COPD 患者应该基于疾病严重程度进行定期评估。
轻度的稳定期 COPD 患者可每 6 个月进行一次随访。
重度的频繁急性加重患者和近期住院患者需要以每 2 周一次至每月一次的频率进行随访。
在随访期间,应评估患者,以确定:
药物治疗的依从性
治疗反应
吸入器使用方法
治疗的不良反应
疾病进展
还要评估静息和运动时呼吸困难的水平,以及急性加重次数。COPD 评估测试 (COPD Assessment Test, CAT) 等调查问卷可用于评估症状。在慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议(Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, GOLD)指南中可以找到这些问卷。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report
每次就诊时,应确定患者的吸烟状况和烟雾暴露情况,然后采取适当行动。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report
GOLD 指南推荐每年至少使用肺量计测量一次 FEV₁,以识别出 FEV₁ 快速下降的患者。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report
应通过定时的步行试验来评估功能能力。应该监测SaO2,患者应该定期评估是否需要辅助氧疗。
如果症状已经加重,可能需进行影像学检查;对于反复加重且有脓痰特征表现的患者,应检查有无支气管扩张。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report
需要监测 COPD 患者是否出现短期和长期并发症以及合并症。还应监测患者的体重、营养状况和体力活动。恶病质和体能下降是预后不良的预测因素。
一项 Cochrane 评价发现,通过远程医疗技术进行远程监测,可降低中至重度 COPD 患者再次入院的风险,并可被视为常规治疗的辅助手段。[266]Janjua S, Carter D, Threapleton CJ, et al. Telehealth interventions: remote monitoring and consultations for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jul 20;(7):CD013196.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013196.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34693988?tool=bestpractice.com