治疗路径
治疗的整体目标是减轻患者呼吸困难症状,稳定和改善呼吸系统状态,如果可能,去除诱因。考虑短效 β2-受体激动剂和抗胆碱能药物是一线治疗,分别可以提供 15 分钟和 30 分钟内疗效。如果患者还有症状,可以重复给药。目前尚无临床试验指导在 COPD 急性加重期间,是否应继续使用长效支气管扩张剂。虽然中断维持治疗可能会导致症状和/或肺功能恶化,但在使用长效支气管扩张剂时,频繁规律地加用同类短效支气管扩张剂可能会增加药物相关不良反应的风险。如果患者存在低氧可以吸氧,但吸氧时需要注意预防进一步加重的高碳酸血症。即使是在入院前(例如,在去医院的途中),谨慎调节吸氧量也很重要,因为这可以预防可能会增加死亡率的呼吸性酸中毒恶化。[195]Austin MA, Wills KE, Blizzard L, et al. Effect of high flow oxygen on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in prehospital setting: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010 Oct 18;341:c5462. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957540 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20959284?tool=bestpractice.com
全身性应用皮质类固醇可减轻气道炎症,且已被证明对 COPD 急性加重的患者有益。[196]Niewoehner DE, Erbland ML, Deupree RH, et al. Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1941-1947. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10379017?tool=bestpractice.com [197]Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD001288. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001288.pub4/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25178099?tool=bestpractice.com [198]Walters JA, Walters EH, Wood-Baker R. Oral corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD005374. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16034972?tool=bestpractice.com [199]de Jong YP, Uil SM, Grotjohan HP, et al. Oral or IV prednisolone in the treatment of COPD exacerbations: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Chest. 2007;132:1741-1747. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17646228?tool=bestpractice.com 它们可以促进症状和肺功能早期改善(3 天内),减少治疗失败和早期(1 个月内)复发,并缩短住院时间。[197]Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD001288. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001288.pub4/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25178099?tool=bestpractice.com 全身性皮质类固醇应该在首次应用短效吸入支气管舒张剂后开始应用。但是,评价全身性应用皮质类固醇作用的研究主要是针对到急诊室就诊和接受住院治疗的患者进行的。全身性皮质类固醇在最小化不良反应的同时获得临床获益的最短作用时间尚不清楚。[200]Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD006897. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006897.pub3/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25491891?tool=bestpractice.com [ ] How does longer corticosteroid treatment (>7 days) compare with shorter (≤7 days) in people with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?/cca.html?targetUrl=http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.853/full展示答案 尚不明确轻度加重患者应用皮质类固醇的风险和获益权衡情况。此外,对于慢阻肺急性加重合并呼吸衰竭需要机械通气支持的患者全身糖皮质激素治疗的获益也不清楚。一项随机对照研究发现接受泼尼松龙治疗的患者和未接受泼尼松龙治疗的对照组患者相比,ICU 病死率、机械通气时间、ICU 住院时间均没有差异,但接受泼尼松龙治疗组高血糖发生风险更高。[201]Abroug F, Ouanes-Besbes L, Fkih-Hassen M, et al. Prednisone in COPD exacerbation requiring ventilatory support: an open-label randomised evaluation. Eur Respir J. 2014;43:717-724. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23794465?tool=bestpractice.com
在慢阻肺患者肺炎可以作为呼吸失代偿的原因,在本质上并不意味着必须存在慢阻肺急性加重(即存在和气道炎症和/或支气管收缩相关的气流受限),这些患者是否需要全身糖皮质激素应该慎重考虑。
雾化吸入皮质类固醇已有成功的应用,但与全身性应用皮质类固醇相比,尚不完全清楚其在治疗 COPD 急性加重方面的效用以及疗效如何。[181]British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline for oxygen use in healthcare and emergency settings. June 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/emergency-oxygen [202]Gaude GS, Nadagouda S. Nebulized corticosteroids in the management of acute exacerbation of COPD. Lung India. 2010;27:230-235. http://www.lungindia.com/article.asp?issn=0970-2113;year=2010;volume=27;issue=4;spage=230;epage=235;aulast=Gaude http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21139721?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管在部分慢阻肺患者甲基黄嘌呤类药物可能有益,[203]Ram FS. Use of theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: examining the evidence. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2006;12:132-139. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456383?tool=bestpractice.com [204]Zhou Y, Wang X, Zeng X, et al. Positive benefits of theophylline in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of low-dose, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD for 1 year. Respirology. 2006;11:603-610. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16916334?tool=bestpractice.com 但这类药物治疗窗窄,不适用于急性加重的患者。[205]Barr RG, Rowe BH, Camargo CA, Jr. Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2003 Sep 20;327(7416):643. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC196388 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500434?tool=bestpractice.com
