人类病例于 1970 年在扎伊尔(现称刚果民主共和国 [Democratic Republic of Congo],或 DRC)首次被发现。从那时起,人类病例持续增加,特别是在 DRC,这些年中不断报告病例。病例增加的原因可能在于天花疫苗接种停止(该疫苗提供了一定的针对猴痘的交叉保护力)或免疫力下降、环境因素(例如人口密度增加、人类定居地有未知的动物宿主、森林砍伐)和/或病毒遗传进化。但是并无证据对此理论加以支持。[4]Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox – a potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Feb;16(2):e0010141.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8870502
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35148313?tool=bestpractice.com
[5]Beer EM, Rao VB. A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 Oct;13(10):e0007791.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6816577
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31618206?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Nguyen PY, Ajisegiri WS, Costantino V, et al. Reemergence of human monkeypox and declining population immunity in the context of urbanization, Nigeria, 2017-2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Apr;27(4):1007-14.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8007331
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33756100?tool=bestpractice.com
据了解,mpox 以前在中非和西非流行。[7]World Health Organization. Epidemiology of human monkeypox (mpox) - worldwide, 2018-2021. Jan 2023 [internet publication].
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/365630/WER9803-29-36.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
据报道,多数病例出现在刚果盆地和西非乡村地区(毗邻或位于热带森林),特别是在 DRC,曾在 1996-1997 年期间发生过一次大规模暴发。[5]Beer EM, Rao VB. A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 Oct;13(10):e0007791.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6816577
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31618206?tool=bestpractice.com
在 2000-2021 年,中非共和国发生 95 次疑似暴发和 40 次确认暴发,2018 年后暴发次数不断增加。[8]Besombes C, Mbrenga F, Schaeffer L, et al. National monkeypox surveillance, Central African Republic, 2001-2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022 Nov 3;28(12).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36328951?tool=bestpractice.com
尼日利亚在 39 年没有病例报告之后,于 2017 年再次出现了由分支 Ⅱ 病毒引起的病例。此后,在 2017-2021 年已发生 5 次暴发。[9]McCollum AM, Shelus V, Hill A, et al. Epidemiology of human mpox: worldwide, 2018-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Jan 20;72(3):68-72.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7203a4.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36656790?tool=bestpractice.com
中非共和国最大的确诊病例暴发发生在 2021 年 11 月,有 14 例病例和 4 波人际传播。[10]Besombes C, Mbrenga F, Malaka C, et al. Investigation of a mpox outbreak in Central African Republic, 2021-2022. One Health. 2023 Jun;16:100523.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9988319
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36950196?tool=bestpractice.com
全球暴发在 2022 年 5 月首次确定,并仍在持续。非洲以外的几个国家报告了聚集性病例,而这些病例没有流行地区的旅行史。据报道,这是首次在与西非和中非无已知流行病学关联的国家出现传播链。WHO 在 2022 年 7 月宣布 2022 年全球 mpox 暴发构成“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件(Public Health Emergency of International Concern, PHEIC)”。尽管仍有病例报告,但由于发病率已显著下降,在 2023 年 5 月宣布不再是 PHEIC。此次暴发中主要流行的变异株属于猴痘病毒进化分支 Ⅱb 。
从 2022 年初至 2024 年 6 月 30 日,全球 116 个国家/地区报告了超过 99,000 例确诊病例,其中 208 例死亡。病例数于 2022 年 8 月达到峰值,此后稳步下降。疫情最严重的国家包括美国、巴西、西班牙、法国和哥伦比亚。[11]World Health Organization. 2022-24 mpox (monkeypox) outbreak: global trends. Aug 2024 [internet publication].
https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global
据报道,在以前已停止传播的地区出现了散发病例群组。[12]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notes from the field: emergence of an mpox cluster primarily affecting persons previously vaccinated against mpox - Chicago, Illinois, March 18-June 12, 2023. Jun 2023 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7225a6.htm
与既往暴发不同,非洲以外地区的病例多为较年轻成年男性,其中大多数为男同性恋、双性恋或其他男男性行为者。[13]León-Figueroa DA, Barboza JJ, Garcia-Vasquez EA, et al. Epidemiological situation of monkeypox transmission by possible sexual contact: a systematic review. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022 Sep 27;7(10):267.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9607952
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36288008?tool=bestpractice.com
[14]Kumar R, Singh S, Singh SK. A systematic review of 5110 cases of monkeypox: what has changed between 1970 and 2022? Cureus. 2022 Oct;14(10):e30841.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9704117
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36451652?tool=bestpractice.com
[15]Liu Q, Fu L, Wang B, et al. Clinical characteristics of human mpox (monkeypox) in 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens. 2023 Jan 15;12(1):146.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9861547
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36678494?tool=bestpractice.com
尚无任何迹象表明在这些社交网络之外有持续传播。18-44 岁男性感染比例奇高。[11]World Health Organization. 2022-24 mpox (monkeypox) outbreak: global trends. Aug 2024 [internet publication].
