患者的特征性皮疹通常始于面部和身体,并通过离心方式扩散到手掌和脚底(此前 24 h 中可能会出现累及口咽和舌的皮疹)。病损同时进展,经过四个阶段——斑疹、丘疹、水疱和脓疱期,然后结痂、消退。病损直径通常为 5-10 mm,可能呈离散或融合性,数量可能很少或达数千个。水疱边界清晰,位于真皮深处。皮疹通常在 2-4 周内消退。[1]World Health Organization. Clinical management and infection prevention and control for monkeypox: interim rapid response guidance, 10 June 2022. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MPX-Clinical-and-IPC-2022.1
[11]World Health Organization. Mpox (monkeypox): fact sheet. Aug 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox
[96]Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, et al. Chapter 29: Human monkeypox and other poxvirus infections of man. In: Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1988.
http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39485
[178]McCollum AM, Damon IK. Human monkeypox. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jan;58(2):260-7.
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/58/2/260/335791
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24158414?tool=bestpractice.com
[198]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical features of mpox. Sep 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/clinical-signs
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 特征性斑丘疹样皮疹世界卫生组织 (WHO)/Brian W. J. Mahy,BSc、MA、PhD、ScD、DSc [Citation ends].
在近来的暴发中,临床表现呈不典型,皮疹主要出现在肛门生殖器区域。[58]Sukhdeo S, Mishra S, Walmsley S. Human monkeypox: a comparison of the characteristics of the new epidemic to the endemic disease. BMC Infect Dis. 2022 Dec 12;22(1):928.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9742013
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36503476?tool=bestpractice.com
病损往往局限于生殖器、会阴/肛周或口周区域,通常不会进一步扩散。[74]World Health Organization. Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update. 27 June 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON396
[198]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical features of mpox. Sep 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/clinical-signs
[209]Girometti N, Byrne R, Bracchi M, et al. Demographic and clinical characteristics of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in individuals attending a sexual health centre in London, UK: an observational analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Sep;22(9):1321-8.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(22)00411-X/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35785793?tool=bestpractice.com
[210]European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Monkeypox cases reported in UK and Portugal. May 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/monkeypox-cases-reported-uk-and-portugal
[211]Patrocinio-Jesus R, Peruzzu F. Monkeypox genital lesions. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 7;387(1):66.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMicm2206893
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35704421?tool=bestpractice.com
[212]Orviz E, Negredo A, Ayerdi O, et al. Monkeypox outbreak in Madrid (Spain): clinical and virological aspects. J Infect. 2022 Oct;85(4):412-7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9534097
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35830908?tool=bestpractice.com
[213]Català A, Clavo Escribano P, Riera J, et al. Monkeypox outbreak in Spain: clinical and epidemiological findings in a prospective cross-sectional study of 185 cases. Br J Dermatol. 2022 Nov;187(5):765-72.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjd.21790
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35917191?tool=bestpractice.com
其他非典型表现包括:仅出现数哥皮损(甚至仅有单个皮损),而且可能不呈播散性表现;无皮损,但有肛门疼痛和出血;皮损处于不同发展阶段(不同步);皮疹不一定出现于手掌和足底;先于前驱期出现皮损。[74]World Health Organization. Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update. 27 June 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON396
[198]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical features of mpox. Sep 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/clinical-signs
[200]Patel A, Bilinska J, Tam JCH, et al. Clinical features and novel presentations of human monkeypox in a central London centre during the 2022 outbreak: descriptive case series. BMJ. 2022 Jul 28;378:e072410.
https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2022-072410
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35902115?tool=bestpractice.com
[214]Quattri E, Avallone G, Maronese CA, et al. Unilesional monkeypox: a report of two cases from Italy. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2022 Aug 10;49:102424.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893922001703
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35961491?tool=bestpractice.com
据报道,有女性患者出现局部外阴、阴道内和宫颈病变。[219]Portela-Dias J, Sereno S, Falcão-Reis I, et al. Female monkeypox infection with localized genital lesions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Aug 25 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(22)00689-5/pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36030847?tool=bestpractice.com
[220]Vallée A, Chatelain A, Carbonnel M, et al. Monkeypox virus infection in 18-year-old woman after sexual intercourse, France, September 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022 Nov 10;29(1).
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/1/22-1643_article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36355630?tool=bestpractice.com
[221]Zayat N, Huang S, Wafai J, et al. Monkeypox virus infection in 22-year-old woman after sexual intercourse, New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022 Nov 10;29(1).
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/1/22-1662_article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36355634?tool=bestpractice.com
[222]Ramírez M, Delso V, Sánchez MJ, et al. Mpox (monkeypox) presenting as cervical and vulvar disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2023 Jan 10 [Epub ahead of print].
https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/9900/Mpox__Monkeypox__Presenting_as_Cervical_and_Vulvar.671.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36626748?tool=bestpractice.com
95.2% 的患者有皮疹/皮损。[16]Liu Q, Fu L, Wang B, et al. Clinical characteristics of human mpox (monkeypox) in 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens. 2023 Jan 15;12(1):146.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9861547
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36678494?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 个体病损的图像(2022 年全球暴发)UKHSA [Citation ends].
据报道,部分患者出现红色斑丘疹、全身紫癜性和麻疹样皮疹。[200]Patel A, Bilinska J, Tam JCH, et al. Clinical features and novel presentations of human monkeypox in a central London centre during the 2022 outbreak: descriptive case series. BMJ. 2022 Jul 28;378:e072410.
https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2022-072410
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35902115?tool=bestpractice.com
[223]Prasad S, Casas CG, Strahan AG, et al. A dermatologic assessment of 101 mpox (monkeypox) cases from 13 countries during the 2022 outbreak: skin lesion morphology, clinical course, and scarring. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023 Jan 11 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9833815
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36641010?tool=bestpractice.com
[225]Simon-Gozalbo A, Gamo-Guerrero M, Alonso-Garcia S, et al. Haemorrhagic monkeypox infection in an immunosuppressed patient with human immunodeficiency virus: beyond the pustules. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023 Jan;29(1):122-4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9534161
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36206864?tool=bestpractice.com
依据病损数量,可以确定皮损的严重程度:轻度(<25 处皮损);中度(25-99 处皮损);重度(100-250 处皮损);极重度(>250 处皮损)。[1]World Health Organization. Clinical management and infection prevention and control for monkeypox: interim rapid response guidance, 10 June 2022. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MPX-Clinical-and-IPC-2022.1
大多数患者(64%)有 <10 个皮损,2022 年分支 Ⅱ 所致全球 mpox 暴发中大约 10% 的患者仅有单个生殖器皮损。[106]Thornhill JP, Barkati S, Walmsley S, et al. Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 countries: April–June 2022. N Engl J Med. 2022 Aug 25;387(8):679-91.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2207323
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35866746?tool=bestpractice.com
病损最初可能很疼痛,在愈合阶段会瘙痒。外生殖器病损可引发严重肿胀和疼痛。口腔病损可能引起进食和饮水困难,从而可能导致脱水和营养不良。请参阅并发症。
世界卫生组织和美国疾病预防控制中心发布了展示皮损示例的图片。
WHO: atlas of mpox lesions - a tool for clinical researchers
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CDC: mpox rash photos
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