A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) era a terceira maior causa de morte em todo o mundo, até 2019, e a terceira maior causa de morte nos Estados Unidos em 2011.[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD (2024 report). 2024 [internet publication].
https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report
[3]World Health Organization. Global health estimates: Leading causes of death. Cause-specific mortality, 2000–2019 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe-leading-causes-of-death
A taxa de mortalidade decorrente de DPOC aumentou mais de 100% entre 1970 e 2002.[4]Jemal A, Ward E, Hao Y. Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970-2002. JAMA. 2005 Sep 14;294(10):1255-9.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/201494
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16160134?tool=bestpractice.com
Globalmente, foi demonstrado que a DPOC é responsável por 3.8% dos óbitos em países de alta renda e por 4.9% em países de baixa renda.[5]Mannino DM, Buist AS. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet. 2007 Sep 1;370(9589):765-73.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765526?tool=bestpractice.com
Há uma variabilidade significativa na prevalência da DPOC entre os países.[6]Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006 Jan;100(1):115-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893923?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet. 2007 Sep 1;370(9589):741-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765523?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Menezes AM, Perez-Padilla R, Jardim JR, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five Latin American cities (the PLATINO study): a prevalence study. Lancet. 2005 Nov 26;366(9500):1875-81.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310554?tool=bestpractice.com
Isso pode ser decorrente dos diferentes índices de exposição à fumaça de cigarro e aos poluentes ocupacionais e de ambiente fechado.[5]Mannino DM, Buist AS. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet. 2007 Sep 1;370(9589):765-73.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765526?tool=bestpractice.com
No passado, os homens apresentavam taxas mais elevadas de doença em consequência da DPOC. Acreditava-se que a diferença era decorrente principalmente da maior exposição à fumaça de cigarro e aos poluentes ocupacionais. Pesquisas tem demonstrado que a prevalência da DPOC parece estar se tornando mais igualmente distribuída entre homens e mulheres.[7]Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet. 2007 Sep 1;370(9589):741-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765523?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]de Torres JP, Casanova C, Hernandez C, et al. Gender and COPD in patients attending a pulmonary clinic. Chest. 2005 Oct;128(4):2012-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16236849?tool=bestpractice.com
A DPOC contribui com uma carga significativa dos custos com saúde.[6]Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006 Jan;100(1):115-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893923?tool=bestpractice.com
As exacerbações são responsáveis pela maior parte da morbidade e da mortalidade apresentadas por pessoas com DPOC, e o número mediano de exacerbações varia entre 1 e 3 ao ano.[10]Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A, et al. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 May;161(5):1608-13.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10806163?tool=bestpractice.com
[11]Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, et al. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 May;157(5 Pt 1):1418-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9603117?tool=bestpractice.com
Foi claramente demonstrado que pacientes com manifestações mais intensas da DPOC têm taxas mais altas de mortalidade ao longo do tempo.[6]Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006 Jan;100(1):115-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893923?tool=bestpractice.com
Entretanto, a mortalidade pode ser subestimada, já que os óbitos na população podem ser atribuídos a outras etiologias, como outros transtornos respiratórios, câncer de pulmão e doença cardiovascular.[6]Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006 Jan;100(1):115-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893923?tool=bestpractice.com
As exacerbações agudas da DPOC são comumente desencadeadas por patógenos virais ou bacterianos, poluentes, DRGE ou mudanças na temperatura e umidade, e apresentam início agudo e piora duradoura dos sintomas respiratórios, da função pulmonar, do estado funcional e da qualidade de vida do paciente.[10]Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A, et al. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 May;161(5):1608-13.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10806163?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]Rodriguez-Roisin R. COPD exacerbations.5: management. Thorax. 2006 Jun;61(6):535-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738044?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]O'Donnell DE, Parker CM. COPD exacerbations. 3: Pathophysiology. Thorax. 2006 Apr;61(4):354-61.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565268?tool=bestpractice.com
[14]Barberà JA, Roca J, Ferrer A, et al. Mechanisms of worsening gas exchange during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1997 Jun;10(6):1285-91.
https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/10/6/1285.full.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9192930?tool=bestpractice.com
[15]Cote CG, Dordelly LJ, Celli BR. Impact of COPD exacerbations on patient-centered outcomes. Chest. 2007 Mar;131(3):696-704.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17356082?tool=bestpractice.com
[16]Spencer S, Jones PW; GLOBE Study Group. Time course of recovery of health status following an infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Thorax. 2003 Jul;58(7):589-93.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746751/?tool=pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12832673?tool=bestpractice.com
[17]Xu W, Collet JP, Shapiro S, et al. Negative impacts of unreported COPD exacerbations on health-related quality of life at 1 year. Eur Respir J. 2010 May;35(5):1022-30.[18]Terada K, Muro S, Sato S, et al. Impact of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms on COPD exacerbation. Thorax. 2008 Nov;63(11):951-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535116?tool=bestpractice.com
[19]Terada K, Muro S, Ohara T, et al. Abnormal swallowing reflex and COPD exacerbations. Chest. 2010 Feb;137(2):326-32.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783670?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]Ingebrigtsen TS, Marott JL, Vestbo J, et al. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology. 2015 Jan;20(1):101-7.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/resp.12420
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25297724?tool=bestpractice.com
[21]Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 16;363(12):1128-38.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0909883#t=article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843247?tool=bestpractice.com
[22]Martinez CH, Okajima Y, Murray S, et al. Impact of self-reported gastroesophageal reflux disease in subjects from COPDGene cohort. Respir Res. 2014 Jun 3;15(1):62.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049804
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24894541?tool=bestpractice.com
As taxas de exacerbação e a mortalidade por todas as causas tendem a ser maiores durante os meses de inverno.[23]Rabe KF, Fabbri LM, Vogelmeier C, et al. Seasonal distribution of COPD exacerbations in the Prevention of Exacerbations with Tiotropium in COPD trial. Chest. 2013 Mar;143(3):711-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23188489?tool=bestpractice.com
Exacerbações agudas da DPOC, especialmente aquelas que são de moderadas a graves, têm impacto significativo na saúde pública, com aumento da utilização e dos custos com assistência médica e aumento da mortalidade.[24]Sutherland ER, Cherniack RM. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 24;350(26):2689-97.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215485?tool=bestpractice.com
[25]Ai-Ping C, Lee KH, Lim TK. In-hospital and 5-year mortality of patients treated in the ICU for acute exacerbation of COPD: a retrospective study. Chest. 2005 Aug;128(2):518-24.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16100133?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, et al. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2002 Oct;57(10):847-52.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12324669?tool=bestpractice.com
[27]Seneff MG, Wagner DP, Wagner RP, et al. Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA. 1995 Dec 20;274(23):1852-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7500534?tool=bestpractice.com
[28]Soler-Cataluña JJ, Martínez-García MA, Román Sánchez P, et al. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005 Nov;60(11):925-31.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1747235/?tool=pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16055622?tool=bestpractice.com
Os óbitos precoces dentre os pacientes hospitalizados com exacerbação intensa de DPOC geralmente são causados por problemas concomitantes, como embolia pulmonar, pneumonia ou insuficiência cardíaca congestiva.[29]Zvezdin B, Milutinov S, Kojicic M, et al. A postmortem analysis of major causes of early death in patients hospitalized with COPD exacerbation. Chest. 2009 Aug;136(2):376-80.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19318666?tool=bestpractice.com
Os pacientes também podem correr risco de infarto do miocárdio e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) no período de pós-exacerbação.[30]Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, Smith CJ, et al. Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke following exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2010 May;137(5):1091-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20022970?tool=bestpractice.com