能对供体和/或供体粪便进行 SARS-CoV-2 检测。 告知患者通过 FMT 传播 SARS-CoV-2 的潜在风险后,应取得知情同意。
如果不符合以上标准,则用于 FMT 的粪便应捐赠于 2019 年 12 月 1 日之前。 |
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社区获得性肺炎 | 对于社区疑似或确诊继发细菌性肺炎患者,应尽快起始抗生素给药。如果患者症状未如预期得到改善,出现或快或显著的加重,无论是否服用抗生素,均应建议患者立即就医。抗生素不应用于预防继发性细菌性肺炎。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
建议对收入院患者(或其他处于急症情境下的患者)进行包括呼吸道和血培养、严重急性呼吸疾病冠状病毒 2(severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus , SARS-CoV-2)聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)、喉样本呼吸道病毒和非典型病原体 PCR、胸部影像学检查、全血细胞计数以及尿军团菌和肺炎链球菌抗原检测在内的检查,从而协助发现继发性细菌性肺炎,并为抗生素使用提供决策指导。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)升高无法区分细菌性肺炎和 COVID-19 肺炎,但低水平 CRP 使继发性细菌性肺炎可能性降低。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
如果临床怀疑住院 COVID-19 患者继发性细菌感染,应起始给予经验性抗生素。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
抗生素治疗应在诊断后 4 小时内开始,若可疑脓毒症,则应在 1 小时内开始。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
抗生素选择将取决于当地耐药性数据和药物可及性。对于免疫功能低下、妊娠、接受危重症诊疗、有耐药菌感染史或肺部疾病反复感染加重史的患者,建议根据专科医生推荐使用抗生素。 抗生素的使用应在 24-48 小时,或一旦检查结果得出后,进行回顾分析。应酌情使用窄谱抗生素。除非有继续治疗指征,否则抗生素治疗应在 5 天后停止。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
如果患者未出现预期好转,或症状明显、迅速恶化,则应对患者展开重新评估。如果有感染的临床证据或微生物检测证据,患者病情在 48-72 小时抗生素治疗后未得到改善,或者可疑多药耐药细菌感染,应寻求专科医生意见。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
临床医生应尽可能与患者、家属和照护者讨论所有治疗的获益、风险和可能出现的结局。患者对于治疗的倾向和对于治疗升级的态度应纳入考虑,临床医生应对于预先护理计划、拒绝治疗的预先决策或“勿尝试复苏”决策加以询问。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
世界卫生组织指南建议,如果临床怀疑细菌感染,不应给予轻症 COVID-19 患者抗生素,而仅对中度 COVID-19 患者给予抗生素。[57]World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: living guidance. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2021-2
发热、咳嗽和呼吸急促可为真菌性肺炎症状,包括球孢子菌病、组织胞浆菌病和芽孢杆菌病。真菌性肺炎可能与 COVID-19 和细菌性肺炎难以区别。如果 SARS-CoV-2 检测呈阴性,则应考虑诊断,但可能发生真菌和 SARS-CoV-2 合并感染。[116]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fungal diseases and COVID-19. Mar 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/covid-fungal.html
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| 访问我们的完整专题先天性心脏病 先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease, CHD)患者罹患更严重 COVID-19 感染的风险可能增加,尤其是 CHD 解剖和生理学特征更为严重者。[117]Alsaied T, Aboulhosn JA, Cotts TB, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic implications in pediatric and adult congenital heart disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Jun 16;9(12):e017224.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.120.017224
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32441586?tool=bestpractice.com
[118]Diller GP, Gatzoulis MA, Broberg CS, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in adults with congenital heart disease: a position paper from the ESC working group of adult congenital heart disease, and the International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease. Eur Heart J. 2021 May 14;42(19):1858-65.
https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa960/6031689
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33313664?tool=bestpractice.com
单纯性双心室缺陷、复杂性心室缺陷和心脏手术均与重症 COVID-19 相关。[119]Ehwerhemuepha L, Roth B, Patel AK, et al. Association of congenital and acquired cardiovascular conditions with COVID-19 severity among pediatric patients in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 May 2;5(5):e2211967.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9115618
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35579899?tool=bestpractice.com
当前大流行中,根据风险分层,对 CHD 成人患者预防和管理 COVID-19 的策略等疾病管理附加考量因素提出了建议。[118]Diller GP, Gatzoulis MA, Broberg CS, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in adults with congenital heart disease: a position paper from the ESC working group of adult congenital heart disease, and the International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease. Eur Heart J. 2021 May 14;42(19):1858-65.
https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa960/6031689
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33313664?tool=bestpractice.com
[120]Radke RM, Frenzel T, Baumgartner H, et al. Adult congenital heart disease and the COVID-19 pandemic. Heart. 2020;106:1302-09.
https://heart.bmj.com/content/early/2020/06/09/heartjnl-2020-317258.long
例如,可建议低危患者(例如具有正常心室功能、正常运动能力、无相关心律失常、无肺动脉高压的患者)采取针对 COVID-19 的一般性预防措施。轻度 COVID-19 感染的低危患者可居家治疗,并接受远程随访,但若病情加重/进展或出现呼吸困难,应降低收住院治疗标准。建议高危 CHD 成人(例如发绀型疾病、单心室镶嵌治疗疾病、严重狭窄或反流、严重心室功能障碍或肺动脉高压)加强预防措施,例如保持身体距离。COVID-19 感染的高危患者通常需要入院治疗,并请 CHD 专科医师参与诊疗。 建议 COVID-19 患病期间继续服用心脏病药物,包括阿司匹林、ACE 抑制剂、血管紧张素 Ⅱ 受体拮抗剂、β 受体阻滞剂、利尿药和抗心律失常药物,除非有明确禁忌证。[117]Alsaied T, Aboulhosn JA, Cotts TB, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic implications in pediatric and adult congenital heart disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Jun 16;9(12):e017224.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.120.017224
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32441586?tool=bestpractice.com
在英国,12 岁或以上、具有特定基础疾病从而面临重症 COVID-19 风险者应进行疫苗接种;目前包括伴先天性心脏病者。[28]UK Health Security Agency. COVID-19: the green book, chapter 14a: Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination information for public health professionals. Feb 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-the-green-book-chapter-14a
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| 访问我们的完整专题克罗恩病 国际指南建议,若患者出现 COVID-19,应停止给予甲氨蝶呤、硫嘌呤或托法替布。根据炎症性肠病的活动水平和 COVID-19 感染的严重程度,提出了详细的停药和重新启动用药建议。[121]International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Care of the IBD patient requiring hospitalization or surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. May 2020 [internet publication].
https://ioibd.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/IOIBD-Taskforce-Hospitalization-COVID-19-and-IBD-guidelines-1.pdf
[122]International Organisation for the study of inflammatory bowel disease. IOIBD recommendations: best practice guidance for when to restart IBD therapy in patients who have suspected or confirmed COVID-19. May 2020 [internet publication].
https://ioibd.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/When-to-restart-IBD-therapy-after-a-patient-had-COVID-19.pdf
手术决策应由多学科团队为每名患者进行个体化制定。[123]Remzi FH, Panis Y, Spinelli A, et al. International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease recommendations for surgery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dis Colon Rectum. 2020 Jul;63(7):870-3.
https://journals.lww.com/dcrjournal/Documents/International_Organization_for_the_Study_of.99691.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32355056?tool=bestpractice.com
英国胃肠病学会已发布立场声明,强烈支持 IBD 患者进行 SARS-CoV-2 免疫接种。[124]British Society of Gastroenterology. BSG inflammatory bowel disease section and clinical research group position statement on SARS-CoV2 vaccination. Sep 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.bsg.org.uk/covid-19-advice/british-society-of-gastroenterology-inflammatory-bowel-disease-section-and-ibd-clinical-research-group-position-statement-on-sars-cov2-vaccination
同时亦建议所有接受免疫抑制治疗的 IBD 患者,以及所有临床状况极度脆弱的 IBD 患者,均接种第三剂(或加强剂次)SARS-CoV-2 疫苗。第三剂 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗使 84% 对标准两剂接种方案反应较弱的免疫介导炎性疾病患者产生了血清学反应。[125]Syversen SW, Jyssum I, Tveter AT, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of standard and third dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 4 May 2022 [Epub ahead of print].
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/art.42153
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35507355?tool=bestpractice.com
在 IBD 患者中,一些免疫抑制治疗可能影响 COVID-19 疫苗的有效性,在确定疫苗接种时机时,应考虑这一点。[125]Syversen SW, Jyssum I, Tveter AT, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of standard and third dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 4 May 2022 [Epub ahead of print].
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/art.42153
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35507355?tool=bestpractice.com
[126]Alexander JL, Kennedy NA, Ibraheim H, et al. COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody responses in immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (VIP): a multicentre, prospective, case-control study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Apr;7(4):342-52.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00005-X
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35123676?tool=bestpractice.com
用于预测 IBD 患者 COVID-19 不良结局概率的预后模型正在进行研发。[127]Sperger J, Shah K, Lu M, et al. Development and validation of multivariable prediction models for adverse COVID-19 outcomes in IBD patients. BMJ Open. 2021 Nov 12;11(11):e049740.
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.21249889v1
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33501455?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题库欣综合征 库欣综合征管理较为复杂,COVID-19 大流行期间的临床实践建议已由一个国际专家小组提出。[128]Newell-Price J, Nieman L, Reincke M, et al. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19: Management of Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020 Jul;183(1):G1-7.
https://eje.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eje/183/1/EJE-20-0352.xml
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32380475?tool=bestpractice.com
他们建议活动性库欣综合征患者应进行免疫抑制,并应遵循公共卫生建议,最大程度降低感染风险。[128]Newell-Price J, Nieman L, Reincke M, et al. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19: Management of Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020 Jul;183(1):G1-7.
https://eje.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eje/183/1/EJE-20-0352.xml
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32380475?tool=bestpractice.com
活动性库欣综合征患者罹患 COVID-19 可能不出现发热,呼吸困难症状可能更重。[129]Pivonello R, Ferrigno R, Isidori A, et al. COVID-19 and Cushing's syndrome: recommendations for a special population with endogenous glucocorticoid excess. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Aug;8(8):654-6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7282791
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32531251?tool=bestpractice.com
库欣综合征处于高凝状态,对于 COVID-19 和库欣综合征住院患者,建议使用低分子肝素进行抗凝治疗。[129]Pivonello R, Ferrigno R, Isidori A, et al. COVID-19 and Cushing's syndrome: recommendations for a special population with endogenous glucocorticoid excess. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Aug;8(8):654-6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7282791
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32531251?tool=bestpractice.com
活动性库欣综合征患者具有病毒感染迁延和继发细菌和真菌感染的风险。对于住院患者,应考虑给予更长时间抗病毒治疗和给予经验性抗生素预防性治疗。[129]Pivonello R, Ferrigno R, Isidori A, et al. COVID-19 and Cushing's syndrome: recommendations for a special population with endogenous glucocorticoid excess. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Aug;8(8):654-6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7282791
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32531251?tool=bestpractice.com
罹患重度库欣综合征的患者,应接受耶氏肺孢子菌预防治疗; COVID-19 症状可能类似于耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎等感染,需进行鉴别,以确保给予适当的治疗。[128]Newell-Price J, Nieman L, Reincke M, et al. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19: Management of Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020 Jul;183(1):G1-7.
