Referencias

Artículos principales

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD (2024 report). 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD (2023 report). 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

Stevermer JJ, Fisher L, Lin KW, et al. Pharmacologic Management of COPD Exacerbations: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the AAFP. Am Fam Physician. 2021 Jul 1;104(1):Online.Texto completo  Resumen

Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Oct 15;188(8):e13-64. Resumen

Artículos de referencia

1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD (2024 report). 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

2. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD (2023 report). 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

3. Bastin AJ, Starling L, Ahmed R, et al. High prevalence of undiagnosed and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at first hospital admission with acute exacerbation. Chron Respir Dis. 2010;7(2):91-7. Resumen

4. World Health Organization. ​Global health estimates: Leading causes of death. Cause-specific mortality, 2000–2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

5. Jemal A, Ward E, Hao Y. Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970-2002. JAMA. 2005 Sep 14;294(10):1255-9.Texto completo  Resumen

6. Mannino DM, Buist AS. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet. 2007 Sep 1;370(9589):765-73. Resumen

7. Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006 Jan;100(1):115-22. Resumen

8. Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet. 2007 Sep 1;370(9589):741-50. Resumen

9. Menezes AM, Perez-Padilla R, Jardim JR, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five Latin American cities (the PLATINO study): a prevalence study. Lancet. 2005 Nov 26;366(9500):1875-81. Resumen

10. de Torres JP, Casanova C, Hernandez C, et al. Gender and COPD in patients attending a pulmonary clinic. Chest. 2005 Oct;128(4):2012-6. Resumen

11. Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A, et al. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 May;161(5):1608-13. Resumen

12. Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, et al. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 May;157(5 Pt 1):1418-22. Resumen

13. Rodriguez-Roisin R. COPD exacerbations.5: management. Thorax. 2006 Jun;61(6):535-44. Resumen

14. O'Donnell DE, Parker CM. COPD exacerbations. 3: Pathophysiology. Thorax. 2006 Apr;61(4):354-61. Resumen

15. Barberà JA, Roca J, Ferrer A, et al. Mechanisms of worsening gas exchange during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1997 Jun;10(6):1285-91.Texto completo  Resumen

16. Cote CG, Dordelly LJ, Celli BR. Impact of COPD exacerbations on patient-centered outcomes. Chest. 2007 Mar;131(3):696-704. Resumen

17. Spencer S, Jones PW; GLOBE Study Group. Time course of recovery of health status following an infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Thorax. 2003 Jul;58(7):589-93.Texto completo  Resumen

18. Xu W, Collet JP, Shapiro S, et al. Negative impacts of unreported COPD exacerbations on health-related quality of life at 1 year. Eur Respir J. 2010 May;35(5):1022-30. Resumen

19. Terada K, Muro S, Sato S, et al. Impact of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms on COPD exacerbation. Thorax. 2008 Nov;63(11):951-5. Resumen

20. Terada K, Muro S, Ohara T, et al. Abnormal swallowing reflex and COPD exacerbations. Chest. 2010 Feb;137(2):326-32. Resumen

21. Ingebrigtsen TS, Marott JL, Vestbo J, et al. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology. 2015 Jan;20(1):101-7.Texto completo  Resumen

22. Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 16;363(12):1128-38.Texto completo  Resumen

23. Martinez CH, Okajima Y, Murray S, et al. Impact of self-reported gastroesophageal reflux disease in subjects from COPDGene cohort. Respir Res. 2014 Jun 3;15(1):62.Texto completo  Resumen

24. Rabe KF, Fabbri LM, Vogelmeier C, et al. Seasonal distribution of COPD exacerbations in the Prevention of Exacerbations with Tiotropium in COPD trial. Chest. 2013 Mar;143(3):711-9. Resumen

25. Sutherland ER, Cherniack RM. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 24;350(26):2689-97. Resumen

26. Ai-Ping C, Lee KH, Lim TK. In-hospital and 5-year mortality of patients treated in the ICU for acute exacerbation of COPD: a retrospective study. Chest. 2005 Aug;128(2):518-24. Resumen

27. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, et al. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2002 Oct;57(10):847-52. Resumen

28. Seneff MG, Wagner DP, Wagner RP, et al. Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA. 1995 Dec 20;274(23):1852-7. Resumen

29. Soler-Cataluña JJ, Martínez-García MA, Román Sánchez P, et al. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005 Nov;60(11):925-31.Texto completo  Resumen

30. Zvezdin B, Milutinov S, Kojicic M, et al. A postmortem analysis of major causes of early death in patients hospitalized with COPD exacerbation. Chest. 2009 Aug;136(2):376-80. Resumen

31. Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, Smith CJ, et al. Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke following exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2010 May;137(5):1091-7. Resumen

32. Lundback B, Lindberg A, Lindstrom M, et al. Not 15 but 50% of smokers develop COPD?--Report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Studies. Respir Med. 2003 Feb;97(2):115-22. Resumen

33. Christenson SA, Smith BM, Bafadhel M, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 2022 Jun 11;399(10342):2227-42. Resumen

34. Agustí A, Hogg JC. Update on the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 26;381(13):1248-56. Resumen

35. Agustí A, Melén E, DeMeo DL, et al. Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: understanding the contributions of gene-environment interactions across the lifespan. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 May;10(5):512-24. Resumen

36. Sapey E, Stockley RA. COPD exacerbations.2: aetiology. Thorax. 2006 Mar;61(3):250-8.Texto completo  Resumen

37. Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S, et al. The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 24;350(26):2645-53.Texto completo  Resumen

38. Anzueto A. Primary care management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to reduce exacerbations and their consequences. Am J Med Sci. 2010 Oct;340(4):309-18. Resumen

39. Ritchie AI, Wedzicha JA. Definition, causes, pathogenesis, and consequences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Clin Chest Med. 2020 Sep;41(3):421-38.Texto completo  Resumen

