COPD 的特征是影响中央和外周气道、肺实质和肺泡以及肺血管的慢性炎症。反复损伤和修复导致结构和生理改变。肺部炎症和结构改变随疾病加重而增加,戒烟后持续存在。[25]Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Update on the pathogenesis of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 19;381(25):2483-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31851815?tool=bestpractice.com
这些改变主要包括气道狭窄和重塑、杯状细胞数量增多、中央气道黏液分泌腺增大、肺泡消失,以及最终血管床改变导致肺动脉高压。
有证据显示宿主对吸入性刺激物的反应可产生炎症反应,导致气道、肺泡和肺血管发生变化。激活的巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和白细胞是这一过程的重要细胞。氧化应激和蛋白酶过多会加剧慢性炎症的影响。 气道重塑会使管径小于 2 mm 气道的上皮、黏膜固有层、平滑肌和外膜增厚,导致通畅的终末和过渡细支气管进行性消失。[25]Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Update on the pathogenesis of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 19;381(25):2483-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31851815?tool=bestpractice.com
越来越多证据表明嗜酸性粒细胞(一种通常与过敏性疾病有关的白细胞)参与了 COPD 炎症级联反应。[28]David B, Bafadhel M, Koenderman L, et al. Eosinophilic inflammation in COPD: from an inflammatory marker to a treatable trait. Thorax. 2021 Feb;76(2):188-95.
https://www.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215167
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33122447?tool=bestpractice.com
弹性蛋白分解以及随后的肺泡完整性丧失会导致肺气肿。[29]Keatings VM, Collins PD, Scott DM, et al. Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Feb;153(2):530-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8564092?tool=bestpractice.com
纤毛功能异常以及杯状细胞变大、数量增加导致黏液过度分泌。
COPD 的生理学定义是气道阻力增加。弹性回缩力下降、肺实质纤维化改变以及气道腔被分泌物阻塞均会促使气道阻力增加。呼气气流受限促进过度充气的发生。过度充气和肺实质破坏使 COPD 患者更容易缺氧,在活动时尤其明显。进行性缺氧导致血管平滑肌增厚,继而出现肺动脉高压,肺动脉高压这种晚期变化提示预后不良。[30]Repine JE, Bast A, Lankhorst I; Oxidative Stress Study Group. Oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Aug;156(2 Pt 1):341-57.
https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.9611013#.VC63C_ldU9I
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9279209?tool=bestpractice.com
[31]O'Donnell DE, Revill SM, Webb KA. Dynamic hyperinflation and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Sep 1;164(5):770-7.
https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.164.5.2012122
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11549531?tool=bestpractice.com
随着疾病进展,气体转移减少也可能导致高碳酸血症。
全身性炎症介质可能促发骨骼肌萎缩或恶病质,并引发或加重心脏、代谢和骨骼合并症。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2022 report [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2022-gold-reports-2
[6]Maltais F, Decramer M, Casaburi R, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update on limb muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 May 1;189(9):e15-62.
https://www.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201402-0373ST
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24787074?tool=bestpractice.com