https://eje.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eje/183/1/EJE-20-0352.xml
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32380475?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题糖尿病(1 型) COVID-19 病可促使糖尿病急症出现非典型表现(例如糖尿病酮症酸中毒和高渗性状态)。[130]Association of British Clinical Diabetologists. Concise advice on inpatient diabetes during COVID19 - front door guidance. Nov 2020 [internet publication].
https://abcd.care/sites/abcd.care/files/site_uploads/COvID_Front_Door_v3.1%20Highlighted.pdf
入院高血糖也可能是与 COVID-19 住院患者预后不良相关的独立危险因素。[131]Coppelli A, Giannarelli R, Aragona M, et al. Hyperglycemia at hospital admission is associated with severity of the prognosis in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: the Pisa COVID-19 study. Diabetes Care. 2020 Oct;43(10):2345-8.
https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2020/08/07/dc20-1380
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32788285?tool=bestpractice.com
[132]Klonoff DC, Messler JC, Umpierrez GE, et al. Association between achieving inpatient glycemic control and clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective hospital-based analysis. Diabetes Care. 2021 Feb;44(2):578-85.
https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2020/12/08/dc20-1857.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33323475?tool=bestpractice.com
英国指南建议对所有入院糖尿病患者的血糖和酮体进行检测。[130]Association of British Clinical Diabetologists. Concise advice on inpatient diabetes during COVID19 - front door guidance. Nov 2020 [internet publication].
https://abcd.care/sites/abcd.care/files/site_uploads/COvID_Front_Door_v3.1%20Highlighted.pdf
在院外,患者应遵守其常规病期规则(sick day rules),注意继续胰岛素治疗,保持水分充足,并适当监测血糖和酮体水平。[133]American Diabetes Association. COVID-19: if you do get sick, know what to do. Mar 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.diabetes.org/blog/coronavirus-covid-19-know-what-to-do
[134]Diabetes and Primary Care. At a glance fact sheet: COVID-19 and diabetes. Apr 2020 [internet publication].
https://diabetesonthenet.com/diabetes-primary-care/glance-factsheet-covid-19-and-diabetes-dpc
临床医师可能需开具额外的血糖和酮体检测,以加强监测管理。收入重症监护室的患者可能存在胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素需求增加。如果喂养中断(例如置于俯卧位护理的患者),则存在低血糖风险。[130]Association of British Clinical Diabetologists. Concise advice on inpatient diabetes during COVID19 - front door guidance. Nov 2020 [internet publication].
https://abcd.care/sites/abcd.care/files/site_uploads/COvID_Front_Door_v3.1%20Highlighted.pdf
可能需询问专科医生建议,特别是对于入院时呈重症或无法给予胰岛素输注泵的患者。[130]Association of British Clinical Diabetologists. Concise advice on inpatient diabetes during COVID19 - front door guidance. Nov 2020 [internet publication].
https://abcd.care/sites/abcd.care/files/site_uploads/COvID_Front_Door_v3.1%20Highlighted.pdf
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| 访问我们的完整专题糖尿病(2 型) 在英国,12 岁或以上、具有特定基础疾病从而面临重症 COVID-19 风险者应进行疫苗接种;目前包括伴 2 型糖尿病者。[28]UK Health Security Agency. COVID-19: the green book, chapter 14a: Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination information for public health professionals. Feb 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-the-green-book-chapter-14a
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| 访问我们的完整专题巨细胞动脉炎 一项对英国 500,000 人进行的队列研究发现,自身免疫性疾病和口服皮质类固醇史与致死性 COVID-19 风险升高具有相关性。[89]Elliott J, Bodinier B, Whitaker M, et al. COVID-19 mortality in the UK Biobank cohort: revisiting and evaluating risk factors. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021 Mar;36(3):299-309.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-021-00722-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33587202?tool=bestpractice.com
专家建议长期服用糖皮质激素进行巨细胞动脉炎(GCA)治疗的患者,应将剂量滴定至达成症状控制的最低剂量。具有肾上腺皮质功能不全风险,罹患 COVID-19 的患者,可能需给予额外剂量糖皮质激素,预防肾上腺危象。应尽早考虑辅助免疫抑制,因为 GCA 的显著复发,可能需要进行当面诊疗,和/或大量增加糖皮质激素剂量。[135]Mackie SL, Brouwer E, Conway R, et al. Clinical pathways for patients with giant cell arteritis during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international perspective. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021 Jan;3(1):e71-e82.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7834492
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33521671?tool=bestpractice.com
建议临床医生促使风湿病患者参与共享决策过程,对严重急性呼吸疾病冠状病毒 2(severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)疫苗接种进行讨论。与一般人群相比,接受全身免疫调节治疗患者对疫苗接种的反应可能会削弱。美国风湿病学会建议,除已知对疫苗成分过敏之外,对于伴自身免疫性疾病和炎症性风湿疾病的患者,SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种并无更多禁忌证。理想情况下,应在风湿性疾病得到良好控制时进行接种疫苗。[136]American College of Rheumatology. COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Guidance for Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs). Feb 2022.
https://www.rheumatology.org/Practice-Quality/Clinical-Support/COVID-19-Guidance
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34346564?tool=bestpractice.com
EULAR 提出,强烈建议风湿性疾病和肌肉骨骼疾病患者接受其所在国获批的任意 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种。[137]Landewé RBM, Kroon FPB, Alunno A, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management and vaccination of people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in the context of SARS-CoV-2: the November 2021 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 23 Feb 2022 [Epub ahead of print].
https://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2022/02/22/annrheumdis-2021-222006.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35197264?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题乙型肝炎 慢性乙型肝炎(hepatitis B, HBV)感染已接受治疗者,应继续给予常规治疗。对于未罹患 COVID-19 的患者,则应根据当地或国家指南起始治疗。[91]Boettler T, Marjot T, Newsome PN, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic. JHEP Rep. 2020 Oct;2(5):100169.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32835190
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835190?tool=bestpractice.com
尚不清楚 α-干扰素对 COVID-19 患者全身性炎症影响。欧洲肝病研究学会(European Association for the Study of the Liver, EASL)指南建议,大流行期间开始进行 HBV 治疗时,应考虑使用其他药物。[91]Boettler T, Marjot T, Newsome PN, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic. JHEP Rep. 2020 Oct;2(5):100169.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32835190
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835190?tool=bestpractice.com
罹患慢性、隐匿性或 HBV 感染消退和 COVID-19 的患者,如果使用免疫抑制剂进行 COVID-19 治疗 ,应考虑给予抗病毒治疗,避免 HBV 再活化和肝炎急性发作。[91]Boettler T, Marjot T, Newsome PN, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic. JHEP Rep. 2020 Oct;2(5):100169.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32835190
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835190?tool=bestpractice.com
[138]Wong GL, Wong VW, Thompson A, et al. Management of patients with liver derangement during the COVID-19 pandemic: an Asia-Pacific position statement. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug;5(8):776-87.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(20)30190-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32585136?tool=bestpractice.com
EASL 指南建议,对于合并 COVID-19 的 HBV 患者,通常不需要立即启动抗病毒治疗,可推迟至病情恢复后进行。对于疑似急性重症 HBV 肝炎或处于疾病发作期的患者,应咨询专科医师,以决定是否启动抗病毒治疗。[91]Boettler T, Marjot T, Newsome PN, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic. JHEP Rep. 2020 Oct;2(5):100169.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32835190
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835190?tool=bestpractice.com
亚太指南建议,罹患 COVID-19 时,新诊断 HBV 感染患者,应起始抗病毒治疗。[138]Wong GL, Wong VW, Thompson A, et al. Management of patients with liver derangement during the COVID-19 pandemic: an Asia-Pacific position statement. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug;5(8):776-87.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(20)30190-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32585136?tool=bestpractice.com
在英国,16 岁或以上、具有特定基础疾病从而面临重症 COVID-19 风险者应进行疫苗接种;目前包括伴慢性肝炎者。[28]UK Health Security Agency. COVID-19: the green book, chapter 14a: Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination information for public health professionals. Feb 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-the-green-book-chapter-14a
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| 访问我们的完整专题HIV 感染 应及时接种流感和肺炎疫苗。[139]US Department of Health and Human Services. Guidance for COVID-19 and persons with HIV. Feb 2022 [internet publication].
https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/guidance-covid-19-and-people-hiv/guidance-covid-19-and-people-hiv
[140]European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) and British HIV Association (BHIVA). EACS & BHIVA statement on risk of COVID-19 for people living with HIV (PLWH). Apr 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.bhiva.org/EACS-BHIVA-statement-on-risk-of-COVID-19-for-people-living-with-HIV-PLWH
住院期间应不间断地继续进行抗逆转录病毒治疗。通常不建议改变抗逆转录病毒治疗方案。应遵照指示采取暴露前预防措施以预防 HIV 感染;尚无证据表明其对预防 COVID-19 有效。[141]European AIDS Clinical Society. COVID-19 and HIV. BHIVA, DAIG, EACS, GESIDA & Polish Scientific AIDS Society. Statement on risk of COVID-19 for people living with HIV (PLWH). May 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.eacsociety.org/home/covid-19-and-hiv.html
美国疾病预防控制中心建议,HIV 患者若无禁忌证,可接种辉瑞-BioNTech 和 Moderna 疫苗。尚不清楚疫苗对 HIV 感染者和无 HIV 感染者的保护水平是否一样强大。[142]Infectious Disease Society of America and HIV Medicine Association. COVID-19: special considerations for people living with HIV. Dec 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.idsociety.org/globalassets/idsa/public-health/covid-19/covid-19-special-considerations.pdf
CoronaVac 一项前瞻性队列研究发现,与没有已知免疫抑制者相比,HIV 感染者的免疫原性降低。[143]Netto LC, Ibrahim KY, Picone CM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of CoronaVac in people living with HIV: a prospective cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2022 May;9(5):e323-e331.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8942475
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35338835?tool=bestpractice.com
更多资源可参阅: |
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| 访问我们的完整专题特发性肺纤维化 特发性肺纤维化患者由于 COVID-19,住院风险和死亡风险均升高。[144]Aveyard P, Gao M, Lindson N, et al. Association between pre-existing respiratory disease and its treatment, and severe COVID-19: a population cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Aug;9(8):909-23.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(21)00095-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33812494?tool=bestpractice.com
加拿大胸科协会已经发布了本次大流行期间间质性肺疾病(包括特发性肺纤维化)患者的管理指南。[145]Canadian Thoracic Society. Optimizing care for patients with interstitial lung disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aug 2020 [internet publication].
https://cts-sct.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cjrccsm_covid-and-ild.pdf
应与 COVID-19 患者专家组共同决定治疗的停止、调整,和重新开始。[145]Canadian Thoracic Society. Optimizing care for patients with interstitial lung disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aug 2020 [internet publication].
https://cts-sct.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cjrccsm_covid-and-ild.pdf
对于新诊断或疑似 COVID-19 的患者,应延后开始免疫疗法。[145]Canadian Thoracic Society. Optimizing care for patients with interstitial lung disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aug 2020 [internet publication].
https://cts-sct.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cjrccsm_covid-and-ild.pdf
临床医生应对不伴 COVID-19 的患者使用最低有效剂量的免疫治疗。[145]Canadian Thoracic Society. Optimizing care for patients with interstitial lung disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aug 2020 [internet publication].
https://cts-sct.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cjrccsm_covid-and-ild.pdf
如果患者血液参数在可接受范围内,且无其他理由停止使用(例如严重不良反应),则可以继续使用抗纤维化药物。[145]Canadian Thoracic Society. Optimizing care for patients with interstitial lung disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aug 2020 [internet publication].
