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Last reviewed: 12 Jul 2025
Last updated: 16 May 2025

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • disnea
  • tos
  • sibilancias
  • cambios en el volumen/color/densidad del esputo
  • taquipnea
  • cianosis

Other diagnostic factors

  • antecedentes médicos de EPOC
  • Dependencia del tabaco
  • antecedentes médicos de reflujo gastroesofágico y/o disfunción en la deglución
  • malestar general y fatiga
  • opresión en el pecho
  • características del cor pulmonale
  • exposición ambiental u laboral a contaminantes o polvo
  • cambio del estado mental
  • fiebre
  • uso de músculos accesorios
  • movimientos paradójicos del abdomen

Risk factors

  • infección viral
  • infección bacteriana
  • reflujo gastroesofágico o disfunción en la deglución
  • tabaquismo
  • contaminantes del aire
  • infección bacteriana atípica
  • cambio climático

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • saturación de oxígeno en la oximetría de pulso
  • radiografía de tórax
  • electrocardiograma (ECG)
  • GSA
  • hemograma completo (HC) con diferencial
  • recuento de eosinófilos
  • proteína C-reactiva
  • perfil metabólico básico para electrolitos, urea, + creatinina

Tests to consider

  • cultivo + tinción de Gram del esputo
  • diagnóstico de virus respiratorio
  • troponina cardíaca
  • péptido natriurético tipo B (BNP)
  • exploración de tórax por TC

Emerging tests

  • procalcitonina
  • vitamina D
  • inmunoglobulinas

Treatment algorithm

Contributors

Authors

Carolyn L. Rochester, MD

Professor of Medicine

Yale School of Medicine

New Haven

VA Connecticut Healthcare System

West Haven

CT

Disclosures

CLR serves on the COPD scientific advisory board for GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals but has no competing interests pertaining to this publication.

Richard A. Martinello, MD

Associate Professor

Yale School of Medicine

New Haven

CT

Disclosures

RAM declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Antonio Anzueto, MD

Professor of Medicine

University of Texas Health

Section Chief

South Texas Veterans Health Care System

San Antonio

TX

Disclosures

AA has been a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Theravance, and Grifols. AA has been reimbursed for his services by these companies. AA is a member of the GOLD scientific committee.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD (2024 report). 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Stevermer JJ, Fisher L, Lin KW, et al. Pharmacologic Management of COPD Exacerbations: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the AAFP. Am Fam Physician. 2021 Jul 1;104(1):Online.Full text  Abstract

Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Oct 15;188(8):e13-64. Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available here.

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