40. Greenberg SB, Allen M, Wilson J, et al. Respiratory viral infections in adults with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Jul;162(1):167-73.Texto completo  Resumen

41. Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections - full version. Clini Microbiol Infect. 2011 Nov;17(Suppl 6):E1-59.Texto completo  Resumen

42. Lieberman D, Lieberman D, Ben-Yaakov M, et al. Infectious etiologies in acute exacerbation of COPD. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001 Jul;40(3):95-102. Resumen

43. Beckham JD, Cadena A, Lin J, et al. Respiratory viral infections in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Infect. 2005 May;50(4):322-30.Texto completo  Resumen

44. Martinello RA, Esper F, Weibel C, et al. Human metapneumovirus and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Infect. 2006 Oct;53(4):248-54. Resumen

45. Jafarinejad H, Moghoofei M, Mostafaei S, et al. Worldwide prevalence of viral infection in AECOPD patients: A meta-analysis. Microb Pathog. 2017 Dec;113:190-96.Texto completo  Resumen

46. Dennis RJ, Maldonado D, Norman S, et al. Woodsmoke exposure and risk for obstructive airways disease among women. Chest. 1996 Jan;109(1):115-9. Resumen

47. Sunyer J, Saez M, Murillo C, et al. Air pollution and emergency room admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 5-year study. Am J Epidemiol. 1993 Apr 1;137(7):701-5. Resumen

48. Eisner MD, Anthonisen N, Coultas D, et al. An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Sep 1;182(5):693-718.Texto completo  Resumen

49. Paulin LM, Diette GB, Blanc PD, et al. Occupational exposures are associated with worse morbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Mar 1;191(5):557-65.Texto completo  Resumen

50. Jones JG, Minty BD, Lawler P, et al. Increased alveolar epithelial permeability in cigarette smokers. Lancet. 1993 Apr 1;137(7):701-5. Resumen

51. Sethi S, Murphy TF. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2000: a state-of-the-art review. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Apr;14(2):336-63.Texto completo  Resumen

52. Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 27;343(4):269-80. Resumen

53. Stockley RA. Progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impact of inflammation, comorbidities and therapeutic intervention. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 May;25(5):1235-45. Resumen

54. Sethi S, Murphy TF. Infection in the pathogenesis and course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2008 Nov 27;359(22):2355-65. Resumen

55. Barnes PJ. Mechanisms in COPD: differences from asthma. Chest. 2000 Feb;117(2 Suppl):10S-4S. Resumen

56. Hogg JC. Pathophysiology of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 2004 Aug 21-27;364(9435):709-21. Resumen

57. Lougheed DM, Webb KA, O'Donnell DE. Breathlessness during induced lung hyperinflation in asthma: the role of the inspiratory threshold load. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Sep;152(3):911-20. Resumen

58. Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Apr;163(5):1256-76. Resumen

59. Tashkin DP, Celli B, Decramer M, et al. Bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2008 Apr;31(4):742-50.Texto completo  Resumen

60. Belman MJ, Botnick WC, Shin JW. Inhaled bronchodilators reduce dynamic hyperinflation during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Mar;153(3):967-75. Resumen

61. Celli B, ZuWallack R, Wang S, et al. Improvement in resting inspiratory capacity and hyperinflation with tiotropium in COPD patients with increased static lung volumes. Chest. 2003 Nov;124(5):1743-8. Resumen

62. Papi A, Bellettato CM, Braccioni F, et al. Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 May 15;173(10):1114-21. Resumen

63. Wedzicha JA, Seemungal TA. COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention. Lancet. 2007 Sep 1;370(9589):786-96. Resumen

64. Hurst JR, Wedzicha JA. The biology of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Clin Chest Med. 2007 Sep;28(3):525-36. Resumen

65. Giacomini M, DeJean D, Simeonov D, et al. Experiences of living and dying with COPD: a systematic review and synthesis of the qualitative empirical literature. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012 Mar;12(13):1-47.Texto completo  Resumen

66. Burge S, Wedzicha JA. COPD exacerbations: definitions and classifications. Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003 Jun;41:46s-53s. Resumen

67. Niewoehner DE, Lokhnygina Y, Rice K, et al. Risk indexes for exacerbations and hospitalizations due to COPD. Chest. 2007 Jan;131(1):20-8. Resumen

68. Foreman MG, DeMeo DL, Hersh CP, et al. Clinical determinants of exacerbations in severe, early-onset COPD. Eur Respir J. 2007 Dec;30(6):1124-30. Resumen

69. Seemungal TA, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A, et al. Detection of rhinovirus in induced sputum at exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2000 Oct;16(4):677-83.Texto completo  Resumen

70. Falsey AR, Formica MA, Hennessey PA, et al. Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Mar 15;173(6):639-43. Resumen

71. Hurst JR, Donaldson GC, Wilkinson TM, et al. Epidemiological relationships between the common cold and exacerbation frequency in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2005 Nov;26(5):846-52.Texto completo  Resumen

72. Hewitt R, Farne H, Ritchie A, et al. The role of viral infections in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2016 Apr;10(2):158-74.Texto completo  Resumen

73. Halpin DMG, Criner GJ, Papi A, et al. Global Initiative for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. The 2020 GOLD Science Committee report on COVID-19 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021 Jan 1;203(1):24-36.Texto completo  Resumen

74. Hogg JC. Role of latent viral infections in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Nov 15;164(10 Pt 2):S71-5. Resumen

75. White AJ, Gompertz S, Stockley RA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 6: The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2003 Jan;58(1):73-80.Texto completo  Resumen

76. Soler N, Agusti C, Angrill J, et al. Bronchoscopic validation of the significance of sputum purulence in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2007 Jan;62(1):29-35. Resumen

77. Wilkinson TM, Hurst JR, Perera WR, et al. Effect of interactions between lower airway bacterial and rhinoviral infection in exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 2006 Feb;129(2):317-24. Resumen