https://cts-sct.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cjrccsm_covid-and-ild.pdf
抗纤维化疗法不会增加感染 COVID-19 风险,也不会增加罹患重症可能性。已接受抗纤维化治疗的患者应继续治疗。对于新诊断为特发性肺纤维化的患者,如果多学科团队确认诊断,满足通常的入排标准,并可以进行适当的血液监测,则可以起始抗纤维化治疗。[145]Canadian Thoracic Society. Optimizing care for patients with interstitial lung disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aug 2020 [internet publication].
https://cts-sct.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cjrccsm_covid-and-ild.pdf
需依靠临床判断,确定诊断性和治疗性支气管镜检查的紧迫性。感染 SARS-CoV-2 的患者应延后进行择期支气管镜或肺活检。[145]Canadian Thoracic Society. Optimizing care for patients with interstitial lung disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aug 2020 [internet publication].
https://cts-sct.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cjrccsm_covid-and-ild.pdf
对于持续存在呼吸道症状且 COVID-19 已康复的患者,应评估其有无 COVID 后肺纤维化和/或已有间质性肺病的加重。[145]Canadian Thoracic Society. Optimizing care for patients with interstitial lung disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aug 2020 [internet publication].
https://cts-sct.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cjrccsm_covid-and-ild.pdf
更多资源可参阅: |
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| 访问我们的完整专题免疫性血小板减少症 美国血液病学会发布了大流行期间免疫性血小板减少症(免疫性血小板减少性紫癜 [immune thrombocytopenic purpur, ITP])管理建议。应尽量减少就诊,并根据症状管理,而非频繁的血小板计数,对治疗进行指导。病毒感染可触发病情稳定患者出现急性 ITP,或出现病情恶化,因此建议对此类患者进行严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒-2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2)检测。[146]American Society for Hematology. COVID-19 and ITP: frequently asked questions. Apr 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-itp
治疗应因人而异,具体取决于:提升血小板计数的迫切性、出血量、合并症、SARS-CoV-2 暴露最小化,以及通常的临床实践。无合并症,血小板计数超过 20,000/μL 时,多数罹患免疫性血小板减少症的患者不会出现严重出血。静脉注射免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIG)或口服促血小板生成素(例如艾曲泊帕或阿伐曲泊帕)为一线药物,因其无免疫抑制效应。给予低剂量免疫抑制药物病情稳定的患者,建议无需改变治疗方法。对于服用更高剂量免疫抑制药物,或皮质类固醇患者,可考虑改变治疗方法;但是,这必须与加强监测的需求和复发风险取得平衡。若有指征,IVIG 或口服促血小板生成素可降低剂量,或停用免疫抑制药物或皮质类固醇。应尽可能避免使用利妥昔单抗。[146]American Society for Hematology. COVID-19 and ITP: frequently asked questions. Apr 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-itp
若免疫性血小板减少症患者罹患 COVID-19,则应给予 IVIG,以使血小板计数保持于 10,000-20,000/μL 以上;应保留血小板输注治疗选择,以应对出血,或对于出血风险较高的操作做出准备。如果患者已给予促血小板生成药物,则可增加剂量或起始第二种药物治疗。应酌情进行 COVID-19 疾病治疗。即使强烈怀疑 COVID-19 为其原因,但若患者进行了脾切除术,则应给予静脉抗生素治疗,直到细菌培养记录为阴性。[146]American Society for Hematology. COVID-19 and ITP: frequently asked questions. Apr 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-itp
指南提出,一般而言,疫苗接种偶可导致稳定型 ITP 患者血小板计数下降;但是,目前知识表明,接受 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种预期获益可能超过其风险。[146]American Society for Hematology. COVID-19 and ITP: frequently asked questions. Apr 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-itp
可考虑检测基线和疫苗接种后血小板计数,特别是进行性血小板减少症或血小板计数不稳定者。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题流感 流感感染和 COVID-19 感染征象和症状相似,在临床上可能难以区分;唯有进行检测,方能鉴别。美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health, NIH)COVID-19 治疗指南建议在两种病毒共同传播时,对所有住院急性呼吸道疾病患者进行 SARS-CoV-2 和流感病毒检测。[147]COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. National Institutes of Health. May 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov
该指南建议,无论是否存在 SARS-CoV-2 混合感染,对于所有患者的流感治疗均应相同,并且住院患者应尽快起始经验性流感治疗,而无需等待流感检测结果(当非气管插管患者上呼吸道样本,或气管插管患者上下呼吸道核酸检测排除流感,可停止抗流感病毒治疗)。[147]COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. National Institutes of Health. May 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov
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| 访问我们的完整专题肝功能不全 COVID-19 患者可能出现肝功能检查异常,包括转氨酶升高和胆红素轻度升高。入院时低血清白蛋白是 COVID-19 重症标志。美国肝病研究协会(American Association for Study of Liver Diseases, AASLD)、美国胃肠病学协会(American Gastroenterological Association, AGA)和 COVID-19 大流行期亚太肝异常工作组均建议,对所有住院的 COVID-19 患者,尤其是 remesivir 或托珠单抗治疗患者,无论其基线值如何,均应定期监测肝脏生化指标。[90]American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Clinical best practice advice for hepatology and liver transplant providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: AASLD expert panel consensus statement. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262242
[138]Wong GL, Wong VW, Thompson A, et al. Management of patients with liver derangement during the COVID-19 pandemic: an Asia-Pacific position statement. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug;5(8):776-87.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(20)30190-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32585136?tool=bestpractice.com
[148]Sultan S, Altayar O, Siddique SM, et al. AGA Institute rapid review of the GI and liver manifestations of COVID-19, meta-analysis of international data, and recommendations for the consultative management of patients with COVID-19. Gastroenterology. 2020 Jul;159(1):320-34.e27.
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(20)30593-X/pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407808?tool=bestpractice.com
亚太工作组建议,尽管尚未确定肝脏检查的最佳间隔时间,但对于可能使用肝毒性药物患者和既存肝病患者,可每周进行两次肝脏检查;而对于肝功能异常的患者,可进行更频繁的肝脏检查。[138]Wong GL, Wong VW, Thompson A, et al. Management of patients with liver derangement during the COVID-19 pandemic: an Asia-Pacific position statement. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug;5(8):776-87.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(20)30190-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32585136?tool=bestpractice.com
AASLD 还建议,虽然天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)或丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)水平超出正常上限(upper limit of normal, ULN)5 倍可排除给予某些研究性药物的考虑,但肝生化检查异常不应成为 COVID-19 研究性或超说明书用药治疗的禁忌证。[90]American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Clinical best practice advice for hepatology and liver transplant providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: AASLD expert panel consensus statement. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262242
亚太工作组建议,肝功能异常患者对于超说明书 COVID-19 治疗应保持谨慎,并加以密切监测。对于中重度肝损伤(即 ALT >5 倍 ULN,或碱性磷酸酶 >2 倍 ULN,总胆红素 >2 倍 ULN,或存在凝血异常、临床失代偿者),应停止治疗。[138]Wong GL, Wong VW, Thompson A, et al. Management of patients with liver derangement during the COVID-19 pandemic: an Asia-Pacific position statement. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug;5(8):776-87.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(20)30190-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32585136?tool=bestpractice.com
COVID-19 和肝生化检查异常患者应考虑其他肝功能检查异常原因,包括病毒性肝炎。[138]Wong GL, Wong VW, Thompson A, et al. Management of patients with liver derangement during the COVID-19 pandemic: an Asia-Pacific position statement. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug;5(8):776-87.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(20)30190-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32585136?tool=bestpractice.com
[148]Sultan S, Altayar O, Siddique SM, et al. AGA Institute rapid review of the GI and liver manifestations of COVID-19, meta-analysis of international data, and recommendations for the consultative management of patients with COVID-19. Gastroenterology. 2020 Jul;159(1):320-34.e27.
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(20)30593-X/pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407808?tool=bestpractice.com
对于合并 COVID-19 的自身免疫性肝炎患者或肝移植受者,应对疑似疾病发作或急性细胞排斥反应通过活检加以确认。[90]American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Clinical best practice advice for hepatology and liver transplant providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: AASLD expert panel consensus statement. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262242
亚太工作组建议,对于接受全身皮质类固醇治疗或其他强效免疫抑制剂达 7 天或更长时间,作为 COVID-19 治疗的患者,进行乙肝表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg)筛查。托珠单抗已被发现与 HBV 再活化具有相关性。欧洲指南建议,起始托珠单抗治疗前,应进行 HBV 血清学筛查。[91]Boettler T, Marjot T, Newsome PN, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic. JHEP Rep. 2020 Oct;2(5):100169.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32835190
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835190?tool=bestpractice.com
英国胃肠病学会、英国肝病研究协会、NHS 血液与移植司和英国肝脏基金会联合声明建议,慢性肝病、自身免疫性肝炎和肝移植后患者应考虑采用任意可获取疫苗进行 SARS-CoV-2 免疫接种。[92]British Society of Gastroenterology. A joint statement on vaccination for Sars-CoV-2 in patients with liver disease. Mar 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.bsg.org.uk/covid-19-advice/a-joint-statement-on-vaccination-for-sars-cov2-in-patients-with-liver-disease
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| 访问我们的完整专题毛霉菌病 毛霉菌病在 2019 冠状病毒病(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19)患者中的报道愈发增多,尤其是罹患糖尿病且同时接受皮质类固醇治疗的患者。[149]Moorthy A, Gaikwad R, Krishna S, et al. SARS-CoV-2, Uncontrolled diabetes and corticosteroids-an unholy trinity in invasive fungal infections of the maxillofacial region? A retrospective, multi-centric analysis. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2021 Mar 6;20(3):1-8.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12663-021-01532-1
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33716414?tool=bestpractice.com
[150]John TM, Jacob CN, Kontoyiannis DP, et al. When uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and severe COVID-19 converge: the perfect storm for mucormycosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2021 Apr 15;7(4):298.
https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/4/298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33920755?tool=bestpractice.com
[151]Joshi S, Telang R, Tambe M, et al. Outbreak of mucormycosis in coronavirus disease patients, Pune, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Sep 29;28(1).