https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global
还报告了女性(主要是异性恋者,包括孕妇)和儿童的病例,尽管更为罕见。[16]Grothe JH, Cornely OA, Salmanton-García J, et al. Monkeypox in children and adult women in Europe: results from a flash VACCELERATE pilot survey. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2022 Sep 19 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9534071
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36249472?tool=bestpractice.com
[17]Vallejo-Plaza A, Rodríguez-Cabrera F, Hernando Sebastián V, et al. Mpox (formerly monkeypox) in women: epidemiological features and clinical characteristics of mpox cases in Spain, April to November 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022 Dec;27(48):2200867.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9716644
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36695461?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]Gaeta F, De Caro F, Franci G, et al. Monkeypox infection 2022: an updated narrative review focusing on the neonatal and pediatric population. Children (Basel). 2022 Nov 26;9(12):1832.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9776986
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36553276?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国,所有报告的病例中有 2.7% 是女性,其中有 3% 为孕妇或最近怀孕的女性(截至 2022 年 11 月)。[19]Oakley LP, Hufstetler K, O'Shea J, et al. Mpox cases among cisgender women and pregnant persons: United States, May 11 - November 7, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Jan 6;72(1):9-14.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9815154
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36602932?tool=bestpractice.com
疫情暴发期间,跨性别者和性别多元化人群受到的影响尤其严重。[20]Blackburn D, Roth NM, Gold JAW, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical features of mpox in transgender and gender-diverse adults: United States, May - November 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Dec 30;71(5152):1605-9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9812441
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36580418?tool=bestpractice.com
[21]Wick JM, Pelliccione A, Lee-Rodriguez C, et al. An atypical presentation of mpox transmitted between transgender men through oral sex. Sex Transm Dis. 2023 Oct 1;50(10):685-6.
https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/fulltext/2023/10000/an_atypical_presentation_of_mpox_transmitted.10.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37195290?tool=bestpractice.com
种族和族裔差异也存在。[22]Kota KK, Hong J, Zelaya C, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in Mpox cases and vaccination among adult males - United States, May-December 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Apr 14;72(15):398-403.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10121252
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37053122?tool=bestpractice.com
>50 岁成人似乎与<50 岁成人有相似的住院和死亡风险,这可能是由于老年人在儿童免疫接种计划中接种了天花疫苗。[23]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiologic and clinical features of mpox in adults aged >50 years - United States, May 2022-May 2023. Aug 2023 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7233a3.htm
在非洲,自 2022 年初(至 2024 年 6 月 30 日)疫情暴发,已报道了 4232 例确诊病例和 35 例死亡,分别占全球病例和死亡人数的 4% 和 17%。病例的人口统计学特征与非洲近期暴发相似,但与其他地区显著不同(53% 的病例为男性,中位年龄为 17 岁,暂无性传播和暴露环境相关数据)。[11]World Health Organization. 2022-24 mpox (monkeypox) outbreak: global trends. Aug 2024 [internet publication].
https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global
请注意,报告的确诊病例数显著低于报告的疑似病例数。
与非洲以外的国家相比,尼日利亚的儿童和女性感染病例较多,而非 HIV 感染者和男同性恋、双性恋或其他男男性行为者感染病例较少。住院率也远高于其他国家。[24]Ogoina D, Dalhat MM, Denue BA, et al. Clinical characteristics and predictors of human mpox outcome during the 2022 outbreak in Nigeria: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Aug 22:S1473-3099(23)00427-9.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(23)00427-9/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37625431?tool=bestpractice.com
2022 年,苏丹共和国的难民营中也发生了由分支 Ⅰ 病毒引起的暴发,但未报告人畜共患感染源。[25]World Health Organization. Mpox (monkeypox): fact sheet. Apr 2023 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox
在整个 2023-2024 年,DRC 的病例数和死亡人数显著增加,发病地区扩张至以前无疫情区域(包括邻近国家/地区,如布隆迪、肯尼亚、卢旺达和乌干达),并且首次发现了通过性传播的 Ⅰb 分支(一种新发现的变异体)感染病例。[11]World Health Organization. 2022-24 mpox (monkeypox) outbreak: global trends. Aug 2024 [internet publication].
https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global
[26]World Health Organization. Disease outbreak news: mpox (monkeypox) - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nov 2023 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON493
[27]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mpox caused by human-to-human transmission of monkeypox virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo with spread to neighboring countries. Aug 2024 [internet publication].