78. Sethi S, Sethi R, Eschberger K, et al. Airway bact2007 Aug 15;176(4):356-61.erial concentrations and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Aug 15;176(4):356-61. Resumen

79. Caramori G, Adcock IM, Papi A. Clinical definition of COPD exacerbations and classification of their severity. South Med J. 2009 Mar;102(3):277-82. Resumen

80. Sethi S, Evans N, Grant BJ, et al. New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 15;347(7):465-71. Resumen

81. Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP, et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Feb;106(2):196-204. Resumen

82. Puhan MA, Vollenweider D, Latshang T, et al. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: when are antibiotics indicated? A systematic review. Respir Res. 2007 Apr 4;8(1):30.Texto completo  Resumen

83. Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA. 1994 Nov 16;272(19):1497-505. Resumen

84. Thabane M; COPD Working Group. Smoking cessation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012 Mar;12(4):1-50.Texto completo  Resumen

85. Au DH, Bryson CL, Chien JW, et al. The effects of smoking cessation on the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. J Gen Intern Med. 2009 Apr;24(4):457-63.Texto completo  Resumen

86. Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest. 2015 Apr;147(4):894-942.Texto completo  Resumen

87. Anderson HR, Spix C, Medina S, et al. Air pollution and daily admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 6 European cities: results from the APHEA project. Eur Respir J. 1997 May;10(5):1064-71. Resumen

88. Yang CY, Chen CC, Chen CY, et al. Air pollution and hospital admissions for asthma in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007 Jan 15;70(2):111-7. Resumen

89. Pope CA, 3rd, Kanner RE. Acute effects of PM10 pollution on pulmonary function of smokers with mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Jun;147(6 Pt 1):1336-40. Resumen

90. Faustini A, Stafoggia M, Colais P, et al. Air pollution and multiple acute respiratory outcomes. Eur Respir J. 2013 Aug;42(2):304-13.Texto completo  Resumen

91. Diederen BM, van der Valk PD, Kluytmans JA, et al. The role of atypical respiratory pathogens in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2007 Aug;30(2):240-4. Resumen

92. Blasi F, Damato S, Cosentini R, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae and chronic bronchitis: association with severity and bacterial clearance following treatment. Thorax. 2002 Aug;57(8):672-6. Resumen

93. Seemungal TA, Wedzicha JA, MacCallum PK, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae and COPD exacerbation. Thorax. 2002 Dec;57(12):1087-8. Resumen

94. Donaldson GC, Seemungal T, Jeffries DJ, et al. Effect of temperature on lung function and symptoms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1999 Apr;13(4):844-9. Resumen

95. McCrory DC, Brown C, Gelfand SE, et al. Management of acute exacerbations of COPD: a summary and appraisal of published evidence. Chest. 2001 Apr;119(4):1190-209. Resumen

96. Nichol KL, Baken L, Nelson A. Relation between influenza vaccination and outpatient visits, hospitalization, and mortality in elderly persons with chronic lung disease. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Mar 2;130(5):397-403. Resumen

97. Wongsurakiat P, Maranetra KN, Wasi C, et al. Acute respiratory illness in patients with COPD and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination: a randomized controlled study. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2011-20. Resumen

98. Sehatzadeh S. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based review. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012 Mar;12(3):1-64.Texto completo  Resumen

99. OHTAC COPD Collaborative. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) evidentiary framework. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012 Mar;12(2):1-97.Texto completo  Resumen

100. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lung disease including asthma and adult vaccination. Feb 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

101. ​Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult immunization schedule by medical condition and other indication: recommendations for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2023. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

102. Alfageme I, Vazquez R, Reyes N, et al. Clinical efficacy of anti-pneumococcal vaccination in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2006 Mar;61(3):189-95. Resumen

103. Walters JA, Tang JN, Poole P, Wood-Baker R. Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 24;(1):CD001390.Texto completo  Resumen

104. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal vaccine recommendations. Sep 2023 [internet publication].​Texto completo

105. Seemungal T, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A, et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Nov 1;164(9):1618-23. Resumen

106. Clancy R, Cripps A, Murree-Allen K, et al. Oral immunisation with killed Haemophilus influenzae for protection against acute bronchitis in chronic obstructive lung disease. Lancet. 1985 Dec 21-28;2(8469-70):1395-7. Resumen

107. Clancy RL, Cripps AW, Gebski V. Protection against recurrent acute bronchitis after oral immunization with killed Haemophilus influenzae. Med J Aust. 1990 Apr 16;152(8):413-6. Resumen

108. Lehmann D, Coakley KJ, Coakley CA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of acute bronchitis by an oral Haemophilus influenzae vaccine in patients with chronic bronchitis in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Aug;144(2):324-30. Resumen

109. Tandon MK, Gebski V. A controlled trial of a killed Haemophilus influenzae vaccine for prevention of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Aust N Z J Med. 1991 Aug;21(4):427-32. Resumen

110. Tandon MK, Phillips M, Waterer G, et al. Oral immunotherapy with inactivated nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae reduces severity of acute exacerbations in severe COPD. Chest. 2010 Apr;137(4):805-11. Resumen

111. Teo E, Lockhart K, Purchuri SN, et al. Haemophilus influenzae oral vaccination for preventing acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 19;(6):CD010010.Texto completo  Resumen

112. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.​ Morbidity and mortality weekly report: pneumococcal vaccine for adults aged ≥19 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2023. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

113. Brill SE, Wedzicha JA. Oxygen therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014 Nov 7;9:1241-52.Texto completo  Resumen

114. Rodriguez-Roisin R. Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations. Chest. 2000 May;117(5 Suppl 2):398S-401S. Resumen

115. Pauwels R, Calverley P, Buist AS, et al. COPD exacerbations: the importance of a standard definition. Respir Med. 2004 Feb;98(2):99-107. Resumen

116. Quon BS, Gan WQ, Sin DD, et al. Contemporary management of acute exacerbations of COPD: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest 2008 Mar;133(3):756-66. Resumen