黏液溶解剂、祛痰药和/或物理性黏液清除技术的应用没有明确证实的益处,[206]Osadnik CR, McDonald CF, Miller BR, et al. The effect of positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy on symptoms, quality of life and incidence of re-exacerbation in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2014;69:137-143. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24005444?tool=bestpractice.com [207]Bach PB, Brown C, Gelfand SE, et al. Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a summary and appraisal of published evidence. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Apr 3;134(7):600-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11281745?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管部分患者有症状缓解。
慢阻肺患者及其急性加重具有高度异质性。尽管他们治疗的许多方面可以趋于一致,但是那些可能需要住院治疗、可能从肺康复治疗获益、不同严重程度的患者之间由于个体患者的合并症和其他特征不同而差别很大。
符合以下情形的患者应该考虑住院治疗:症状严重程度显著或突然增加,有严重潜在 COPD,或新发体征(例如,外周水肿或发绀);有频繁加重史或共病;年龄较大;或对初始门诊治疗无反应,或家庭支持欠佳。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2021 report. 2021 [internet publication]. https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports
急性加重且有可疑细菌感染的病因
细菌感染是一个常见诱因。[62]Sethi S, Evans N, Grant BJ, et al. New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 15;347(7):465-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12181400?tool=bestpractice.com 多个随机安慰剂对照研究发现抗菌药物治疗慢阻肺急性加重可以获益。[63]Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP, et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Feb;106(2):196-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3492164?tool=bestpractice.com [208]Saint S, Bent S, Vittinghoff E, et al. Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 1995;273:957-960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7884956?tool=bestpractice.com [209]Llor C, Moragas A, Hernández S, et al. Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186:716-723. http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201206-0996OC#.Up5bqNLdfSk http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22923662?tool=bestpractice.com 对可疑细菌感染为诱因的患者应该给予抗菌药物治疗。[13]Rodriguez-Roisin R. COPD exacerbations. 5: management. Thorax. 2006 Jun;61(6):535-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738044?tool=bestpractice.com 细菌性诱因可能见于有以下两种或两种以上情况的患者中:痰液脓性增加、痰液量增加,或呼吸困难加重。[46]Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Apr;163(5):1256-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11316667?tool=bestpractice.com [177]Stockley RA, O'Brien C, Pye A, et al. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 2000;117:1638-1645. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858396?tool=bestpractice.com [210]Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline: the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. December 2014. http://www.healthquality.va.gov/ (last accessed 28 December 2015). http://www.healthquality.va.gov/Chronic_Obstructive_Pulmonary_Disease_COPD.asp 慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议 (GOLD) 指南建议,对于合并呼吸困难加重、痰量增加和脓性痰加重的患者,或者脓性痰加重合并上述其他两项标准之一的患者,推荐使用抗生素。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2021 report. 2021 [internet publication]. https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports 更为严重的急性加重患者,特别是那些需要重症监护病房(ICU)治疗的患者,抗菌药物治疗的获益更大,[63]Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP, et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Feb;106(2):196-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3492164?tool=bestpractice.com [211]Vollenweider DJ, Frei A, Steurer-Stey CA, et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 29;(10):CD010257. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010257.pub2/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30371937?tool=bestpractice.com [ ] How do antibiotics compare with placebo in people admitted to hospital or to the intensive care unit with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2363/full展示答案 对于需要机械通气(有创或无创)的重度加重患者,应该给予抗生素治疗。