| 访问我们的完整专题常规产前保健 产前保健是健康妊娠的关键部分。定期进行产前保健有助于识别和治疗各种并发症,并促进实现健康行为。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题妊娠期恶心呕吐 妊娠期恶心和呕吐(nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, NVP)一般指孕妇晨吐,通常开始于末次月经后的第 4-8 周。它的特点是更频繁地发生在早晨的恶心和呕吐,通常在妊娠中期消退。NVP 影响大部分孕妇。妊娠剧吐是 NVP 最严重的形式,其特点是持续性呕吐、容量不足、酮症、电解质紊乱和体重减轻。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题叶酸缺乏症 孕妇和哺乳期女性对叶酸的需求增加,从而可能导致叶酸缺乏。妊娠期叶酸缺乏与胎儿的神经管缺陷有很强的关联,通过补充叶酸可以使 70% 的胎儿神经管缺陷得到预防。[1]Goh YI, Koren G. Folic acid in pregnancy and fetal outcomes. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Jan;28(1):3-13.
https://www.doi.org/10.1080/01443610701814195
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18259891?tool=bestpractice.com
[2]Beaudin AE, Stover PJ. Insights into metabolic mechanisms underlying folate-responsive neural tube defects: a minireview. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2009 Apr;85(4):274-84.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20553
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19180567?tool=bestpractice.com
[3]Ramakrishnan U, Grant F, Goldenberg T, et al. Effect of women's nutrition before and during early pregnancy on maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012 Jul;26 Suppl 1:285-301.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01281.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742616?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题缺铁性贫血 孕妇缺铁性贫血的定义为血红蛋白 <11 g/dL(110 g/L)。[4]World Health Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. 2011 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/vmnis/indicators/haemoglobin/en
症状包括疲劳、能量水平低和劳力性呼吸困难。妊娠增加了铁的需求量,妊娠期间铁净丢失量约达到 580 mg,晚期妊娠的丢失量最大。[5]FIGO Working Group on Good Clinical Practice in Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Good clinical practice advice: iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019 Mar;144(3):322-4.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12740
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30710364?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Bothwell TH. Iron requirements in pregnancy and strategies to meet them. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jul;72(1 suppl):257S-64S.
https://www.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.1.257S
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10871591?tool=bestpractice.com
早、中孕期铁缺乏与早产和低出生体重儿的增加相关。[7]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998 Apr 3;47(RR-3):1-29.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563847?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题流产 定义为满 20-24 孕周(妊娠期因国家/地区而异)之前非自愿的自发性妊娠丢失。[8]World Health Organization. Managing complications in pregnancy and childbirth: a guide for midwives and doctors. 2nd edition. 2017 [internet publication].
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/255760
它与无原因的、伴或不伴随耻骨弓上痛的阴道出血有关。 高达1/3的妊娠会发生自然流产。[9]Regan L, Rai R. Epidemiology and the medical causes of miscarriage. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2000 Oct;14(5):839-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11023804?tool=bestpractice.com
[10]Moore J, Shillito TJ, Walker JJ. Current issues in management of miscarriage and early pregnancy bleeding. Hosp Med. 2002 Mar;63(3):134-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11933813?tool=bestpractice.com
[11]Makrydimas G, Sebire NJ, Lolis D, et al. Fetal loss following ultrasound diagnosis of a live fetus at 6-10 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Oct;22(4):368-72.
https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/uog.204
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14528471?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]Farr SL, Schieve LA, Jamieson DJ. Pregnancy loss among pregnancies conceived through assisted reproductive technology, United States, 1999-2002. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Jun 15;165(12):1380-8.
https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/165/12/1380/125564
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17351291?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Ellish NJ, Saboda K, O'Connor J, et al. A prospective study of early pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod. 1996 Feb;11(2):406-12.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8671233?tool=bestpractice.com
一系列的血清β人绒毛膜促性腺激素的滴度和经阴道超声有助于诊断。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题复发性流产评估 多于一半的习惯性流产女性有不明原因或特发性习惯性流产,不能确诊病因或关联。[14]Quenby SM, Farquharson RG. Predicting recurring miscarriage: what is important? Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Jul;82(1):132-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8515913?tool=bestpractice.com
[15]Habayeb OM, Konje JC. The one-stop recurrent miscarriage clinic: an evaluation of its effectiveness and outcome. Hum Reprod. 2004 Dec;19(12):2952-8.