117. Steer J, Gibson J, Bourke SC. The DECAF Score: predicting hospital mortality in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2012 Nov;67(11):970-6.Texto completo  Resumen

118. Echevarria C, Gray J, Hartley T, et al. Home treatment of COPD exacerbation selected by DECAF score: a non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation. Thorax. 2018 Aug;73(8):713-22.Texto completo  Resumen

119. Prins HJ, Duijkers R, van der Valk P, et al. CRP-guided antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of COPD in hospital admissions. Eur Respir J. 2019 May 23;53(5):1802014.Texto completo  Resumen

120. Butler CC, Gillespie D, White P, et al. C-Reactive protein testing to guide antibiotic prescribing for COPD exacerbations. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jul 11;381(2):111-20.Texto completo  Resumen

121. Francis NA, Gillespie D, White P, et al. C-reactive protein point-of-care testing for safely reducing antibiotics for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the PACE RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2020 Mar;24(15):1-108.Texto completo  Resumen

122. Schuetz P, Wirz Y, Sager R, et al. Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Oct 12;(10):CD007498.Texto completo  Resumen

123. Daubin C, Valette X, Thiollière F, et al. Procalcitonin algorithm to guide initial antibiotic therapy in acute exacerbations of COPD admitted to the ICU: a randomized multicenter study. Intensive Care Med. 2018 Apr;44(4):428-37.Texto completo  Resumen

124. Holm AM, Andreassen SL, Christensen VL, et al. Hypogammaglobulinemia and risk of exacerbation and mortality in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020;15:799-807.Texto completo  Resumen

125. Putcha N, Paul GG, Azar A, et al. Lower serum IgA is associated with COPD exacerbation risk in SPIROMICS. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0194924.Texto completo  Resumen

126. Leitao Filho FS, Ra SW, Mattman A, et al. Serum IgG subclass levels and risk of exacerbations and hospitalizations in patients with COPD. Respir Res. 2018 Feb 14;19(1):30.Texto completo  Resumen

127. Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R, et al. Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1999 Jul;54(7):581-6. Resumen

128. Stockley RA, O'Brien C, Pye A, et al. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 2000 Jun;117(6):1638-45. Resumen

129. Gompertz S, O'Brien C, Bayley DL, et al. Changes in bronchial inflammation during acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J. 2001 Jun;17(6):1112-9.Texto completo  Resumen

130. Huiart L, Ernst P, Suissa S. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in COPD. Chest. 2005 Oct;128(4):2640-6. Resumen

131. Lim BL, Kelly AM. A meta-analysis on the utility of peripheral venous blood gas analyses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the emergency department. Eur J Emerg Med. 2010 Oct;17(5):246-8. Resumen

132. British Thoracic Society. BTS Guideline for oxygen use in healthcare and emergency settings. Oct 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

133. Brekke PH, Omland T, Smith P, et al. Underdiagnosis of myocardial infarction in COPD - Cardiac Infarction Injury Score (CIIS) in patients hospitalised for COPD exacerbation. Respir Med.2008 Sep;102(9):1243-7. Resumen

134. Jolliffe DA, Greenberg L, Hooper RL, et al. Vitamin D to prevent exacerbations of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials. Thorax. 2019 Apr;74(4):337-45.Texto completo  Resumen

135. Lee H, Kovacs C, Mattman A, et al. The impact of IgG subclass deficiency on the risk of mortality in hospitalized patients with COPD. Respir Res. 2022 May 31;23(1):141.Texto completo  Resumen

136. Gelow JM, Fang JC. Update in the approach to and management of heart failure. South Med J. 2006 Dec;99(12):1346-55. Resumen

137. Doust J, Lehman R, Glasziou P. The role of BNP testing in heart failure. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Dec 1;74(11):1893-8. Resumen

138. Mueller C, Scholer A, Laule-Kilian K, et al. Use of B-type natriuretic peptide in the evaluation and management of acute dyspnea. N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 12;350(7):647-54.Texto completo  Resumen

139. Dewan NA. COPD exacerbations: to X-ray or not to X-ray. Chest. 2002 Oct;122(4):1118-21. Resumen

140. Emerman CL, Cydulka RK. Evaluation of high-yield criteria for chest radiography in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Emerg Med. 1993 Apr;22(4):680-4. Resumen

141. Sherman S, Skoney JA, Ravikrishnan KP. Routine chest radiographs in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Diagnostic value. Arch Intern Med. 1989 Nov;149(11):2493-6. Resumen

142. Lieberman D, Lieberman D, Gelfer Y, et al. Pneumonic vs nonpneumonic acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 2002 Oct;122(4):1264-70. Resumen

143. Slater A, Goodwin M, Anderson KE, et al. COPD can mimic the appearance of pneumothorax on thoracic ultrasound. Chest. 2006 Mar;129(3):545-50. Resumen

144. Tillie-Leblond I, Marquette CH, Perez T, et al. Pulmonary embolism in patients with unexplained exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence and risk factors. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Mar 21;144(6):390-6. Resumen

145. Simonneau G, Gatzoulis MA, Adatia I, et al. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Dec 24;62(25 suppl):D34-41.Texto completo  Resumen

146. Robinson TD, Freiberg DB, Regnis JA, et al. The role of hypoventilation and ventilation-perfusion redistribution in oxygen-induced hypercapnia during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 May;161(5):1524-9. Resumen

147. Santos C, Ferrer M, Roca J, et al. Pulmonary gas exchange response to oxygen breathing in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Jan;161(1):26-31. Resumen

148. Hanson CW, 3rd, Marshall BE, Frasch HF, et al. Causes of hypercarbia with oxygen therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med. 1996 Jan;24(1):23-8. Resumen

149. WHO: package of essential noncommunicable (PEN) disease interventions for primary health care. Sep 2020 [internet publication].

150. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

151. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbation): antimicrobial prescribing. 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

152. Stevenson NJ, Walker PP, Costello RW, et al. Lung mechanics and dyspnea during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Dec 15;172(12):1510-6. Resumen

153. Stevermer JJ, Fisher L, Lin KW, et al. Pharmacologic Management of COPD Exacerbations: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the AAFP. Am Fam Physician. 2021 Jul 1;104(1):Online.Texto completo  Resumen

154. Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Apr 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

155. Karpel JP, Pesin J, Greenberg D, et al. A comparison of the effects of ipratropium bromide and metaproterenol sulfate in acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 1990 Oct;98(4):835-9. Resumen

156. Emerman CL, Cydulka RK. Effect of different albuterol dosing regimens in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Emerg Med. 1997 Apr;29(4):474-8. Resumen

157. Donohue JF, Hanania NA, Ciubotaru RL, et al. Comparison of levalbuterol and racemic albuterol in hospitalized patients with acute asthma or COPD: a 2-week, multicenter, randomized, open-label study. Clin Ther. 2008 Jan 1;30:989-1002. Resumen

158. Moayyedi P, Congleton J, Page RL, et al. Comparison of nebulised salbutamol and ipratropium bromide with salbutamol alone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1995 Aug;50(8):834-7.Texto completo  Resumen

159. Patrick DM, Dales RE, Stark RM, et al. Severe exacerbations of COPD and asthma: incremental benefit of adding ipratropium to usual therapy. Chest. 1990 Aug;98(2):295-7. Resumen

160. van Geffen WH, Douma WR, Slebos DJ, et al. Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus pMDI with spacer or DPI for exacerbations of COPD. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 29;(8):CD011826.Texto completo  Resumen

161. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 1;(9):CD001288.Texto completo  Resumen

162. de Jong YP, Uil SM, Grotjohan HP, et al. Oral or IV prednisolone in the treatment of COPD exacerbations: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Chest. 2007 Dec;132(6):1741-7. Resumen

163. Zheng J, Lin J, Zhou X, et al. Nebulized budesonide in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD): a randomized, double blind, double dummy, parallel controlled, multicenter trial. Chest. 2011 Oct 23;140(4):526A.

164. Alía I, de la Cal MA, Esteban A, et al. Efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving ventilatory support. Arch Intern Med. 2011 Nov 28;171(21):1939-46.Texto completo  Resumen

165. Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Fergusson D, et al. Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Apr 17;146(8):545-55.Texto completo  Resumen

166. Niewoehner DE, Erbland ML, Deupree RH, et al. Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jun 24;340(25):1941-7. Resumen

167. Walters JA, Walters EH, Wood-Baker R. Oral corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jul 20;(3):CD005374. Resumen

168. Waljee AK, Rogers MA, Lin P, et al. Short term use of oral corticosteroids and related harms among adults in the United States: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2017 Apr 12;357:j1415.Texto completo  Resumen

169. Leuppi JD, Schuetz P, Bingisser R, et al. Short-term vs conventional glucocorticoid therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the REDUCE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Jun 5;309(21):2223-31.Texto completo  Resumen

170. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;(3):CD006897.Texto completo  Resumen

171. Wedzicha JA Ers Co-Chair, Miravitlles M, Hurst JR, et al. Management of COPD exacerbations: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2017 Mar 15;49(3):1600791.Texto completo  Resumen

172. Bafadhel M, McKenna S, Terry S, et al. Blood eosinophils to direct corticosteroid treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Jul 1;186(1):48-55.Texto completo  Resumen

173. Bafadhel M, McKenna S, Terry S, et al. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: identification of biologic clusters and their biomarkers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Sep 15;184(6):662-71.Texto completo  Resumen

174. Sivapalan P, Lapperre TS, Janner J, et al. Eosinophil-guided corticosteroid therapy in patients admitted to hospital with COPD exacerbation (CORTICO-COP): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2019 Aug;7(8):699-709. Resumen

175. Abroug F, Ouanes-Besbes L, Fkih-Hassen M, et al. Prednisone in COPD exacerbation requiring ventilatory support: an open-label randomised evaluation. Eur Respir J. 2014 Mar;43(3):717-24. Resumen

176. Gaude GS, Nadagouda S. Nebulized corticosteroids in the management of acute exacerbation of COPD. Lung India. 2010 Oct;27(4):230-5. Resumen

177. Ding Z, Li X, Lu Y, et al. A randomized, controlled multicentric study of inhaled budesonide and intravenous methylprednisolone in the treatment on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2016 Dec;121:39-47.Texto completo  Resumen

178. Husta BC, Raoof S, Erzurum S, et al. Tracheobronchopathy from inhaled corticosteroids. Chest. 2017 Dec;152(6):1296-1305.Texto completo  Resumen

179. Osadnik CR, McDonald CF, Jones AP, et al. Airway clearance techniques for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14;(3):CD008328.Texto completo  Resumen

180. Osadnik CR, McDonald CF, Miller BR, et al. The effect of positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy on symptoms, quality of life and incidence of re-exacerbation in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2014 Feb;69(2):137-43. Resumen

181. Tang CY, Taylor NF, Blackstock FC. Chest physiotherapy for patients admitted to hospital with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2010 Mar;96(1):1-13. Resumen

182. Hill K, Patman S, Brooks D. Effect of airway clearance techniques in patients experiencing an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Chron Respir Dis. 2010 Oct 9;7(1):9-17. Resumen

183. Cross J, Elender F, Barton G, et al. A randomised controlled equivalence trial to determine the effectiveness and cost-utility of manual chest physiotherapy techniques in the management of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (MATREX). Health Technol Assess. 2010 May;14(23):1-147, iii-iv.Texto completo  Resumen

184. Austin MA, Wills KE, Blizzard L, et al. Effect of high flow oxygen on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in prehospital setting: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010 Oct 18;341:c5462.Texto completo  Resumen

185. Agusti AG, Carrera M, Barbe F, et al. Oxygen therapy during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1999 Oct;14(4):934-9.Texto completo  Resumen