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/1/21-1636-t3
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34586055?tool=bestpractice.com
[152]Mejía-Santos H, Montoya S, Chacón-Fuentes R, et al. Notes from the field: mucormycosis cases during the COVID-19 pandemic - Honduras, May-September 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Dec 17;70(50):1747-9.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7050a2.htm?s_cid=mm7050a2_w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34914675?tool=bestpractice.com
[153]Dulski TM, DeLong M, Garner K, et al. Notes from the field: COVID-19-associated mucormycosis - Arkansas, July-September 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Dec 17;70(50):1750-1.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7050a3.htm?s_cid=mm7050a3_w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34914674?tool=bestpractice.com
[154]Muthu V, Agarwal R, Patel A, et al. Definition, diagnosis, and management of COVID-19-associated pulmonary mucormycosis: Delphi consensus statement from the Fungal Infection Study Forum and Academy of Pulmonary Sciences, India. Lancet Infect Dis. 4 Apr 2022 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(22)00124-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35390293?tool=bestpractice.com
临床医生对于建立疑似诊断应保持较低阈值。警示信号和症状包括:鼻塞;黑色/血性鼻分泌物;鼻窦或面部疼痛;牙痛或牙齿松动;视力障碍;咯血;以及皮肤、上颚或鼻甲坏死焦痂。COVID-19 背景下的管理策略包括但不限于:控制高血糖、糖尿病或糖尿病酮症酸中毒;以迅速停药为目的,减少皮质类固醇剂量;停用免疫调节药物;行扩大性外科清创术,去除所有坏死组织;给予抗真菌治疗(例如两性霉素-B)4 至 6 周;以及给予适当的支持性治疗和进行监测。[155]Department of Health Research Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India. Evidence based advisory in the time of Covid-19. Screening, diagnosis & management of mucormycosis. 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.icmr.gov.in/pdf/covid/techdoc/Mucormycosis_ADVISORY_FROM_ICMR_In_COVID19_time.pdf
[154]Muthu V, Agarwal R, Patel A, et al. Definition, diagnosis, and management of COVID-19-associated pulmonary mucormycosis: Delphi consensus statement from the Fungal Infection Study Forum and Academy of Pulmonary Sciences, India. Lancet Infect Dis. 4 Apr 2022 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(22)00124-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35390293?tool=bestpractice.com
预防措施包括:控制高血糖、监测 COVID-19 患者出院后血糖水平(无论其是否罹患糖尿病),并明智的使用皮质类固醇、抗生素和抗真菌药物。[155]Department of Health Research Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India. Evidence based advisory in the time of Covid-19. Screening, diagnosis & management of mucormycosis. 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.icmr.gov.in/pdf/covid/techdoc/Mucormycosis_ADVISORY_FROM_ICMR_In_COVID19_time.pdf
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| 访问我们的完整专题多发性骨髓瘤 血液疾病患者进行严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)疫苗接种试验的数据有限。然而,多发性骨髓瘤患者的现有数据表明,疫苗接种后的反应有所削弱。[156]Terpos E, Trougakos IP, Gavriatopoulou M, et al. Low neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in elderly myeloma patients after the first BNT162b2 vaccine dose. Blood. 2021 Jul 1;137(26):3674-6.
https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/doi/10.1182/blood.2021011904/475743/Low-Neutralizing-Antibody-Responses-Against-SARS
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861315?tool=bestpractice.com
欧洲骨髓瘤网络发布了 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种共识,建议所有意义未明单克隆免疫球蛋白血症、冒烟型多发性骨髓瘤、多发性骨髓瘤和具有临床意义的单克隆丙种球蛋白病患者进行 COVID 疫苗接种。[157]Ludwig H, Sonneveld P, Facon T, et al. COVID-19 vaccination in patients with multiple myeloma: a consensus of the European Myeloma Network. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Dec;8(12):e934-46.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(21)00278-7/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34756169?tool=bestpractice.com
对于患者最好何时接种疫苗、对疫苗接种反应不佳应考虑的风险因素,以及在免疫受损情况下可以考虑施行的办法,均已提出建议。[157]Ludwig H, Sonneveld P, Facon T, et al. COVID-19 vaccination in patients with multiple myeloma: a consensus of the European Myeloma Network. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Dec;8(12):e934-46.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(21)00278-7/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34756169?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题多发性硬化 英国神经科医生协会(Association of British Neurologists, ABN)已为大流行期间多发性硬化症(multiple sclerosis, MS)患者疾病修饰治疗的采用提供了指南。[158]Association of British Neurologists. ABN guidance on the use of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nov 2020 [internet publication].
https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.theabn.org/resource/collection/65C334C7-30FA-45DB-93AA-74B3A3A20293/ABN_Guidance_on_DMTs_for_MS_and_COVID19_05_Nov_2020.pdf
ABN 提出,疾病修饰治疗对于 COVID-19 风险效应仍然不明确。如果治疗获益大于风险,则应给予患者疾病修饰治疗。当地 COVID-19 感染率、患者总体健康状况及其病毒暴露,都会影响这一风险/获益决策。患者应知晓,其疾病修饰治疗可能影响疫苗的效力,或影响 COVID-19 严重性。该指南提供了特定疾病修饰治疗预测风险水平的信息。[158]Association of British Neurologists. ABN guidance on the use of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nov 2020 [internet publication].
https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.theabn.org/resource/collection/65C334C7-30FA-45DB-93AA-74B3A3A20293/ABN_Guidance_on_DMTs_for_MS_and_COVID19_05_Nov_2020.pdf
美国国家 MS 学会亦建议,采用疾病修饰治疗的决策应个体化,并应考虑疾病因素、治疗风险与获益,以及 COVID-19 相关风险。[159]National Multiple Sclerosis Society. MS treatment guidelines during coronavirus. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.nationalmssociety.org/coronavirus-covid-19-information/multiple-sclerosis-and-coronavirus/ms-treatment-guidelines-during-coronavirus
美国国家 MS 学会建议,目前采用疾病修饰治疗者,应予继续,若出现 COVID-19 症状或检测呈阳性,则应与熟悉其照护者一同对治疗方法加以回顾分析。 对 MS 患者观察性研究发现,严重形式 COVID-19 的危险因素为高龄、残障水平升高(扩展残障状况严重程度量表[Expanded Disability Severity Scale, EDSS]评分 ≥6、行走需要帮助或无法行走)、族裔为黑种人、心血管疾病、糖尿病、肥胖,以及既往 2 个月内接受皮质类固醇激素治疗。[160]Louapre C, Collongues N, Stankoff B, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Jun 26;77(9):1-10.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2767776
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32589189?tool=bestpractice.com
[161]Salter A, Fox RJ, Newsome SD, et al. Outcomes and risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a North American registry of patients with multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2021 Jun 1;78(6):699-708.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2777735
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33739362?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究发现,疾病修饰治疗的采用与 COVID-19 严重程度之间不具相关性。[160]Louapre C, Collongues N, Stankoff B, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Jun 26;77(9):1-10.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2767776
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32589189?tool=bestpractice.com
另一项研究发现,与未接受任何疾病修饰治疗患者相比,接受利妥昔单抗的患者住院风险升高,但重症监护病房收治、需要进行机械通气或死亡风险并未显著升高。[161]Salter A, Fox RJ, Newsome SD, et al. Outcomes and risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a North American registry of patients with multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2021 Jun 1;78(6):699-708.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2777735
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33739362?tool=bestpractice.com
部分疾病修正治疗可能影响 COVID-19 疫苗效力,这应该在治疗疗程和疫苗接种时机安排中加以考虑。[162]MS Society Medical Advisers consensus statement on MS treatments and COVID-19 vaccines. Jan 2022 [Internet publication].
https://www.mssociety.org.uk/what-we-do/news/ms-society-medical-advisers-release-consensus-statement-covid-19-vaccines
[163]Achiron A, Mandel M, Dreyer-Alster S, et al. Humoral immune response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2021 Apr 22;14:17562864211012835.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17562864211012835
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34035836?tool=bestpractice.com
[164]Disanto G, Sacco R, Bernasconi E, et al. Association of disease-modifying treatment and anti-CD20 infusion timing with humoral response to 2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2021 Dec 1;78(12):1529-31.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2784448
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34554185?tool=bestpractice.com
[165]Brill L, Rechtman A, Zveik O, et al. Humoral and T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab. JAMA Neurol. 2021 Dec 1;78(12):1510-4.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2784449
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34554197?tool=bestpractice.com
[166]König M, Torgauten HM, Tran TT, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a third SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dose in patients with multiple sclerosis and weak immune response after COVID-19 vaccination. JAMA Neurol. 2022 Mar 1;79(3):307-9.
https://www.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.5109
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35072702?tool=bestpractice.com
据报道,接受奥瑞珠单抗治疗并接受两剂或三剂 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗的 MS 患者,对严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)产生了有效的细胞毒性 T 细胞反应。[167]Madelon N, Heikkilä N, Sabater Royo I, et al. Omicron-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses after a third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine among patients with multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab. JAMA Neurol. 2022 Apr 1;79(4):399-404.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2789588
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35212717?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题非霍奇金淋巴瘤 美国健康保险索赔数据分析提示,淋巴瘤是致死性 COVID-19 重要危险因素。[71]Fair Health. Risk factors for COVID-19 mortality among privately insured patients: a claims data analysis. Nov 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.fairhealth.org/publications/whitepapers
惰性和侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤与 COVID-19 患者更劣的存活情况具有相关性。[168]Wang Q, Berger NA, Xu R. Analyses of risk, racial disparity, and outcomes among US patients with cancer and COVID-19 infection. JAMA Oncol. 2021 Feb 1;7(2):220-7.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2773500
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33300956?tool=bestpractice.com
[76]Passamonti F, Cattaneo C, Arcaini L, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 severity in patients with haematological malignancies in Italy: a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Oct;7(10):e737-45.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(20)30251-9/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32798473?tool=bestpractice.com
英国、澳大利亚和新西兰专家均提出了大流行期间成人患者管理临时治疗指南。[169]Di Ciaccio P, McCaughan G, Trotman J, et al. Australian and New Zealand consensus statement on the management of lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and myeloma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Intern Med J. 2020 Jun;50(6):667-79.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/imj.14859
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32415723?tool=bestpractice.com
[170]Guidance for the management of patients with lymphoma during the COVID19 health emergency: a statement from a panel of UK lymphoma experts. Mar 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.theacp.org.uk/userfiles/file/resources/uk-lymphoma-expert-guidance-for-lymphoma-management-during-covid19-v-15.pdf
对于大多数患有侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤亚型的患者,治疗具有治愈目的,这仍然是临床工作的重点。已给予 Burkitt 淋巴瘤、弥漫性大 B 细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, DLBCL)、原发性纵隔 B 细胞淋巴瘤、中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS)淋巴瘤、外周 T 细胞淋巴瘤和复发/难治性侵袭性淋巴瘤患者诊疗建议。罹患低度非霍奇金淋巴瘤,且无需立即治疗的患者,可考虑观察等待;治疗应基于患者和医生之间的风险-获益讨论予以启动。 美国血液病学会已发布侵袭性淋巴瘤管理建议。R-CHOP(利妥昔单抗加环磷酰胺、多柔比星、长春新碱,和泼尼松龙)仍然是弥漫性大 B 细胞淋巴瘤标准治疗。对于年龄较大的患者,建议采用生长因子支持的 R-mini-CHOP(减量方案)治疗。对于首次静脉用药剂量可耐受的患者,可考虑利妥昔单抗皮下给药。对于二次打击和原发性纵隔 B 细胞淋巴瘤、中枢神经系统受累风险较高患者,以及复发或难治性疾病患者,亦提出了建议。[171]American Society for Hematology. COVID-19 and aggressive lymphoma: frequently asked questions. Apr 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-aggressive-lymphoma
若需进行放疗,国际淋巴瘤肿瘤放射治疗组已发布血液学恶性肿瘤放疗紧急指南。可给予替代剂量分割。[172]Yahalom J, Dabaja BS, Ricardi U, et al. ILROG emergency guidelines for radiation therapy of hematological malignancies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Blood. 2020 May 21;135(21):1829-32.