https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2024/han00513.asp
关于当前疫情流行病学的信息更新可从公共卫生部门获取。
在既往暴发中,患者多为儿童。但 2022 年全球暴发中的病例多为成年男性。[29]Li P, Li J, Ayada I, et al. Clinical features, antiviral treatment and patient outcomes: a systematic review and comparative analysis of the previous and the 2022 mpox outbreaks. J Infect Dis. 2023 Feb 3 [Epub ahead of print].
https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiad034/7025706?login=false
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36735342?tool=bestpractice.com
就诊的中位年龄从 20 世纪 70 年代的幼童(4 岁)演变为 2010 年至 2019 年间的年轻成人(21 岁)。[4]Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox – a potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Feb;16(2):e0010141.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8870502
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35148313?tool=bestpractice.com
在 2022 年的全球暴发中,儿童病例与成人病例相比并不常见。[14]Kumar R, Singh S, Singh SK. A systematic review of 5110 cases of monkeypox: what has changed between 1970 and 2022? Cureus. 2022 Oct;14(10):e30841.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9704117
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36451652?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]Gaeta F, De Caro F, Franci G, et al. Monkeypox infection 2022: an updated narrative review focusing on the neonatal and pediatric population. Children (Basel). 2022 Nov 26;9(12):1832.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9776986
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36553276?tool=bestpractice.com
在全球范围内,1.3% 的病例为<18 岁的儿童和青少年,且无死亡病例报道。[30]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emerging infectious diseases: mpox in children and adolescents during multicountry outbreak, 2022-2023. Sep 2023 [internet publication].
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/10/23-0516_article
在美国,18 岁以下的儿童和青少年占所有病例的 0.1%,无重症病例和死亡。新生儿病例报道极少。[31]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical considerations for mpox in children and adolescents in the U.S. Jun 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/clinicians/pediatric.html
来自 2022 年全球暴发的现有数据表明,28%-51% 的患者是 HIV 阳性(在 HIV 状况已知的病例中)。[32]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical considerations for treatment and prophylaxis of mpox in people who are immunocompromised. Jun 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/clinicians/people-with-HIV.html
[33]O'Shea J, Filardo TD, Morris SB, et al. Interim guidance for prevention and treatment of monkeypox in persons with HIV infection: United States, August 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Aug 12;71(32):1023-8.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7132e4.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35951495?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然女性占病例的少数,但感染 HIV 的女性比例估计为 27%(50% 为跨性别女性)。[34]Thornhill JP, Palich R, Ghosn J, et al. Human monkeypox virus infection in women and non-binary individuals during the 2022 outbreaks: a global case series. Lancet. 2022 Dec 3;400(10367):1953-65.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)02187-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36403584?tool=bestpractice.com
但是,在迄今为止规模最大的女性研究中,只有 4.4% 的女性感染了 HIV(而男性为 40.8%)。[17]Vallejo-Plaza A, Rodríguez-Cabrera F, Hernando Sebastián V, et al. Mpox (formerly monkeypox) in women: epidemiological features and clinical characteristics of mpox cases in Spain, April to November 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022 Dec;27(48):2200867.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9716644
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36695461?tool=bestpractice.com
在 2022 年全球暴发之前,英国、美国、新加坡和以色列报告了少量与旅行相关的病例。[35]UK Health Security Agency. Monkeypox case in England. December 2018 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/monkeypox-case-in-england
[36]UK Health Security Agency. Monkeypox case confirmed in England. December 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/monkeypox-case-confirmed-in-england
[37]World Health Organization. Monkeypox: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. July 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/monkeypox---united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-northern-ireland
[38]World Health Organization. Monkeypox: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. June 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON381
[39]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Imported monkeypox case reported in Maryland. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/s1117-monkeypox.html
[40]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC and Texas confirm monkeypox in U.S. traveler. Jul 2021 [internet publication].
https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/s0716-confirm-monkeypox.html
[41]Rao AK, Schulte J, Chen TH, et al. Monkeypox in a traveler returning from Nigeria – Dallas, Texas, July 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Apr 8;71(14):509-16.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7114a1.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35389974?tool=bestpractice.com
[42]World Health Organization. Disease outbreak news. Monkeypox - Singapore. May 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/16-may-2019-monkeypox-singapore-en
[43]Erez N, Achdout H, Milrot E, et al. Diagnosis of imported monkeypox, Israel, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019 May;25(5):980-3.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478227
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30848724?tool=bestpractice.com
2003 年在美国中西部地区出现了超过 70 例病例的暴发,这是非洲以外地区首次报道该疾病的发生。本次暴发来源为接触受感染的草原犬鼠,其感染从西非输入的冈比亚鼠获得。[44]Huhn GD, Bauer AM, Yorita K, et al. Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 15;41(12):1742-51.
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/41/12/1742/344953
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16288398?tool=bestpractice.com