186. Roca O, Hernández G, Díaz-Lobato S, et al. Current evidence for the effectiveness of heated and humidified high flow nasal cannula supportive therapy in adult patients with respiratory failure. Crit Care. 2016 Apr 28;20(1):109.Texto completo  Resumen

187. Dobler CC, Morrow AS, Beuschel B, et al. Pharmacologic therapies in patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Mar 17;172(6):413-22.Texto completo  Resumen

188. Ram FS. Use of theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: examining the evidence. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2006 Mar;12(2):132-9. Resumen

189. Zhou Y, Wang X, Zeng X, et al. Positive benefits of theophylline in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of low-dose, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD for 1 year. Respirology. 2006 Sep;11(5):603-10. Resumen

190. Barr RG, Rowe BH, Camargo CA, Jr. Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2003 Sep 20;327(7416):643.Texto completo  Resumen

191. Jenkins CR, Wen FQ, Martin A, et al. The effect of low-dose corticosteroids and theophylline on the risk of acute exacerbations of COPD: the TASCS randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J. 2021 Jun;57(6):2003338.Texto completo  Resumen

192. Bach PB, Brown C, Gelfand SE, et al. Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a summary and appraisal of published evidence. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Apr 3;134(7):600-20. Resumen

193. Saint S, Bent S, Vittinghoff E, et al. Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 1995 Mar 22-29;273(12):957-60. Resumen

194. Llor C, Moragas A, Hernández S, et al. Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Oct 15;186(8):716-23.Texto completo  Resumen

195. Vollenweider DJ, Frei A, Steurer-Stey CA, et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 29;10(10):CD010257.Texto completo  Resumen

196. El Moussaoui R, Roede BM, Speelman P, et al. Short-course antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and COPD: a meta-analysis of double-blind studies. Thorax. 2008 May;63(5):415-22.Texto completo  Resumen

197. Falagas ME, Avgeri SG, Matthaiou DK, et al. Short- versus long-duration antimicrobial treatment for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Sep;62(3):442-50.Texto completo  Resumen

198. Stolbrink M, Amiry J, Blakey JD. Does antibiotic treatment duration affect the outcomes of exacerbations of asthma and COPD? A systematic review. Chron Respir Dis. 2018 Aug;15(3):225-40.Texto completo  Resumen

199. Lee RA, Centor RM, Humphrey LL, et al. Appropriate use of short-course antibiotics in common infections: best practice advice from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr 6 [Epub ahead of print].Texto completo  Resumen

200. Wilson R, Allegra L, Huchon G, et al. Short-term and long-term outcomes of moxifloxacin compared to standard antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest. 2004 Mar;125(3):953-64. Resumen

201. Wilson R, Schentag JJ, Ball P, et al. A comparison of gemifloxacin and clarithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and long-term clinical outcomes. Clin Ther. 2002 Apr;24(4):639-52. Resumen

202. Wilson R, Jones P, Schaberg T, et al. Antibiotic treatment and factors influencing short and long term outcomes of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Thorax. 2006 Apr;61(4):337-42. Resumen

203. Grossman RF, Ambrusz ME, Fisher AC, et al. Levofloxacin 750 mg QD for five days versus amoxicillin/clavulanate 875 mg/125 mg BID for ten days for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: a post hoc analysis of data from severely ill patients. Clin Ther. 2006 Aug;28(8):1175-80. Resumen

204. Siempos II, Dimopoulos G, Korbila IP, et al. Macrolides, quinolones and amoxicillin/clavulanate for chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2007 Jun;29(6):1127-37. Resumen

205. Dimopoulos G, Siempos, II, Korbila IP, et al. Comparison of first-line with second-line antibiotics for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2007 Aug;132(2):447-55. Resumen

206. Korbila IP, Manta KG, Siempos II, et al. Penicillins vs trimethoprim-based regimens for acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Can Fam Physician. 2009 Jan;55(1):60-7.Texto completo  Resumen

207. Vermeersch K, Gabrovska M, Aumann J, et al. Azithromycin during acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations requiring hospitalization (BACE). A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):857-868.Texto completo  Resumen

208. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

209. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: new restrictions and precautions for use due to very rare reports of disabling and potentially long-lasting or irreversible side effects. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

210. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA advises restricting fluoroquinolone antibiotic use for certain uncomplicated infections; warns about disabling side effects that can occur together. Dec 2016 [internet publication].Texto completo

211. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication. FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

212. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication. FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. Jul 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

213. Osadnik CR, Tee VS, Carson-Chahhoud KV, et al. Non-invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 13;(7):CD004104.Texto completo  Resumen

214. Keenan SP, Sinuff T, Burns KE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the use of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure in the acute care setting. CMAJ. 2011 Feb 22;183(3):E195-214.Texto completo  Resumen

215. Barreiro TJ, Gemmel DJ. Noninvasive ventilation. Crit Care Clin. 2007 Apr;23(2):201-22, ix. Resumen

216. Roberts CM, Brown JL, Reinhardt AK, et al. Non-invasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: management of acute type 2 respiratory failure. Clin Med. 2008 Oct;8(5):517-21. Resumen

217. Smith TA, Davidson PM, Lam LT, et al. The use of non-invasive ventilation for the relief of dyspnoea in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; a systematic review. Respirology. 2012 Feb;17(2):300-7. Resumen

218. Anton A, Guell R, Gomez J, et al. Predicting the result of noninvasive ventilation in severe acute exacerbations of patients with chronic airflow limitation. Chest. 2000 Mar;117(3):828-33. Resumen

219. Koh Y. Ventilatory management in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Crit Care Clin. 2007 Apr;23(2):169-81. Resumen

220. Chandra D, Stamm JA, Taylor B, et al. Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998-2008. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185:152-159.Texto completo  Resumen

221. Breen D, Churches T, Hawker F, et al. Acute respiratory failure secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated in the intensive care unit: a long term follow up study. Thorax. 2002 Jan;57(1):29-33.Texto completo  Resumen

222. McCurdy BR. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12(8):1-102.Texto completo  Resumen

223. Udwadia ZF, Santis GK, Steven MH, et al. Nasal ventilation to facilitate weaning in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. Thorax. 1992 Sep;47(9):715-8. Resumen

224. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-51.Texto completo  Resumen

225. Colquhoun MC, Handley AJ, Evans TR, eds. ABC of resuscitation. 5th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2004.