https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/135/21/1829/454357/ILROG-emergency-guidelines-for-radiation-therapy
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32275740?tool=bestpractice.com
血液疾病患者进行严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2 疫苗接种试验的数据有限。此类患者对疫苗的反应可能削弱。一项对血液系统恶性肿瘤患者进行 BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 疫苗接种的研究发现,与健康对照相比,抗体应答有所降低,且受疾病治疗的影响。[74]Maneikis K, Šablauskas K, Ringelevičiūtė U, et al. Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and early clinical outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies in Lithuania: a national prospective cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Aug;8(8):e583-92.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(21)00169-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34224668?tool=bestpractice.com
可考虑采取其他措施,例如家庭密切接触者尽早进行疫苗接种。[75]Sun C, Pleyer C, Wiestner A. COVID-19 vaccines for patients with haematological conditions. Lancet Haematol. 2021 May;8(5):e312-4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8012057
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33811822?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题成人肥胖症 肥胖(体重指数 [body mass index, BMI] ≥30kg/m²)与 COVID-19 检测呈阳性、住院、需收治重症监护病房的重症 COVID-19、机械通气和死亡风险增加具有相关性。[173]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19: people at increased risk and other people who need to take extra precautions. Mar 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/index.html
[174]Svensson P, Hofmann R, Häbel H, et al. Association between cardiometabolic disease and severe COVID-19: a nationwide case-control study of patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. BMJ Open. 2021 Feb 17;11(2):e044486.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/2/e044486.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33597145?tool=bestpractice.com
[175]Longmore DK, Miller JE, Bekkering S, et al. Diabetes and overweight/obesity are independent, nonadditive risk factors for in-hospital severity of COVID-19: an international, multicenter retrospective meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2021 Jun;44(6):1281-90.
https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2021/04/12/dc20-2676
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33858854?tool=bestpractice.com
[176]Public Health England. Excess weight and COVID-19: insights from new evidence. Jul 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/excess-weight-and-covid-19-insights-from-new-evidence
[177]Hendren NS, de Lemos JA, Ayers C, et al. Association of body mass index and age with morbidity and mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: results from the American Heart Association COVID-19 cardiovascular disease registry. Circulation. 2021 Jan 12;143(2):135-44.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051936
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33200947?tool=bestpractice.com
[178]Popkin BM, Du S, Green WD, et al. Individuals with obesity and COVID-19: a global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships. Obes Rev. 2020 Nov;21(11):e13128.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/obr.13128
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32845580?tool=bestpractice.com
[179]Kompaniyets L, Goodman A, Belay B, et al. Body mass index and risk for COVID-19-related hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death - United States, March-December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Mar 12;70(10):355-61.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7010e4.htm?s_cid=mm7010e4_w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33705371?tool=bestpractice.com
[180]Arulanandam B, Beladi H, Chakrabarti A. COVID-19 mortality and the overweight: cross-country evidence. Public Health Pract (Oxf). 2021 Nov;2:100179.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8406547
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34485959?tool=bestpractice.com
[181]Gao M, Piernas C, Astbury NM, et al. Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6·9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based, cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Jun;9(6):350-9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8081400
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33932335?tool=bestpractice.com
[182]Holt H, Talaei M, Greenig M, et al. Risk factors for developing COVID-19: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK). Thorax. 30 Nov 2021 [Epub ahead of print].
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/early/2021/11/02/thoraxjnl-2021-217487.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34848555?tool=bestpractice.com
该关联在 <65 岁以下患者群中最为强烈。[174]Svensson P, Hofmann R, Häbel H, et al. Association between cardiometabolic disease and severe COVID-19: a nationwide case-control study of patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. BMJ Open. 2021 Feb 17;11(2):e044486.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/2/e044486.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33597145?tool=bestpractice.com
[179]Kompaniyets L, Goodman A, Belay B, et al. Body mass index and risk for COVID-19-related hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death - United States, March-December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Mar 12;70(10):355-61.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7010e4.htm?s_cid=mm7010e4_w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33705371?tool=bestpractice.com
一项荟萃分析发现,肥胖与 COVID-19 死亡绝对风险升高 12% 具有相关性。[183]Mahamat-Saleh Y, Fiolet T, Rebeaud M, et al. Diabetes, hypertension, body mass index, smoking and COVID-19-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ Open. 2021 Oct 25;11(10):e052777.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/10/e052777.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34697120?tool=bestpractice.com
罹患 COVID-19 的肥胖患者亦有较高的静脉血栓栓塞和血液透析风险。[177]Hendren NS, de Lemos JA, Ayers C, et al. Association of body mass index and age with morbidity and mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: results from the American Heart Association COVID-19 cardiovascular disease registry. Circulation. 2021 Jan 12;143(2):135-44.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051936
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33200947?tool=bestpractice.com
超重(BMI >25kg/m² 和 <30kg/m²)可能增加 COVID-19 重症风险,并与机械通气风险增加具有相关性。[173]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19: people at increased risk and other people who need to take extra precautions. Mar 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/index.html
[175]Longmore DK, Miller JE, Bekkering S, et al. Diabetes and overweight/obesity are independent, nonadditive risk factors for in-hospital severity of COVID-19: an international, multicenter retrospective meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2021 Jun;44(6):1281-90.
https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2021/04/12/dc20-2676
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33858854?tool=bestpractice.com
[179]Kompaniyets L, Goodman A, Belay B, et al. Body mass index and risk for COVID-19-related hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death - United States, March-December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Mar 12;70(10):355-61.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7010e4.htm?s_cid=mm7010e4_w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33705371?tool=bestpractice.com
[181]Gao M, Piernas C, Astbury NM, et al. Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6·9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based, cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Jun;9(6):350-9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8081400
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33932335?tool=bestpractice.com
一项美国研究发现,BMI 与住院、重症监护病房收治和死亡风险之间存在非线性(J 形)关系。[179]Kompaniyets L, Goodman A, Belay B, et al. Body mass index and risk for COVID-19-related hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death - United States, March-December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Mar 12;70(10):355-61.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7010e4.htm?s_cid=mm7010e4_w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33705371?tool=bestpractice.com
英国的一项研究亦发现,BMI 与 COVID-19 所致住院和死亡之间存在非线性关联,且 BMI 与 COVID-19 所致重症监护病房收治之间存在线性关联。[181]Gao M, Piernas C, Astbury NM, et al. Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6·9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based, cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Jun;9(6):350-9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8081400
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33932335?tool=bestpractice.com
英国研究中,由于 BMI 增加导致的相对风险在 40 岁以下者和黑种人族裔中尤为显著。 目前尚无减重对 COVID-19 影响的高质量研究,但体重过高作为重症 COVID-19 并发症危险因素,所发挥的效应值得进一步考量。[176]Public Health England. Excess weight and COVID-19: insights from new evidence. Jul 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/excess-weight-and-covid-19-insights-from-new-evidence
对于肥胖患者,减重已被证明可带来长期总体健康获益。 COVID-19 恢复的肥胖患者 COVID-19 后急性后遗症风险可能升高。一项研究发现,与 BMI 正常患者相比,无需收入 ICU 并在 COVID-19 急性期后存活的肥胖患者,随后 8 个月内入院治疗以及需要进行诊断性检测的风险升高。[184]Aminian A, Bena J, Pantalone KM, et al. Association of obesity with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021 Sep;23(9):2183-8.
https://dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dom.14454
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34060194?tool=bestpractice.com
COVID-19 疫苗接种对超重或肥胖者有效。超重和肥胖人群进行第二剂次疫苗接种后 14 天或更长时间,疫苗可使 COVID-19 相关性住院风险降低 68%,其可使健康体重者风险降低 66%。[185]Piernas C, Patone M, Astbury NM, et al. Associations of BMI with COVID-19 vaccine uptake, vaccine effectiveness, and risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes after vaccination in England: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022 Aug;10(8):571-80.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9246477
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35780805?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题骨质疏松症 一个国际性专家小组发布的指南提议在当前大流行期间改变骨质疏松症管理办法。[186]Gittoes NJ, Criseno S, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, et al. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19: management of calcium disorders and osteoporosis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020 Aug;183(2):G57-65.
https://eje.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eje/183/2/EJE-20-0385.xml
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32396134?tool=bestpractice.com
美国骨骼和矿物质研究学会(American Society of Bone and Mineral Research, ASBMR)还针对大流行期间骨质疏松症的管理发布了建议。[187]Yu EW, Tsourdi E, Clarke BL, et al. Osteoporosis management in the era of COVID-19. J Bone Miner Res. 2020 Jun;35(6):1009-13.
https://asbmr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jbmr.4049
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32406536?tool=bestpractice.com
美国风湿病学会建议地舒单抗的用药间隔可视需要延长,以将医疗会面次数减少到最小,但最大间隔不应超过 8 个月。[188]Mikuls TR, Johnson SR, Fraenkel L, et al. American College of Rheumatology guidance for the management of rheumatic disease in adult patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: version 3. 2021 Feb;73(2):e1-12.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.41596
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33277981?tool=bestpractice.com
应就继续通过补剂或饮食摄入钙和维生素 D,以及生活方式举止(例如规律的运动和健康的饮食)的重要性对患者进行教育。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题缓和医疗(亦称为安宁疗护) COVID-19 患者可迅速恶化;治疗升级计划应尽快制定。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
对于咳嗽应尽可能首先采用非药物治疗方法进行处理。不应鼓励患者仰卧,因为这将使咳嗽无效。可采用简单的处理措施,例如蜂蜜。[189]Center to Advance Palliative Care. COVID-19 response training. Apr 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.capc.org/training/learning-pathways/covid-19-response-training
对于中重度呼吸困难、十分痛苦并处于临终状态的 COVID-19 患者,可考虑阿片类药物和苯二氮卓类药物联合用药。可考虑同时使用止吐药物和常规刺激性轻泻药。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
考虑是否可经舌下、直肠或皮下途径给药;当医护人员较少时,这对于家属或照护者而言更容易操作。[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191
植入式心脏除颤仪(Implantable cardiac defibrillator, ICD)不能远程停用。如果已接受 ICD 植入的患者正给予临终关怀,则负责治疗的临床团队应尽可能将磁体固定于 ICD 上方皮肤,而勿使用编程器。[190]Kumar S, Haqqani H, Wynn G, et al. Position statement on the management of cardiac electrophysiology and cardiac Implantable electronic devices in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a living document. Heart, Lung and Circulation. 2020 Jun 01;29(6):E57-68.
