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Last reviewed: 24 Sep 2025
Last updated: 10 Jul 2025

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • presença de fatores de risco
  • produção de urina reduzida
  • vômitos
  • tontura
  • ortopneia
  • dispneia paroxística noturna
  • edema pulmonar
  • hipotensão
  • taquicardia
  • hipotensão ortostática
  • hipertensão
  • edema periférico
  • Sensibilidade muscular
  • isquemia dos membros
  • convulsões
  • sintomas obstrutivos prostáticos
  • hematúria
  • febre
  • erupção cutânea
  • artralgia/artrite
  • estado mental alterado
  • sinais de uremia

Other diagnostic factors

  • náuseas
  • sede
  • dor no flanco
  • distensão abdominal
  • sopro abdominal
  • livedo reticular
  • petéquias
  • equimoses

Risk factors

  • idade avançada
  • insuficiência renal subjacente
  • hipertensão maligna
  • diabetes mellitus
  • doenças mieloproliferativas, como mieloma múltiplo
  • doença do tecido conjuntivo
  • condições de retenção do sódio (por exemplo, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva [ICC], cirrose, síndrome nefrótica)
  • radiocontraste
  • exposição a nefrotoxinas (por exemplo, aminoglicosídeos, terapias para câncer, anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais [AINEs] ou inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina [ECA])
  • trauma
  • hemorragia
  • sepse
  • pancreatite
  • superdosagem de medicamentos
  • cirurgia
  • parada cardíaca
  • intervenção vascular recente
  • perda excessiva de líquidos
  • nefrolitíase
  • abuso de medicamentos
  • abuso de álcool
  • esforço excessivo
  • transfusão sanguínea recente
  • neoplasias malignas
  • susceptibilidade genética
  • uso de inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina
  • inibidores da bomba de prótons
  • fitoterapia

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • perfil metabólico básico (incluindo ureia e creatinina)
  • razão entre ureia sérica e creatinina
  • urinálise
  • urocultura
  • hemograma completo
  • excreção fracionada de sódio (FENa)
  • excreção fracionada de ureia
  • contagem eosinofílica urinária
  • gasometria venosa
  • prova volêmica
  • cateterismo da bexiga
  • osmolalidade urinária
  • concentração de sódio urinário
  • ultrassonografia renal
  • radiografia torácica
  • eletrocardiograma (ECG)

Tests to consider

  • fatores antinucleares
  • anti-DNA (ácido desoxirribonucleico)
  • complemento (C3, C4, CH50)
  • anticorpo antimembrana basal glomerular.
  • anticorpos anticitoplasma de neutrófilos
  • perfil de hepatite aguda
  • sorologia do HIV
  • crioglobulinas
  • velocidade de hemossedimentação
  • anticorpo antiestreptolisina O
  • tomografia computadorizada/ressonância nuclear magnética abdominal
  • varredura nuclear do fluxo renal
  • cistoscopia
  • biópsia renal

Emerging tests

  • novos biomarcadores séricos e urinários

Treatment algorithm

Contributors

Authors

Richard A. Lafayette, MD

Professor of Medicine

Nephrology Division

Stanford University Medical Center

Stanford

CA

Disclosures

RAL works as a consultant and researcher for Relypsa, Inc. Although unrelated to this topic area, RAL also works as a consultant for Fibrogen, Inc., Mallinckrodt, Inc., and Omeros, Inc., and as a researcher for Genentech, Inc., Mallinckrodt, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., Rigel, Inc., Aurinia, Inc., and the NIH.

Acknowledgements

Dr Richard A. Lafayette would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Sandra Sabatini, Dr Neil Kurtzman, and Dr Corey D. Ball, the previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

SS, NK, and CDB declare that they have no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Garabed Eknoyan, MD

Professor of Medicine

Section of Nephrology

Department of Medicine

Baylor College of Medicine

Houston

TX

Disclosures

GE declares that he has no competing interests.

Dominic de Takats, MA, MRCP

Consultant Nephrologist

Nephrology

North Staffs Royal Infirmary

University Hospital of North Staffordshire

Stoke-on-Trent

UK

Disclosures

DdT declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 Mar;2(1):1-138.Full text

Palevsky PM, Liu KD, Brophy PD, et al. KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013 May;61(5):649-72.Full text  Abstract

Moore PK, Hsu RK, Liu KD. Management of acute kidney injury: core curriculum 2018. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018 Feb 22;72(1):136-48.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available here.

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