226. Chrimes N, Higgs A, Hagberg CA, et al. Preventing unrecognised oesophageal intubation: a consensus guideline from the Project for Universal Management of Airways and international airway societies. Anaesthesia. 2022 Aug 17 [Epub ahead of print].Texto completo  Resumen

227. Man WD, Soliman MG, Nikoletou D, et al. Non-volitional assessment of skeletal muscle strength in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2003 Aug;58(8):665-9. Resumen

228. Spruit MA, Gosselink R, Troosters T, et al. Muscle force during an acute exacerbation in hospitalised patients with COPD and its relationship with CXCL8 and IGF-I. Thorax. 2003 Sep;58(9):752-6.Texto completo  Resumen

229. Ryrsø CK, Godtfredsen NS, Kofod LM, et al. Lower mortality after early supervised pulmonary rehabilitation following COPD-exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2018 Sep 15;18(1):154.Texto completo  Resumen

230. Stefan MS, Pekow PS, Priya A, et al. Association between initiation of pulmonary rehabilitation and rehospitalizations in patients hospitalized with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;204(9):1015-23.Texto completo  Resumen

231. Lindenauer PK, Stefan MS, Pekow PS, et al. Association between initiation of pulmonary rehabilitation after hospitalization for COPD and 1-year survival among medicare beneficiaries. JAMA. 2020 May 12;323(18):1813-23.Texto completo  Resumen

232. Rice KL, Dewan N, Bloomfield HE, et al. Disease management program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Oct 1;182(7):890-6.Texto completo  Resumen

233. Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Oct 15;188(8):e13-64. Resumen

234. Zanotti E, Felicetti G, Maini M, et al. Peripheral muscle strength training in bed-bound patients with COPD receiving mechanical ventilation: effect of electrical stimulation. Chest. 2003 Jul;124(1):292-6. Resumen

235. Troosters T, Probst VS, Crul T, et al. Resistance training prevents deterioration in quadriceps muscle function during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 May 15;181(10):1072-7. Resumen

236. Reid WD, Yamabayashi C, Goodridge D, et al. Exercise prescription for hospitalized people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbidities: a synthesis of systematic reviews. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2012 May;7:297-320.Texto completo  Resumen

237. Man WD, Polkey MI, Donaldson N, et al. Community pulmonary rehabilitation after hospitalisation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomised controlled study. BMJ. 2004 Nov 20;329(7476):1209. Resumen

238. Seymour JM, Moore L, Jolley CJ, et al. Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation following acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax. 2010 May;65(5):423-8. Resumen

239. Marciniuk DD, Brooks D, Butcher S, et al. Canadian Thoracic Society COPD Committee Expert Working Group. Optimizing pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease practical issues: a Canadian Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Can Respir J. 2010 Jul;17(4):159-68. Resumen

240. Clini EM, Crisafulli E, Costi S, et al. Effects of early inpatient rehabilitation after acute exacerbation of COPD. Respir Med. 2009 Oct;103(10):1526-31. Resumen

241. Puhan MA, Gimeno-Santos E, Cates CJ, Troosters T. Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 8;(12):CD005305.Texto completo  Resumen

242. Langer D, Hendriks E, Burtin C, et al. A clinical practice guideline for physiotherapists treating patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease based on a systematic review of available evidence. Clin Rehabil. 2009 May;23(5):445-62. Resumen

243. Maltais F, Bourbeau J, Shapiro S, et al. Effects of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Dec 16;149(12):869-78. Resumen

244. Tang CY, Blackstock FC, Clarence M, et al. Early rehabilitation exercise program for inpatients during an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2012 May-Jun;32(3):163-9. Resumen

245. Puhan MA, Scharplatz M, Troosters T, et al. Respiratory rehabilitation after acute exacerbation of COPD may reduce risk for readmission and mortality--a systematic review. Respir Res. 2005 Jun 8;6(1):54. Resumen

246. Greening NJ, Williams JE, Hussain SF, et al. An early rehabilitation intervention to enhance recovery during hospital admission for an exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2014 Jul 8;349:g4315.Texto completo  Resumen

247. Bourbeau J, Julien M, Maltais F, Rouleau M, et al. Reduction of hospital utilization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a disease-specific self-management intervention. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Mar 10;163(5):585-91. Resumen

248. Casas A, Troosters T, Garcia-Aymerich J, et al. Integrated care prevents hospitalisations for exacerbations in COPD patients. Eur Respir J. 2006 Jul;28(1):123-30.Texto completo  Resumen

249. Kuo CC, Lin CC, Lin SY, et al. Effects of self-regulation protocol on physiological and psychological measures in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Nurs. 2013 Oct;22(19-20):2800-11.Texto completo  Resumen

250. Fan VS, Gaziano JM, Lew R, et al. A comprehensive care management program to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012 May 15;156(10):673-83.Texto completo  Resumen

251. Jeppesen E, Brurberg KG, Vist GE, et al. Hospital at home for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;(5):CD003573.Texto completo  Resumen

252. McCurdy BR. Hospital-at-home programs for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012 Mar;12(10):1-65.Texto completo  Resumen

253. Vitacca M, Bianchi L, Guerra A, et al. Tele-assistance in chronic respiratory failure patients: a randomised clinical trial. Eur Respir J. 2009 Feb;33(2):411-8. Resumen