https://www.heartlungcirc.org/article/S1443-9506(20)30125-6/fulltext
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| 访问我们的完整专题银屑病 调整混杂因素和中和因素后,伴炎性皮肤疾病患者的 COVID-19 相关性死亡风险高于普通人群(HR 为 1.07,96% CI 为 1.02 至 1.11)。他们住院和重症监护病房收治的风险亦更高。南亚裔和混合族裔炎性皮肤疾病患者与白种人炎性皮肤疾病患者相比,具有更高的 COVID-19 相关性死亡风险。[191]MacKenna B, Kennedy NA, Mehrkar A, et al. Risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes associated with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and immune-modifying therapies: a nationwide cohort study in the OpenSAFELY platform. Lancet Rheumatol. 2022 Jul;4(7):e490-506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9179144
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35698725?tool=bestpractice.com
应用肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-12/IL-23 抑制剂或 IL-17 抑制剂者与采用标准全身治疗者(例如甲氨蝶呤)相比,COVID-19 相关性重症监护病房收治或死亡风险未见升高。[191]MacKenna B, Kennedy NA, Mehrkar A, et al. Risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes associated with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and immune-modifying therapies: a nationwide cohort study in the OpenSAFELY platform. Lancet Rheumatol. 2022 Jul;4(7):e490-506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9179144
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35698725?tool=bestpractice.com
美国国家银屑病基金会已发布 COVID-19 大流行期间银屑病管理指南。[192]Gelfand JM, Armstrong AW, Bell S, et al. National psoriasis foundation COVID-19 task force guidance statements. Apr 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.psoriasis.org/covid-19-task-force-guidance-statements
大流行期间,患者和临床医生应就全身治疗做出共享决策。多数情况下,建议未感染 SARS-CoV-2 患者应继续进行生物学或口服药物治疗。[192]Gelfand JM, Armstrong AW, Bell S, et al. National psoriasis foundation COVID-19 task force guidance statements. Apr 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.psoriasis.org/covid-19-task-force-guidance-statements
应尽量避免长期使用全身皮质类固醇。如若使用,应逐渐减量至最低治疗剂量。[192]Gelfand JM, Armstrong AW, Bell S, et al. National psoriasis foundation COVID-19 task force guidance statements. Apr 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.psoriasis.org/covid-19-task-force-guidance-statements
应与新诊断银屑病患者就起始全身治疗进行讨论,因未治疗银屑病可能导致永久性关节损伤和残疾。新诊断患者、疾病不稳定或急性发作患者、需全面进行皮肤和/或关节检查的患者,以及有皮肤癌风险的患者,应在大流行情况允许的条件下,接受当面诊疗。[192]Gelfand JM, Armstrong AW, Bell S, et al. National psoriasis foundation COVID-19 task force guidance statements. Apr 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.psoriasis.org/covid-19-task-force-guidance-statements
国际银屑病协会推荐,停止或推迟将免疫抑制药物用于诊断为 COVID-19 的患者。[193]International Psoriasis Council. IPC statement on the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Sep 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.psoriasiscouncil.org/blog/Statement-on-COVID-19-and-Psoriasis.htm
伴银屑病的 SARS-CoV-2 感染患者应接受循证治疗和支持性治疗。由于存在停药后银屑病急性发作的担忧,因此全身皮质类固醇治疗不应停止。住院患者可能需进行皮肤病学和/或风湿病学会诊。COVID-19 恢复后,银屑病和银屑病关节炎重新起始治疗的决策,应基于具体病例做出。[192]Gelfand JM, Armstrong AW, Bell S, et al. National psoriasis foundation COVID-19 task force guidance statements. Apr 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.psoriasis.org/covid-19-task-force-guidance-statements
美国国家银屑病基金会建议,多数情况下,若符合接种标准,并且疫苗可以获取,则患者应尽量接受第一剂 mRNA 疫苗接种。银屑病或银屑病性关节炎的全身用药并非目前可使用的任何一种 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗禁忌证。[192]Gelfand JM, Armstrong AW, Bell S, et al. National psoriasis foundation COVID-19 task force guidance statements. Apr 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.psoriasis.org/covid-19-task-force-guidance-statements
接受 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗强化剂次接种后,甲氨蝶呤给药中断 2 周已被证明可以提升抗体反应。[194]Abhishek A, Boyton RJ, Peckham N, et al. Effect of a 2-week interruption in methotrexate treatment versus continued treatment on COVID-19 booster vaccine immunity in adults with inflammatory conditions (VROOM study): a randomised, open label, superiority trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 Jun 27 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9236568
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35772416?tool=bestpractice.com
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肺栓塞 | 美国血液病学会的建议指出,D-二聚体水平正常可用于有效排除 COVID-19 患者的肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism, PE)。如果在低验前概率的背景下 D-二聚体水平正常,则无需进行放射影像学检查。D-二聚体在 COVID-19 患者中升高,尤其是在有中毒或危重疾病的患者中,无论是否存在静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism, VTE),都是如此。D-二聚体不能用于诊断 COVID-19 患者中的 VTE/PE。如果证实或排除 VTE/PE 客观影像学检查不可行,临床医生应查找 VTE/PE 的其他证据。增加 PE 发生可能性的临床特征包括:深静脉血栓形成症状或体征、原因不明的低血压或心动过速、原因不明的呼吸状况恶化,以及具有血栓形成危险因素(例如,血栓形成、癌症、激素治疗既往史)。[195]American Society for Hematology. COVID-19 and VTE-anticoagulation: frequently asked questions. Feb 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-vte-anticoagulation
对于经历偶发血栓栓塞事件或高度疑诊血栓栓塞疾病的 COVID-19 患者,应进行治疗性抗凝治疗。[147]COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. National Institutes of Health. May 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov
所有住院的 COVID-19 患者均应接受药物性血栓预防,除非出血的风险大于血栓形成的风险。[195]American Society for Hematology. COVID-19 and VTE-anticoagulation: frequently asked questions. Feb 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-vte-anticoagulation
参阅当地指南,获取更多信息。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题类风湿关节炎 建议患者进行流感、百日咳和百日咳疫苗接种。[196]European League Against Rheumatism. EULAR guidance for patients COVID-19 outbreak. Apr 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.eular.org/eular_guidance_for_patients_covid19_outbreak.cfm
建议临床医生促使风湿病患者参与共享决策过程,对 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种进行讨论。[136]American College of Rheumatology. COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Guidance for Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs). Feb 2022.
https://www.rheumatology.org/Practice-Quality/Clinical-Support/COVID-19-Guidance
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34346564?tool=bestpractice.com
[197]Arthritis and Musculoskeletal alliance. Principles for COVID-19 vaccination in musculoskeletal and rheumatology for clinicians. Apr 2022 [internet publication].
http://arma.uk.net/covid-19-vaccination-and-msk
与一般人群相比,接受全身免疫调节治疗患者对疫苗接种的反应可能会减弱。[125]Syversen SW, Jyssum I, Tveter AT, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of standard and third dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 4 May 2022 [Epub ahead of print].
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/art.42153
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35507355?tool=bestpractice.com
[136]American College of Rheumatology. COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Guidance for Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs). Feb 2022.
https://www.rheumatology.org/Practice-Quality/Clinical-Support/COVID-19-Guidance
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34346564?tool=bestpractice.com
[197]Arthritis and Musculoskeletal alliance. Principles for COVID-19 vaccination in musculoskeletal and rheumatology for clinicians. Apr 2022 [internet publication].
http://arma.uk.net/covid-19-vaccination-and-msk
研究表明,在接种 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗加强剂后,暂停使用甲氨蝶呤 2 周可增强抗体反应。[194]Abhishek A, Boyton RJ, Peckham N, et al. Effect of a 2-week interruption in methotrexate treatment versus continued treatment on COVID-19 booster vaccine immunity in adults with inflammatory conditions (VROOM study): a randomised, open label, superiority trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 Jun 27 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9236568
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35772416?tool=bestpractice.com
第三剂 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗使 84% 对标准两剂接种方案反应较弱的免疫介导炎性疾病患者产生了血清学反应。[125]Syversen SW, Jyssum I, Tveter AT, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of standard and third dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 4 May 2022 [Epub ahead of print].
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/art.42153
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35507355?tool=bestpractice.com
美国风湿病学会建议,除已知对疫苗成分过敏之外,对于伴自身免疫性疾病和炎症性风湿疾病的患者,SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种并无更多禁忌证。理想情况下,应在风湿性疾病得到良好控制时进行接种疫苗。[136]American College of Rheumatology. COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Guidance for Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs). Feb 2022.
https://www.rheumatology.org/Practice-Quality/Clinical-Support/COVID-19-Guidance
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34346564?tool=bestpractice.com
EULAR 提出,强烈建议风湿性疾病和肌肉骨骼疾病患者接受其所在国获批的任意 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种。[137]Landewé RBM, Kroon FPB, Alunno A, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management and vaccination of people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in the context of SARS-CoV-2: the November 2021 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 23 Feb 2022 [Epub ahead of print].
https://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2022/02/22/annrheumdis-2021-222006.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35197264?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题镰状细胞病 若镰状细胞病患者感染严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2),则其罹患重症和死亡的风险更高。美国镰状细胞病和 COVID-19 患者登记记录显示,镰状细胞病成人住院率为 69%,重症监护病房收治率为 11%,死亡率为 7%。[198]Panepinto JA, Brandow A, Mucalo L, et al. Coronavirus disease among persons with sickle cell disease, United States, March 20-May 21, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;26(10):2473-6.
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/10/20-2792_article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32639228?tool=bestpractice.com
英国进行的一项队列研究报道称,与普通人群相比,镰状细胞病患者因 COVID-19 住院的风险增加了 4 倍,COVID-19 导致的死亡风险增加了 2.5 倍。[199]Clift AK, Saatci D, Coupland CAC, et al. Sickle cell disorders and severe COVID-19 outcomes: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Oct;174(10):1483-7.
