最重要的危险因素。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report
[12]Li X, Cao X, Guo M, et al. Trends and risk factors of mortality and disability adjusted life years for chronic respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2017: systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. BMJ. 2020 Feb 19;368:m234. [Erratum in: BMJ. 2020 Aug 6;370:m3150.]
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m234
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32075787?tool=bestpractice.com
在高收入国家,超过 70% 的 COPD 病例由吸烟引起,而在中低收入国家,30%-40% 的病例由吸烟引起。[22]World Health Organization. Smoking is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nov 2023 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/news/item/15-11-2023-smoking-is-the-leading-cause-of-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease
被动烟草烟雾暴露也会增加患 COPD 的风险。[39]Chen P, Li Y, Wu D, et al. Secondhand smoke exposure and the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2023;18:1067-76.
https://www.doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S403158
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37309392?tool=bestpractice.com
一些证据表明,蒸汽烟可导致 COPD 患者或 COPD 高危者的肺部相关健康结局更差。[40]Wold LE, Tarran R, Crotty Alexander LE, et al. Cardiopulmonary consequences of vaping in adolescents: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Res. 2022 Jul 22;131(3):e70-82.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/RES.0000000000000544
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35726609?tool=bestpractice.com
[41]Rose JJ, Krishnan-Sarin S, Exil VJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary impact of electronic cigarettes and vaping products: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Aug 22;148(8):703-28.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001160
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37458106?tool=bestpractice.com
然而,目前仍不清楚电子烟是否是 COPD 的独立风险因素。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report
[42]World Health Organization. WHO tobacco knowledge summaries: tobacco and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Nov 2023 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240084452