避免烟草暴露(主动和被动措施)和有毒烟雾对 COPD 初级预防非常重要。
应为所有吸烟者提供戒烟干预措施,包括药物治疗和咨询。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report
[53]Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al; US Preventive Services Task Force. Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Jan 19;325(3):265-79.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775287
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33464343?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管戒烟可能导致较轻的短期不良反应,例如体重增加和便秘,但其长期获益毋庸置疑。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report
[53]Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al; US Preventive Services Task Force. Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Jan 19;325(3):265-79.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775287
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33464343?tool=bestpractice.com
[54]Gratziou C. Respiratory, cardiovascular and other physiological consequences of smoking cessation. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 Feb;25(2):535-45.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19193001?tool=bestpractice.com
[55]Aubin HJ, Farley A, Lycett D, et al. Weight gain in smokers after quitting cigarettes: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012 Jul 10;345:e4439.
https://www.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e4439
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22782848?tool=bestpractice.com
电子尼古丁传送系统
使用电子烟和电子雾化产品等电子尼古丁传送系统(electronic nicotine delivery system, ENDS)作为戒烟的辅助手段存在争议。基于现有证据和缺乏对呼吸系统健康长期影响的了解,慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议(Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, GOLD)指南的结论是,不可推荐使用 ENDS 戒烟。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report
已有研究表明 ENDS 与严重的肺病(电子烟相关肺损伤[e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury, EVALI])相关。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report
[41]Rose JJ, Krishnan-Sarin S, Exil VJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary impact of electronic cigarettes and vaping products: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Aug 22;148(8):703-28.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001160
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37458106?tool=bestpractice.com
[56]Rebuli ME, Rose JJ, Noël A, et al. The e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury epidemic: pathogenesis, management, and future directions: an official American Thoracic Society Workshop report. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2023 Jan;20(1):1-17.
https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202209-796ST
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36584985?tool=bestpractice.com
[57]Bracken-Clarke D, Kapoor D, Baird AM, et al. Vaping and lung cancer - a review of current data and recommendations. Lung Cancer. 2021 Mar;153:11-20.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33429159?tool=bestpractice.com
[58]Herbst RS, Hatsukami D, Acton D, et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: an updated policy statement from the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Dec 10;40(35):4144-55.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.22.01749
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36287017?tool=bestpractice.com
ENDS 可含有并排放多种潜在有毒物质(如尼古丁衍生物、多环芳香烃、重金属、醛类)。[41]Rose JJ, Krishnan-Sarin S, Exil VJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary impact of electronic cigarettes and vaping products: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Aug 22;148(8):703-28.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001160
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37458106?tool=bestpractice.com
[57]Bracken-Clarke D, Kapoor D, Baird AM, et al. Vaping and lung cancer - a review of current data and recommendations. Lung Cancer. 2021 Mar;153:11-20.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33429159?tool=bestpractice.com
[58]Herbst RS, Hatsukami D, Acton D, et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: an updated policy statement from the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Dec 10;40(35):4144-55.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.22.01749
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36287017?tool=bestpractice.com
美国预防服务工作组(US Preventive Services Task Force, USPSTF)和 2020 年美国医事总署的报告指出,目前尚无充分的证据,无法权衡电子烟对戒烟的利弊,并建议临床医生应指导吸烟者使用食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)批准的戒烟药物。[53]Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al; US Preventive Services Task Force. Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Jan 19;325(3):265-79.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775287
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33464343?tool=bestpractice.com
[59]United States Public Health Service Office of the Surgeon General; National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. Smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. NBK555591. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555591
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32255575?tool=bestpractice.com
请参阅“戒烟(治疗路径)”。
减少有害暴露
对于由职业暴露导致的疾病,一级预防主要是通过消除或减少工作场所的暴露实现。可以通过采取公共卫生措施来减少空气污染的危害,例如收取交通拥挤费、设置多乘员车辆车道,以及提倡步行或骑自行车。[60]Public Health England. Improving outdoor air quality and health: review of interventions. Mar 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/improving-outdoor-air-quality-and-health-review-of-interventions
屏蔽保护措施
COVID-19 疫情期间开展观察性研究得出的新证据表明,在冬季采取屏蔽保护措施(例如佩戴口罩、减少社交接触和经常洗手)有可能降低 COPD 患者加重的风险。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report