https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/19/12/2952/2356356
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15388685?tool=bestpractice.com
产妇年龄越大、先前流产次数越多,后续流产的风险也会越大。与复发性流产明确相关的因素包括染色体异常,抗磷脂综合征,一些子宫结构异常,宫颈机能不全,及易栓症。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题异位妊娠 定义为受精卵在宫腔外着床和发育成熟,最常见的部位是输卵管(97%),其次是卵巢(3.2%)和腹腔(1.3%)。[16]Bouyer J, Coste J, Fernandez H, et al. Sites of ectopic pregnancy: a 10 year population-based study of 1800 cases. Hum Reprod. 2002 Dec;17(12):3224-30.
https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/17/12/3224/569616
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12456628?tool=bestpractice.com
典型的症状和征象有疼痛、阴道出血和闭经。[17]Ankum WM, Mol BW, Van Der Veen F, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 1996 Jun;65(6):1093-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8641479?tool=bestpractice.com
提示可能破裂的警示征象包括生命体征不稳定(体位性改变)、在阴道穹窿积血或腹腔内出血体征(例如,急腹症、肩部疼痛、宫颈压痛)。如果存在既往异位妊娠、输卵管手术史、性传播感染史、吸烟、体外受精或 IUD 使用期间受孕,则其发生风险将增加。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题前置胎盘 定义为胎盘覆盖子宫颈口。可能是完全性、部分性、边缘性或低置胎盘。部分性、边缘性和低置前置胎盘可能随着妊娠进程而恢复。有症状的前置胎盘通常表现为中期或晚期妊娠无痛的阴道出血。[18]Sakornbut E, Leeman L, Fontaine P. Late pregnancy bleeding. Am Fam Physician. 2007 Apr 15;75(8):1199-206.
https://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0415/p1199.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17477103?tool=bestpractice.com
[19]Magann EF, Cummings JE, Niederhauser A, et al. Antepartum bleeding of unknown origin in the second half of pregnancy: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005 Nov;60(11):741-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16250922?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: second and third trimester vaginal bleeding. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/ACR-Appropriateness-Criteria
危险因素包括子宫瘢痕(最常见的原因是既往剖宫产)、高龄妊娠、吸烟、既往多胎妊娠/妊娠间隔时间短或流产/人工流产、既往前置胎盘、不孕治疗和违禁药物使用。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题葡萄胎 葡萄胎是有恶变(妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤)潜能的染色体异常妊娠。妊娠滋养细胞疾病(gestational trophoblastic disease, GTD)包括胎儿组织肿瘤(包括胎盘滋养层产生的葡萄胎)。最常见的主诉症状是阴道出血,患者通常在早期妊娠就诊。患者年龄一般处于育龄期两端(年龄小于 20 岁或大于 35 岁),且可能有 GTD 的既往史。[21]Altman AD, Bentley B, Murray S, et al. Maternal age-related rates of gestational trophoblastic disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Aug;112(2 Pt 1):244-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669718?tool=bestpractice.com
[22]Di Cintio E, Parazzini F, Rosa C, et al. The epidemiology of gestational trophoblastic disease. Gen Diagn Pathol. 1997 Nov;143(2-3):103-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9443567?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题妊娠期腹痛评估 妊娠早期腹痛原因包括异位妊娠、流产和卵巢过度刺激综合征。妊娠晚期腹痛原因包括早产、绒毛膜羊膜炎、子宫破裂、胎盘早剥、HELLP 综合征和妊娠期急性脂肪肝。妇科原因包括附件肿块和子宫肌瘤。其他病因可能有:泌尿系统疾病(例如,UTI、急性肾盂肾炎、肾结石和肾积水),胃肠道疾病(例如,阑尾炎、胆囊炎、胰腺炎和肠梗阻),创伤相关疾病,以及肌肉骨骼系统疾病。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题妊娠期高血压 定义为患者既往血压正常,妊娠期间 20 孕周后两次(至少间隔 4 小时)测量的血压 ≥140/90 mmHg,不伴有蛋白尿(<300 mg/24 h)或其他提示子痫前期的临床特征(血小板减少、肾脏功能受损、肺水肿或新发头痛)。孕妇通常无症状。危险因素包括未孕、黑人或西班牙裔以及母亲出生时为小于胎龄儿。[23]Hauth JC, Ewell MG, Levine RJ, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in healthy nulliparas who developed hypertension. Calcium for preeclampsia prevention study group. Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Jan;95(1):24-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636496?tool=bestpractice.com
[24]Knuist M, Bonsel GJ, Zondervan HA, et al. Intensification of fetal and maternal surveillance in pregnant women with hypertensive disorders. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1998 May;61(2):127-33.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9639216?tool=bestpractice.com