254. Pinnock H, Hanley J, McCloughan L, et al. Effectiveness of telemonitoring integrated into existing clinical services on hospital admission for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: researcher blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2013 Oct 17;347:f6070.Texto completo  Resumen

255. Turner MO, Patel A, Ginsburg S, et al. Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction. A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Aug 11-25;157(15):1736-44. Resumen

256. Holland A, Smith F, Penny K, et al. Metered dose inhalers versus nebulizers for aerosol bronchodilator delivery for adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation in critical care units. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 6;2013(6):CD008863.Texto completo  Resumen

257. Ni H, Aye SZ, Naing C. Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 26;(5):CD013506.Texto completo  Resumen

258. Patil SP, Krishnan JA, Lechtzin N, et al. In-hospital mortality following acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003 May 26;163(10):1180-6. Resumen

259. Hoogendoorn M, Hoogenveen RT, Rutten-van Mölken MP, et al. Case fatality of COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis and statistical modelling approach. Eur Respir J. 2011 Mar;37(3):508-15.Texto completo  Resumen

260. Dewan NA, Rafique S, Kanwar B, et al. Acute exacerbation of COPD: factors associated with poor treatment outcome. Chest. 2000 Mar;117(3):662-71. Resumen

261. Gunen H, Hacievliyagil SS, Kosar F, et al. Factors affecting survival of hospitalised patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2005 Aug;26(2):234-41.Texto completo  Resumen

262. Garcia-Aymerich J, Farrero E, Felez MA, et al. Risk factors of readmission to hospital for a COPD exacerbation: a prospective study. Thorax. 2003 Feb;58(2):100-5.Texto completo  Resumen

263. Garcia-Aymerich J, Lange P, Benet M, et al. Regular physical activity reduces hospital admission and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population based cohort study. Thorax. 2006 Sep;61(9):772-8.Texto completo  Resumen

264. Piquet J, Chavaillon JM, David P, et al. High-risk patients following hospitalisation for an acute exacerbation of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2013 Oct;42(4):946-55.Texto completo  Resumen

265. Singanayagam A, Schembri S, Chalmers JD. Predictors of mortality in hospitalized adults with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013 Apr;10(2):81-9.Texto completo  Resumen

266. Almagro P, Soriano JB, Cabrera FJ, et al. Short- and medium-term prognosis in patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbation: the CODEX index. Chest. 2014 May;145(5):972-80. Resumen

267. Sharma G, Kuo YF, Freeman JL, et al. Outpatient follow-up visit and 30-day emergency department visit and readmission in patients hospitalized for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Oct 11;170(18):1664-70.Texto completo  Resumen

268. US Preventive Services Task Force., Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for lung cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2021 Mar 9;325(10):962-70.Texto completo  Resumen

269. Jones PW, Lamarca R, Chuecos F, et al. Characterisation and impact of reported and unreported exacerbations: results from ATTAIN. Eur Respir J. 2014 Nov;44(5):1156-65.Texto completo  Resumen

270. Mularski RA, Reinke LF, Carrieri-Kohlman V, et al. An official American Thoracic Society workshop report: assessment and palliative management of dyspnea crisis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013 Oct;10(5):S98-106.Texto completo  Resumen

271. Gross N, Levin D. Primary care of the patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-part 2: pharmacologic treatment across all stages of disease. Am J Med. 2008 Jul;121(7 suppl):S13-24. Resumen

272. Sorensen SV, Baker T, Fleurence R, et al. Cost and clinical consequence of antibiotic non-adherence in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009 Aug;13(8):945-54. Resumen

273. Lodewijckx C, Sermeus W, Vanhaecht K, et al. Inhospital management of COPD exacerbations: a systematic review of the literature with regard to adherence to international guidelines. J Eval Clin Pract. 2009 Dec;15(6):1101-10. Resumen

274. Ghosh S, Ohar JA, Drummond MB. Peak inspiratory flow rate in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: implications for dry powder inhalers. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2017 Dec;30(6):381-7.Texto completo  Resumen

275. Pitta F, Troosters T, Probst VS, et al. Physical activity and hospitalization for exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2006 Mar;129(3):536-44. Resumen

276. Garcia-Aymerich J, Lange P, Benet M, et al. Regular physical activity modifies smoking-related lung function decline and reduces risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Mar 1;175(5):458-63. Resumen

277. Cindy Ng LW, Mackney J, Jenkins S, et al. Does exercise training change physical activity in people with COPD? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chron Respir Dis. 2012 Feb;9(1):17-26. Resumen

278. COPD Working Group. Pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with chronic pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012 Mar;12(6):1-75.Texto completo  Resumen

279. Howcroft M, Walters EH, Wood-Baker R, Walters JA. Action plans with brief patient education for exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 19;(12):CD005074.Texto completo  Resumen

280. Bucknall CE, Miller G, Lloyd SM, et al. Glasgow supported self-management trial (GSuST) for patients with moderate to severe COPD: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012 Mar 6;344:e1060.Texto completo  Resumen

281. Harrison SL, Janaudis-Ferreira T, Brooks D, et al. Self-management following an acute exacerbation of COPD: a systematic review. Chest. 2015 Mar;147(3):646-61. Resumen

282. McLean S, Nurmatov U, Liu JL, et al. Telehealthcare for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jul 6;(7):CD007718.Texto completo  Resumen

283. Bhatt SP, Patel SB, Anderson EM, et al. Video telehealth pulmonary rehabilitation intervention in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease reduces 30-day readmissions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Aug 15;200(4):511-13.Texto completo  Resumen

284. Franek J. Home telehealth for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012 Mar;12(11):1-58.Texto completo  Resumen

285. Murphy PB, Rehal S, Arbane G, et al. Effect of home noninvasive ventilation with oxygen therapy vs oxygen therapy alone on hospital readmission or death after an acute COPD exacerbation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017 Jun 6;317(21):2177-86.Texto completo  Resumen

El uso de este contenido está sujeto a nuestra cláusula de exención de responsabilidad