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M21-1375?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34338553?tool=bestpractice.com
镰状细胞特性与 COVID-19 死亡风险升高,以及 COVID-19 诊断后 60 天内急性肾衰竭发生率增加具有相关性。[200]Verma A, Huffman JE, Gao L, et al. Association of kidney comorbidities and acute kidney failure with unfavorable outcomes after COVID-19 in individuals with the sickle cell trait. JAMA Intern Med. 2022 Aug 1;182(8):796-804.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2793722
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35759254?tool=bestpractice.com
美国镰状细胞病协会已发布降低 COVID-19 大流行期间镰状细胞病发病率的建议。应当建议患者谨慎的坚持服用其常规药物,在家中使用体温计,并在发热时应立即寻求医疗建议。临床医生应确保患者有足够药物来治疗急性和慢性疼痛,并考虑开始或优化已知可减少镰状细胞急性疼痛频率的治疗,以减少医院就诊需求。[201]Sickle Cell Disease Association of America. Sickle cell disease and COVID-19: provider advisory. May 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.sicklecelldisease.org/2020/03/18/sickle-cell-disease-and-covid-19-provider-directory
对于镰状细胞病急性疼痛发作而无发热或感染征象的患者,应鼓励其在家中采用口服药物治疗疼痛。应对患者进行密切监测,并以较低的门槛安排当面评估和严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)检测。[201]Sickle Cell Disease Association of America. Sickle cell disease and COVID-19: provider advisory. May 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.sicklecelldisease.org/2020/03/18/sickle-cell-disease-and-covid-19-provider-directory
发热、咳嗽,或呼吸短促患者需立即接受 COVID-19 评估。诊疗应包括评估血液培养的其他感染源(以及根据指征选择其他样本),检测典型的病毒感染,给予广谱抗生素以覆盖有荚膜生物,并评估急性胸部综合征。如果患者 SARS-CoV-2 检测呈阴性,则可给予口服抗生素进行居家治疗,并进行密切监测。应尽可能向患者提供诱发性肺量计,以便在家中使用。[201]Sickle Cell Disease Association of America. Sickle cell disease and COVID-19: provider advisory. May 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.sicklecelldisease.org/2020/03/18/sickle-cell-disease-and-covid-19-provider-directory
应密切监测已确诊 COVID-19 的患者是否存在快速进行性急性胸部综合征的征象(血小板减少症、急性肾损伤、肝功能障碍、精神状态改变,和多器官功能衰竭)。急性胸部综合征症状可能与 COVID-19 症状明显重叠。应当对急性胸部综合征进行标准诊疗,包括辅助供氧、经验性抗生素治疗、奥司他韦(直至排除流行性感冒)、诱发性肺量计训练,和良好的疼痛控制。贫血加重、有缺氧证据,和存在胸部 X 线检查病变的患者,应接受红细胞输注。临床医生应考虑急症患者中未诊断的肺动脉高压可能性,并警惕脂肪栓塞综合征的征象。脂肪栓塞综合征的征象包括贫血和精神状况恶化、溶血、血小板减少症、低白蛋白血症、呼吸窘迫,和瘀点性皮疹;它可能进展很快,并具有高死亡率。COVID-19 感染且已出院的患者仍然存在继发性细菌感染和急性胸部综合征高风险;应对其进行每日监测。[201]Sickle Cell Disease Association of America. Sickle cell disease and COVID-19: provider advisory. May 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.sicklecelldisease.org/2020/03/18/sickle-cell-disease-and-covid-19-provider-directory
如果血制品供应有限,则长期输血的最高优先指征是:卒中预防、进行性或危重性神经血管疾病、对羟基脲无反应的复发性急性胸部综合征,以及心血管或呼吸道合并症。临床医生应评估患者是否可改用羟基脲,或是否可以暂时改变输血策略。[201]Sickle Cell Disease Association of America. Sickle cell disease and COVID-19: provider advisory. May 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.sicklecelldisease.org/2020/03/18/sickle-cell-disease-and-covid-19-provider-directory
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| 访问我们的完整专题类圆线虫感染 专家们已提出建议,减少类圆线虫感染中高风险人群类圆线虫高度感染或传播风险。免疫抑制药物暴露后,有出现高度感染风险。慢性圆线虫病通常无症状;建立疑似诊断应根据危险因素,包括流行地区居住史、农村居住史以及分娩时出现土壤暴露。对于未确诊 COVID-19 伴类圆线虫感染中高风险患者、聚合酶链反应检测阳性的无症状患者,和非地塞米松候选患者的 COVID-19 轻症病患,建议执行筛查-治疗策略。血清学检测为首选。医院环境中,具有类圆线虫感染中高风险、SARS-CoV-2 检测阳性,正起始地塞米松或可能成为地塞米松候选患者的病患,应给予伊维菌素推定治疗。接受地塞米松或其他免疫抑制剂治疗后,出现无法解释的革兰阴性杆菌感染的类圆线虫感染中高风险患者,应接受类圆线虫感染诊断性检测。等待结果同时应给予伊维菌素。[202]Stauffer WM, Alpern JD, Walker PF. COVID-19 and dexamethasone: a potential strategy to avoid steroid-related strongyloides hyperinfection. JAMA. 2020 Jul 30;324(7):623-4.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2769100
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| 访问我们的完整专题梅毒 美国食品药品监督管理局已发布警告称,对于部分接受 COVID-19 疫苗接种者,使用 Bio-Rad Laboratories BioPlex 2200 梅毒 Total&RPR(快速血浆反应素)试剂盒时,可能出现假阳性结果。根据试剂盒制造商 Bio-Rad Laboratories 提供的信息,部分人群接种 COVID-19 疫苗后至少 5 个月内,可观察到 RPR 呈假阴性或假阳性反应。[203]U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Possible false RPR reactivity with BioPlex 2200 Syphilis Total & RPR test kit following a COVID-19 vaccine - letter to clinical laboratory staff and health care providers. Dec 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/letters-health-care-providers/possible-false-rpr-reactivity-bioplex-2200-syphilis-total-rpr-test-kit-following-covid-19-vaccine
梅毒密螺旋体检测(例如苍白密螺旋体颗粒凝集试验 [Treponema pallidum particle agglutination, TP-PA] 和梅毒密螺旋体免疫检测)似乎不受此问题影响,使用 Bio-Rad BioPlex 2200 梅毒 Total&RPR 检测试剂盒获得反应性 RPR 结果的患者,应意识到他们可能需要通过重新进行另一项检测对结果予以确认。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE) 对于新诊断 SLE 患者,应以全剂量启动羟氯喹治疗。在妊娠期应继续以相同剂量使用羟氯喹。[188]Mikuls TR, Johnson SR, Fraenkel L, et al. American College of Rheumatology guidance for the management of rheumatic disease in adult patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: version 3. 2021 Feb;73(2):e1-12.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.41596
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33277981?tool=bestpractice.com
若有指征,可起始贝利尤单抗、ACE 抑制剂、血管紧张素 Ⅱ 受体拮抗剂和糖皮质激素治疗。狼疮性肾炎患者可起始高剂量糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂治疗 。糖皮质激素不应突然停药,应以尽可能低的剂量给药,以控制疾病。[188]Mikuls TR, Johnson SR, Fraenkel L, et al. American College of Rheumatology guidance for the management of rheumatic disease in adult patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: version 3. 2021 Feb;73(2):e1-12.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.41596
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33277981?tool=bestpractice.com
非甾体类抗炎药(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, NSAID)可在严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)暴露后继续使用,但如果患者出现重症 COVID-19,则应停用。[188]Mikuls TR, Johnson SR, Fraenkel L, et al. American College of Rheumatology guidance for the management of rheumatic disease in adult patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: version 3. 2021 Feb;73(2):e1-12.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.41596
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33277981?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者发生 COVID-19,则应暂时停用羟氯喹。[188]Mikuls TR, Johnson SR, Fraenkel L, et al. American College of Rheumatology guidance for the management of rheumatic disease in adult patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: version 3. 2021 Feb;73(2):e1-12.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.41596
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33277981?tool=bestpractice.com
COVID-19 痊愈后,美国指南建议,对于轻症或不伴肺炎,在门诊接受治疗,或进行自我检疫的患者,风湿病治疗可在症状缓解后 7-14 天重新启动,对于 COVID-19 病情较重患者,重新起始风湿病治疗的决策,应根据个体情况做出。如果患者 SARS-CoV-2 聚合酶链反应检测呈阳性,但仍无症状,则可在获得阳性结果后 10-17 天,重新开始进行风湿性疾病治疗。[188]Mikuls TR, Johnson SR, Fraenkel L, et al. American College of Rheumatology guidance for the management of rheumatic disease in adult patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: version 3. 2021 Feb;73(2):e1-12.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.41596
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33277981?tool=bestpractice.com
建议临床医生促使风湿病患者参与共享决策过程,对 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种进行讨论。与一般人群相比,接受全身免疫调节治疗患者对疫苗接种的反应可能会削弱。美国风湿病学会建议,除已知对疫苗成分过敏之外,对于伴自身免疫性疾病和炎症性风湿疾病的患者,SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种并无更多禁忌证。理想情况下,应在风湿性疾病得到良好控制时进行接种疫苗。[136]American College of Rheumatology. COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Guidance for Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs). Feb 2022.
https://www.rheumatology.org/Practice-Quality/Clinical-Support/COVID-19-Guidance
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34346564?tool=bestpractice.com
EULAR 提出,强烈建议风湿性疾病和肌肉骨骼疾病患者接受其所在国获批的任意 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种。[137]Landewé RBM, Kroon FPB, Alunno A, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management and vaccination of people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in the context of SARS-CoV-2: the November 2021 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 23 Feb 2022 [Epub ahead of print].
https://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2022/02/22/annrheumdis-2021-222006.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35197264?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题系统性血管炎 英国进行的一项队列研究报道称,系统性血管炎患者 COVID-19 最常见症状为呼吸困难、发热和咳嗽。最常见并发症是呼吸衰竭(54%)、急性肾损伤(18%)和继发感染(15%)。超过 90% 患者入院治疗,28% 遭遇死亡。合并呼吸系统疾病和糖皮质激素暴露,与严重结局具有相关性;脉管炎亚型与脉管炎疾病活动度不具相关性。[204]Rutherford MA, Scott J, Karabayas M, et al. Risk factors for severe outcomes in patients with systemic vasculitis and COVID-19: a binational, registry-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021 Sep;73(9):1713-9.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.41728
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33750043?tool=bestpractice.com
患者应遵循一般性感染预防措施,例如手卫生和保持社交距离。一些减少当面就诊(以及减少潜在的严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2 暴露)的措施可能恰如其分;临床医生和患者应该共同做出决定。糖皮质激素应以控制疾病的最低剂量进行使用,不应突然停药,无论感染或暴露状态如何。[205]The Transplantation Society. Guidance on coronavirus for transplant clinicians. Jun 2020 [internet publication].
https://tts.org/23-tid/tid-news/657-tid-update-and-guidance-on-2019-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-for-transplant-id-clinicians
对于伴全身炎性疾病或重要器官威胁性疾病患者,若有指征,可起始给予高剂量糖皮质激素或其他免疫抑制剂。[205]The Transplantation Society. Guidance on coronavirus for transplant clinicians. Jun 2020 [internet publication].
https://tts.org/23-tid/tid-news/657-tid-update-and-guidance-on-2019-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-for-transplant-id-clinicians
建议临床医生促使风湿病患者参与共享决策过程,对 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种进行讨论。与一般人群相比,接受全身免疫调节治疗患者对疫苗接种的反应可能会削弱。美国风湿病学会建议,除已知对疫苗成分过敏之外,对于伴自身免疫性疾病和炎症性风湿疾病的患者,SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种并无更多禁忌证。理想情况下,应在风湿性疾病得到良好控制时进行接种疫苗。[136]American College of Rheumatology. COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Guidance for Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs). Feb 2022.
https://www.rheumatology.org/Practice-Quality/Clinical-Support/COVID-19-Guidance
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34346564?tool=bestpractice.com
EULAR 提出,强烈建议风湿性疾病和肌肉骨骼疾病患者接受其所在国获批的任意 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗接种。[137]Landewé RBM, Kroon FPB, Alunno A, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management and vaccination of people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in the context of SARS-CoV-2: the November 2021 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 23 Feb 2022 [Epub ahead of print].