[25]Hnat MD, Sibai BM, Caritis S, et al. Perinatal outcome in women with recurrent preeclampsia compared with women who develop preeclampsia as nulliparas. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Mar;186(3):422-6. [Erratum in: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jul;189(1):244.]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11904601?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Bryant AS, Seely EW, Cohen A, et al. Patterns of pregnancy-related hypertension in black and white women. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2005;24(3):281-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16263600?tool=bestpractice.com
[27]Tanaka M, Jaamaa G, Kaiser M, et al. Racial disparity in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in New York State: a 10-year longitudinal population-based study. Am J Public Health. 2007 Jan;97(1):163-70.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1716255
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17138931?tool=bestpractice.com
[28]Rasmussen S, Irgens LM. Pregnancy-induced hypertension in women who were born small. Hypertension. 2007 Apr;49(4):806-12.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.HYP.0000259924.74947.aa
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17309942?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠高血压增加了巨大胎儿、剖宫产和新生儿进入重症监护病房的风险。 并存的妊娠期糖尿病进一步增加了风险。[29]Forrester KJ, Barton JR, O'Brien JM, et al. The effect of gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes on neonatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:S26. |
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| 访问我们的完整专题妊娠糖尿病 妊娠期间发生,通常在孕 24-28 周时根据葡萄糖耐量试验时血糖水平升高筛查诊断。危险因素包括高龄孕妇(>40 岁)、BMI 升高、多囊卵巢综合征、非白人血统、2 型糖尿病家族史、缺乏锻炼和既往妊娠糖尿病。[30]Solomon CG, Willett WC, Carey VJ, et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1997 Oct 1;278(13):1078-83.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9315766?tool=bestpractice.com
[31]Lo JC, Feigenbaum SL, Escobar GJ, et al. Increased prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among women with diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome: a population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2006 Aug;29(8):1915-7.
https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/8/1915
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873802?tool=bestpractice.com
[32]Norman RJ, Dewailly D, Legro RS, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet. 2007 Aug 25;370(9588):685-97.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17720020?tool=bestpractice.com
[33]Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, et al. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007 Dec 12;298(22):2654-64.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18073361?tool=bestpractice.com
[34]Cossrow N, Falkner B. Race/ethnic issues in obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2590-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15181028?tool=bestpractice.com
[35]Kim C, Berger DK, Chamany S. Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2007 May;30(5):1314-9.
https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/5/1314
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17290037?tool=bestpractice.com
[36]Plows JF, Stanley JL, Baker PN, et al. The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Oct 26;19(11)
https://www.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113342
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30373146?tool=bestpractice.com
[37]Cremona A, O'Gorman C, Cotter A, et al. Effect of exercise modality on markers of insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control in pregnancies complicated with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Obes Sci Pract. 2018 Oct;4(5):455-67.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/osp4.283
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30338116?tool=bestpractice.com
[38]Davenport MH, Ruchat SM, Poitras VJ, et al. Prenatal exercise for the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Nov;52(21):1367-75.
https://www.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099355
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30337463?tool=bestpractice.com
后遗症包括巨大儿、剖宫产、产伤和新生儿低血糖或红细胞增多。 妊娠可能由于确诊的 1 型或 2 型糖尿病而复杂化。 |
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女性泌尿道感染 | 肾脏、膀胱或尿道感染。妊娠期间泌尿道感染(urinary tract infection, UTI)被认为是复杂性 UTI。孕妇应接受无症状性菌尿筛查,因为菌尿与肾盂肾炎和早产的较高发病率有关。[39]Nicolle LE, Gupta K, Bradley SF, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of asymptomatic bacteriuria: 2019 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 May 2;68(10):e83-e110.
https://www.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1121
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30895288?tool=bestpractice.com
[40]Köves B, Cai T, Veeratterapillay R, et al. Benefits and harms of treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria: a systematic review and meta-analysis by the European Association of Urology Urological Infection Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol. 2017 Dec;72(6):865-8.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2017.07.014
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28754533?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题阴道炎 细菌性阴道病一直是阴道炎的主要原因;其他常见感染的原因包括滴虫病和念珠菌病,尽管也可能是一些非感染原因。 常见症状包括阴道分泌物异常、瘙痒和性交痛。细菌性阴道病和滴虫病与早产、低出生体重和胎膜早破有关。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题李斯特菌病 一种食源性感染,由一种能动的无芽孢形成的革兰阳性杆菌引起。孕妇应避免食用未经清洗的生蔬菜、生肉或未煮熟的肉(家禽肉、牛肉、猪肉)、剩菜剩饭、软乳酪、未经巴氏消毒的牛奶或奶制品。孕妇可能有流感样症状(嗜睡、发热、关节痛、肌痛、寒战、疲劳、腹泻、呕吐、腹痛)。[41]Mylonakis E, Paliou M, Hohmann EL, et al. Listeriosis during pregnancy: a case series and review of 222 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2002 Jul;81(4):260-9.
https://www.doi.org/10.1097/00005792-200207000-00002
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169881?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题弓形虫病 由原生动物刚地弓形虫引起的寄生虫病。通过卵囊污染的食物或水、被感染的肉或接触猫科动物粪便中的卵囊传播。只有当血清反应呈阴性、在妊娠期间感染弓形虫病的女性才会发生胎盘传播。发生妊娠期间原发性感染时母体通常无症状,但可能造成死胎和严重先天性异常(例如智力障碍和失明)。在晚期妊娠发生胎儿感染时,胎儿出生时经常无症状,但数月或数年后可能出现问题。[42]Wilson CB, Remington JS, Stagno S, et al. Development of adverse sequelae in children born with subclinical congenital Toxoplasma infection. Pediatrics. 1980 Nov;66(5):767-74.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7432882?tool=bestpractice.com
某些国家(如法国)建议产前常规进行弓形虫筛查。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题巨细胞病毒感染 巨细胞病毒 (CMV) 是一种感染大多数人类的普遍存在的 β-疱疹病毒,并在宿主细胞中建立了终身潜伏的状态。 周期性的亚临床重新激活可被功能正常的免疫系统控制。 免疫力不成熟的胎儿有获得先天性CMV疾病及其并发症的风险,例如听力损失和神经系统功能缺陷。妊娠妇女应经常仔细洗手以预防原发性感染(常为无症状的)。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题风疹 女性在妊娠期间(特别是妊娠早期)感染风疹,可能会导致自然流产、胎儿死亡,或者一系列解剖和化验异常(先天性风疹综合征)。如果孕妇暴露于风疹,强烈建议进行专业咨询。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题寨卡病毒 典型的临床表现包括发热、瘙痒性斑丘疹样皮疹(有时为麻疹样皮疹)、关节痛和非化脓性结膜炎。[43]Pan American Health Organization; World Health Organization. Provisional remarks on Zika virus infection in pregnant women: document for health care professionals. January 2016 [internet publication].