https://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2022/02/22/annrheumdis-2021-222006.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35197264?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题地中海贫血 美国血液病学会发布了大流行期间地中海贫血的治疗建议。[206]American Society for Haematology. COVID-19 and thalassemia: frequently asked questions. Jan 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-thalassemia
他们建议输血和 luspatercept 给药应按照常规进行。对于一般状况良好患者,铁螯合剂应继续给药。若患者罹患 COVID-19,通常建议中断铁螯合剂;应与患者的血液科专科医生讨论病例。应当对发热、脾切除后患者进行细菌感染检查,并针对继发性细菌感染接受经验性抗生素治疗。[206]American Society for Haematology. COVID-19 and thalassemia: frequently asked questions. Jan 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-thalassemia
地中海贫血国际联合会(Thalassaemia International Federation, TIF)发表了一份立场声明,对大流行期间管理策略提出建议,其中包括患者风险水平、血红蛋白病诊疗改良、安全输血、血液供应面临的挑战,以及生活方式和营养等方面的考量。[207]Farmakis D, Giakoumis A, Cannon L, et al. COVID-19 and thalassaemia: a position statement of the Thalassaemia International Federation. Eur J Haematol. 2020 Oct;105(4):378-86.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ejh.13476
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32573838?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题血栓性血小板减少性紫癜 血浆置换仍然是免疫介导性血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(iTTP)的推荐初步治疗方法。皮质类固醇和利妥昔单抗仍应用于急性 iTTP 治疗。ADAMTS13 活性严重不足的患者仍可给予利妥昔单抗预防复发;应对 COVID-19 并发症可能增加的风险与延迟或预防 iTTP 复发的获益进行权衡。如果血浆置换途径受到限制,理想情况下,应将患者转送至可进行血浆置换的机构;否则,可考虑单纯给予 caplacizumab 和免疫抑制治疗。[208]American Society for Hematology. COVID-19 and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: frequently asked questions. Apr 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-ttp
如果患者罹患 COVID-19,则应采用与其他患者相同的方式进行血浆置换;应当谨慎考虑皮质类固醇和利妥昔单抗的风险和获益。caplacizumab 可与血浆置换作为一种临时措施联合给予,防止恶化和复发,直至 COVID-19 治愈;治愈后,可使用皮质类固醇和/或利妥昔单抗,增加 ADAMTS13 活性。[208]American Society for Hematology. COVID-19 and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: frequently asked questions. Apr 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-ttp
血液疾病患者进行严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2 疫苗接种试验的数据缺乏。此类患者对疫苗的反应可能削弱。可考虑采取其他措施,例如家庭密切接触者尽早进行疫苗接种。[75]Sun C, Pleyer C, Wiestner A. COVID-19 vaccines for patients with haematological conditions. Lancet Haematol. 2021 May;8(5):e312-4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8012057
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33811822?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题结核病 结核病(tuberculosis, TB)和 COVID-19 混合感染在全球范围内较为常见,与单纯性 COVID-19 感染相比,其死亡率更高。TB 和 COVID-19 混合感染平均院内死亡率在高收入国家为 6.5%,而在低/中收入国家为 22.5%。[209]Wang Q, Guo S, Wei X, et al. Global prevalence, treatment and outcome of tuberculosis and COVID-19 coinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis (from November 2019 to March 2021). BMJ Open. 2022 Jun 20;12(6):e059396.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9213780
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35725250?tool=bestpractice.com
结核病症状可能与 COVID-19 症状相似,可以考虑对罹患 COVID-19 的特定患者进行结核病检测。[210]Dheda D, Perumal T, Moultrie H, et al. The intersecting pandemics of tuberculosis and COVID-19: population-level and patient-level impact, clinical presentation, and corrective interventions. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 Mar 23 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(22)00092-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35338841?tool=bestpractice.com
美国疾病预防控制中心建议,不应因为进行结核病(tuberculosis, TB)感染检测,而延迟进行 mRNA COVID-19 疫苗接种。可在 COVID-19 疫苗接种之前或同时,进行免疫检测(结核菌素皮肤检测或干扰素释放检测)。如果无法做到这一点,则应在完成 COVID-19 疫苗接种后,将免疫检测延迟至少 4 周,但通常不应取消。罹患活动性 TB 或被评估为活动性 TB 的患者,可接受 COVID-19 疫苗接种。病情严重或处于急症时,所有疫苗接种均需保持谨慎。无论免疫检测结果如何,有症状或具有与活动性 TB 相符的其他诊断性发现患者,均应接受进一步评估。[211]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim clinical considerations for use of COVID-19 vaccines currently authorized in the United States. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html
英国国民健康服务系统建议,可使用干扰素释放测定血液检查代替结核菌素皮肤试验,进行接触者追踪,从而减少大流行期间的人际接触。潜伏性结核检测和新生儿卡介苗接种应予继续进行。[212]NHS England. COVID-19: Provision of tuberculosis services update. Feb 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.england.nhs.uk/publication/covid-19-provision-of-tuberculosis-services-update
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| 访问我们的完整专题溃疡性结肠炎 与普通人群相比,调整混杂因素和中和因素后,伴炎症性肠病患者的 COVID-19 相关性重症监护病房收治或死亡风险均升高(HR 为 1.08,95% CI 为 1.01 至 1.16)。南亚裔、黑种人和混合族裔炎症性肠病患者与白种人炎症性肠病患者相比,具有更高的 COVID-19 相关性死亡风险。[191]MacKenna B, Kennedy NA, Mehrkar A, et al. Risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes associated with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and immune-modifying therapies: a nationwide cohort study in the OpenSAFELY platform. Lancet Rheumatol. 2022 Jul;4(7):e490-506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9179144
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35698725?tool=bestpractice.com
与接受标准全身治疗的患者相比,使用 JAK 抑制剂的患者 COVID-19 相关性住院风险升高。[191]MacKenna B, Kennedy NA, Mehrkar A, et al. Risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes associated with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and immune-modifying therapies: a nationwide cohort study in the OpenSAFELY platform. Lancet Rheumatol. 2022 Jul;4(7):e490-506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9179144
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35698725?tool=bestpractice.com
应当以最低的安全频率对患者进行血液检测,以监测治疗反应。[213]British Society of Gastroenterology. Expanded consensus advice for the management of IBD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mar 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.bsg.org.uk/covid-19-advice/bsg-advice-for-management-of-inflammatory-bowel-diseases-during-the-covid-19-pandemic
国际指南建议,若患者出现 COVID-19,则停止给予甲氨蝶呤、硫嘌呤,或托法替布。根据 IBD 的活动水平和 COVID-19 感染的严重程度,提出了详细d的停药和重新开始用药建议。[121]International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Care of the IBD patient requiring hospitalization or surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. May 2020 [internet publication].
https://ioibd.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/IOIBD-Taskforce-Hospitalization-COVID-19-and-IBD-guidelines-1.pdf
[122]International Organisation for the study of inflammatory bowel disease. IOIBD recommendations: best practice guidance for when to restart IBD therapy in patients who have suspected or confirmed COVID-19. May 2020 [internet publication].
https://ioibd.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/When-to-restart-IBD-therapy-after-a-patient-had-COVID-19.pdf
手术决策应由一个多学科团队对每名患者进行个性化处理。[123]Remzi FH, Panis Y, Spinelli A, et al. International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease recommendations for surgery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dis Colon Rectum. 2020 Jul;63(7):870-3.
https://journals.lww.com/dcrjournal/Documents/International_Organization_for_the_Study_of.99691.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32355056?tool=bestpractice.com
英国胃肠病学会已发布立场声明,强烈支持 UC 患者进行 SARS-CoV-2 免疫接种。[124]British Society of Gastroenterology. BSG inflammatory bowel disease section and clinical research group position statement on SARS-CoV2 vaccination. Sep 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.bsg.org.uk/covid-19-advice/british-society-of-gastroenterology-inflammatory-bowel-disease-section-and-ibd-clinical-research-group-position-statement-on-sars-cov2-vaccination
同时亦建议所有接受免疫抑制治疗的 IBD 患者,以及所有临床状况极度脆弱的 IBD 患者,均接种第三剂(或加强剂次)SARS-CoV-2 疫苗。第三剂 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗使 84% 对标准两剂接种方案反应较弱的免疫介导炎性疾病患者产生了血清学反应。[125]Syversen SW, Jyssum I, Tveter AT, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of standard and third dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 4 May 2022 [Epub ahead of print].
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/art.42153
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35507355?tool=bestpractice.com
在 IBD 患者中,一些免疫抑制治疗可能影响 COVID-19 疫苗的有效性,在确定疫苗接种时机时,应考虑这一点。[125]Syversen SW, Jyssum I, Tveter AT, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of standard and third dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 4 May 2022 [Epub ahead of print].
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/art.42153
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35507355?tool=bestpractice.com
[126]Alexander JL, Kennedy NA, Ibraheim H, et al. COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody responses in immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (VIP): a multicentre, prospective, case-control study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Apr;7(4):342-52.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00005-X
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35123676?tool=bestpractice.com
用于预测 IBD 患者 COVID-19 不良结局概率的预后模型正在进行研发。[127]Sperger J, Shah K, Lu M, et al. Development and validation of multivariable prediction models for adverse COVID-19 outcomes in IBD patients. BMJ Open. 2021 Nov 12;11(11):e049740.
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.21249889v1
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33501455?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题葡萄膜炎 国际葡萄膜炎研究组发布了关于 COVID-19 大流行期间葡萄膜炎患者管理的共识建议。无 COVID-19 症状的患者应继续常规的免疫抑制治疗。出现 COVID-19 症状或体征的患者应尽快接受检查以确认诊断。应停止除托珠单抗和干扰素之外的免疫抑制治疗。应与药物治疗团队讨论逐渐减少全身皮质类固醇治疗。无症状且严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)检测阳性的患者应继续免疫抑制疗法。如果患者白细胞计数降至低于 4000 cells/μl,应减少剂量。[214]International Uveitis Study Group. Evolving consensus experience of the IUSG-IOIS-FOIS with uveitis in the time of COVID-19 infection. Apr 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.iusg.net/uploads/images/IUSG%20Library/v004-consensus-experience-document.pdf
对于需要开始免疫抑制治疗的患者,除了常规筛查传染病外,还应针对 SARS-CoV-2 进行检测。应考虑使用局部皮质类固醇作为过渡性治疗以延后开始全身性免疫抑制的时间。白塞病患者可能需要接受一线全身性治疗;如果有这种需求,可考虑患者自行注射以减少医院门诊的回访次数。[215]Hung JCH, Li KKW. Implications of COVID-19 for uveitis patients: perspectives from Hong Kong. Eye (Lond). 2020;34(7):1163-64.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-020-0905-1
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32350447?tool=bestpractice.com
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病毒性胃肠炎 | COVID-19 可能表现与病毒性胃肠炎类似的胃肠道(gastrointestinal, GI)症状。COVID-19 患者胃肠道症状估计总体流行率小于 10% 至 15%。[148]Sultan S, Altayar O, Siddique SM, et al. AGA Institute rapid review of the GI and liver manifestations of COVID-19, meta-analysis of international data, and recommendations for the consultative management of patients with COVID-19. Gastroenterology. 2020 Jul;159(1):320-34.e27.
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(20)30593-X/pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407808?tool=bestpractice.com
[216]Mao R, Qiu Y, He JS, et al. Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Jul;5(7):667-78.
https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/langas/PIIS2468-1253(20)30126-6.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32405603?tool=bestpractice.com
恶心或呕吐、厌食和腹泻为最常见表现。[216]Mao R, Qiu Y, He JS, et al. Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Jul;5(7):667-78.
https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/langas/PIIS2468-1253(20)30126-6.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32405603?tool=bestpractice.com
重症 COVID-19 患者胃肠道症状发生率高于轻症患者。大多数具有胃肠道症状和 COVID-19 的患者同时伴呼吸道症状或发热;3% 患者仅诉胃肠道症状。[217]Pan L, Mu M, Yang P, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 May;115(5):766-73.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172492
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32287140?tool=bestpractice.com
在出现发热和呼吸困难前 1-2 日,患者可能出现恶心或腹泻。[218]Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761044
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32031570?tool=bestpractice.com
一项回顾性队列研究发现,病毒脱落的中位时间在粪便样本中为 22 天,而在呼吸道样本和血清样本中分别为 18 天和 16 天。相对于重症(21 天),轻症患者的病毒脱落中位时间较短(14 天)。[219]Zheng S, Fan J, Yu F, et al. Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China, January-March 2020: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020 Apr 21;369:m1443.
https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1443
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32317267?tool=bestpractice.com
美国胃肠病协会(merican Gastroenterological Association, AGA)指南建议,询问新发腹泻的门诊患者高风险接触暴露,是否有 COVID-19 相关症状史以及是否有其他胃肠道症状(恶心、呕吐、腹痛)。[148]Sultan S, Altayar O, Siddique SM, et al. AGA Institute rapid review of the GI and liver manifestations of COVID-19, meta-analysis of international data, and recommendations for the consultative management of patients with COVID-19. Gastroenterology. 2020 Jul;159(1):320-34.e27.
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(20)30593-X/pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407808?tool=bestpractice.com
应监测新发胃肠道症状的患者是否有 COVID-19 症状,因为胃肠道症状可能会先于其他 COVID 相关症状数日出现。当前,尚无足够的证据支持将粪便检测作为常规临床实践的一部分用于 COVID-19 的诊断或监测。[148]Sultan S, Altayar O, Siddique SM, et al. AGA Institute rapid review of the GI and liver manifestations of COVID-19, meta-analysis of international data, and recommendations for the consultative management of patients with COVID-19. Gastroenterology. 2020 Jul;159(1):320-34.e27.
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(20)30593-X/pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407808?tool=bestpractice.com
对于已知或疑似 COVID-19 的住院患者,AGA 建议获取完整的胃肠道症状病史,包括发病、特征、持续时间和严重程度。 |
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