https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/18600
孕妇和非妊娠患者之间的临床表现尚无差异。 已认识到先天性寨卡综合征是一种由孕期感染寨卡病毒所致的一系列婴儿先天性异常(小头畸形、颅内钙化或其他脑部异常、或眼部异常等)。[44]Russell K, Oliver SE, Lewis L,et al. Update: Interim guidance for the evaluation and management of infants with possible congenital Zika virus infection - United States, August 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Aug 26;65(33):870-8.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6533e2.htm?s_cid=mm6533e2_w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27559830?tool=bestpractice.com
[45]Moore CA, Staples JE, Dobyns WB, et al. Characterizing the pattern of anomalies in congenital Zika syndrome for pediatric clinicians. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Mar 1;171(3):288-95.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27812690?tool=bestpractice.com
[46]Melo AS, Aguiar RS, Amorim MM, et al. Congenital Zika virus infection: beyond neonatal microcephaly. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Dec 1;73(12):1407-16.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2557231
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27695855?tool=bestpractice.com
[47]França GV, Schuler-Faccini L, Oliveira WK, et al. Congenital Zika virus syndrome in Brazil: a case series of the first 1501 livebirths with complete investigation. Lancet. 2016 Aug 27;388(10047):891-7.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30902-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27372398?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题妊娠期 HIV 感染 建议妊娠期尽早对所有妊娠女性进行 HIV 感染检测。[48]Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8344968
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34292926?tool=bestpractice.com
无论 CD4 计数或病毒载量如何,所有感染 HIV 的孕妇都应在妊帪期尽早接受抗逆转录病毒治疗 (antiretroviral therapy, ART)。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题B 型链球菌感染 B 族链球菌也被称为无乳链球菌,是革兰阳性细菌,通常定植在胃肠道、会阴和阴道。它们能引发任何年龄患者的侵袭性感染,但感染最常见于新生儿、老年人和有易感因素(如妊娠、糖尿病和免疫功能低下)的成人。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症 妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, ICP)的特征是孕妇在无其他肝脏疾病诱因的情况下,出现瘙痒和肝功能障碍,且这些情况仅在妊娠期出现。危险因素包括 ICP 既往史或家族史、胆石症以及丙型肝炎病史。[49]Glantz A, Marschall HU, Mattsson LA. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: relationships between bile acid levels and fetal complication rates. Hepatology. 2004 Aug;40(2):467-74.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15368452?tool=bestpractice.com
[50]Turunen K, Helander K, Mattila KJ, et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is common among patients' first-degree relatives. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2013 Sep;92(9):1108-10.
https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aogs.12168
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23663193?tool=bestpractice.com
[51]Marschall HU, Wikström Shemer E, Ludvigsson JF, et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and associated hepatobiliary disease: a population-based cohort study. Hepatology. 2013 Oct;58(4):1385-91.
https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.26444
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23564560?tool=bestpractice.com
[52]Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Sanguankeo A, et al. Hepatitis C infection and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2017 Feb;41(1):39-45.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27542514?tool=bestpractice.com
孕妇的并发症包括妊娠期糖尿病和子痫前期的风险增加,此外还有糖耐量减低和血脂异常;胎儿的并发症包括早产、羊水胎粪染色、入住新生儿病房,以及胆汁酸浓度≥100 μmol/L 的孕妇发生胎死宫内(死产)。[53]Ovadia C, Seed PT, Sklavounos A, et al. Association of adverse perinatal outcomes of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy with biochemical markers: results of aggregate and individual patient data meta-analyses. Lancet. 2019 Mar 2;393(10174):899-909.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6396441
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30773280?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题子痫前期 一种与新发高血压(定义为收缩压 ≥140 mmHg 和/或舒张压 ≥90 mmHg)相关的妊娠疾病,最常出现于妊娠 20 周后,近足月时出现较为常见。尽管经常伴新发蛋白尿,但是一些未出现蛋白尿的女性,也可能出现高血压以及子痫前期其他体征或症状。[54]ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 202: Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Jan;133(1):1.
https://www.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003018
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30575675?tool=bestpractice.com
孕妇可能无症状,而是在常规临床就诊时得到诊断,或者可能因头痛、上腹痛、视觉障碍、呼吸困难、癫痫发作和少尿紧急就诊。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题HELLP 综合征 孕妇或产褥期女性(通常在分娩后 7 天以内)中以溶血(H)、肝酶升高(EL)、低血小板计数(LP)为特征的子痫前期的一种严重形式。孕妇如果在妊娠后半期或产后立即出现显著的新发上腹部/右上腹疼痛,在未确诊其他疾病之前,应当考虑 HELLP 综合征的诊断。与进行性和有时迅速的孕妇和胎儿恶化相关。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题胎盘早剥 正常位置的胎盘在胎儿娩出前剥离, 其症状可能很明显也可能不易被发现。[55]Oyelese Y, Ananth CV. Placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Oct;108(4):1005-16.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17012465?tool=bestpractice.com
与围产期并发症发病率和死亡率升高有关。也是引起母亲严重并发症的原因之一。危险因素包括吸烟、创伤、高血压和可卡因滥用。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题早产 早产发生在妊娠 24 至 37 周之间。在三分之二的病例中,其发生于自发性分娩阵痛开始后。只有少数出现早产宫缩(被称为先兆早产 [threatened pre-term labour, TPTL])的女性会进展至真正的生产和分娩。其余早产是因为医源性的因素,最常见的原因有子痫前期和胎儿宫内生长受限。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题臀先露 臀先露是妊娠时胎儿为臀部或脚而不是头(头先露)作为先露部分,臀先露时母亲和婴儿的发病率和死亡率均增加。 臀先露常见于早期妊娠并随着孕龄而减少,因为大多数宝宝在出生前会自动转为头先露。[56]Scheer K, Nubar J. Variation of fetal presentation with gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976 May 15;125(2):269-70.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(76)90609-8
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1266909?tool=bestpractice.com
[57]Nassar N, Roberts CL, Cameron CA, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination for detection of non-cephalic presentation in late pregnancy: cross sectional analytic study. BMJ. 2006 Sep 16;333(7568):578-80.
https://www.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38919.681563.4F
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16891327?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题Rh 血型不相容 Rh 血型不合是指 Rh 阴性的母体怀有 Rh 阳性的胎儿时,可对胎儿红细胞上源自父体的 Rh 抗原产生抗体。这些抗体可穿过胎盘,破坏胎儿的红细胞,是造成胎儿和新生儿溶血型疾病(也称为胎儿幼红细胞增多症)的首要原因。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题早产儿护理 对于早产儿,除了出生后即刻复苏,还必须尽力避免过度氧暴露、过度通气、低体温及低血糖。[58]Escobedo M. Moving from experience to evidence: changes in US Neonatal Resuscitation Program based on International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Review. J Perinatol. 2008 May;28 Suppl 1:S35-40.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18446175?tool=bestpractice.com
建议尽快咨询新生儿科专家以降低潜在的发病率。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题产后抑郁 产后抑郁症可以表现为双相疾病,也可以表现为单相(更常见)疾病。[59]Musters C, McDonald E, Jones I. Management of postnatal depression. BMJ. 2008 Aug 8;337:a736.
https://www.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a736
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689433?tool=bestpractice.com
产后抑郁未被现行的分类系统视为一种独立的诊断,对于产后 4 周内发病的抑郁发作可通过《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第 5 版修订版(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, text revision; DSM-5-TR)中的产后发作的指示来进行记录。[60]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022. 有证据表明 DSM-5-TR 说明语过于狭隘。[61]Forty L, Jones L, Macgregor S, et al. Familiality of postpartum depression in unipolar disorder: results of a family study. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Sep;163(9):1549-53.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946179?tool=bestpractice.com
因此,一般说来,分娩后 6 至 12 个月内发生的抑郁都可以视为产后抑郁。高危因素包括抑郁病史、近期压力较大的生活事件、缺乏社会支持和睡眠不足。 |
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