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2021 report. 2021 [internet publication]. https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports 但是,接受抗菌药物治疗的患者发生抗菌药物相关腹泻的风险增高。[211]Vollenweider DJ, Frei A, Steurer-Stey CA, et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 29;(10):CD010257. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010257.pub2/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30371937?tool=bestpractice.com 抗生素选择和疗程尚不明确,但通常应基于当地耐药情况和患者特点。[210]Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline: the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. December 2014. http://www.healthquality.va.gov/ (last accessed 28 December 2015). http://www.healthquality.va.gov/Chronic_Obstructive_Pulmonary_Disease_COPD.asp 美国国家心肺血液研究所/世界卫生组织 (US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute/World Health Organization ,NHLBI/WHO) 研讨会建议,基于当地与加重相关常见细菌(肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌)的药敏情况针对性选择抗生素。[46]Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Apr;163(5):1256-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11316667?tool=bestpractice.com 对于结局不良风险较低且急性发作严重程度较轻的患者,推荐使用更窄谱抗生素(例如阿莫西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、多西环素、四环素类药物、第二代头孢菌素、大环内酯类药物、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑)治疗。基础 COPD 更严重的患者以及加重更严重的患者更容易存在革兰阴性细菌定植,例如铜绿假单胞菌或其他革兰阴性肠道细菌和/或金黄色葡萄球菌(包括耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌)。[61]Caramori G, Adcock IM, Papi A. Clinical definition of COPD exacerbations and classification of their severity. South Med J. 2009 Mar;102(3):277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19204646?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,推荐使用超广谱 β-内酰胺复方药物、氟喹诺酮类药物和万古霉素治疗结局欠佳风险较高以及发作较重的患者,例如近期抗生素使用史、治疗失败史、先前出现抗生素耐药,或有医疗卫生相关性感染危险因素的患者,或者入住 ICU 的危重患者。[210]Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline: the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. December 2014. http://www.healthquality.va.gov/ (last accessed 28 December 2015). http://www.healthquality.va.gov/Chronic_Obstructive_Pulmonary_Disease_COPD.asp 研究已表明,应用呼吸道氟喹诺酮类药物、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、二代或三代头孢菌素或大环内酯类药物可能与治疗失败率或加重复发率更低有关。[212]Wilson R, Allegra L, Huchon G, et al. Short-term and long-term outcomes of moxifloxacin compared to standard antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest. 2004;125:953-964. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15006954?tool=bestpractice.com [213]Wilson R, Schentag JJ, Ball P, et al. A comparison of gemifloxacin and clarithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and long-term clinical outcomes. Clin Ther. 2002;24:639-652. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12017408?tool=bestpractice.com [214]Wilson R, Jones P, Schaberg T, et al. Antibiotic treatment and factors influencing short and long term outcomes of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Thorax. 2006;61:337-342. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16449273?tool=bestpractice.com [215]Grossman RF, Ambrusz ME, Fisher AC, et al. Levofloxacin 750 mg QD for five days versus amoxicillin/clavulanate 875 mg/125 mg BID for ten days for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: a post hoc analysis of data from severely ill patients. Clin Ther. 2006;28:1175-1180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16982294?tool=bestpractice.com [216]Siempos II, Dimopoulos G, Korbila IP, et al. Macrolides, quinolones and amoxicillin/clavulanate for chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2007 Jun;29(6):1127-37. https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/29/6/1127.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17301097?tool=bestpractice.com [217]Dimopoulos G, Siempos, II, Korbila IP, et al. Comparison of first-line with second-line antibiotics for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2007;132:447-455. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17573508?tool=bestpractice.com 对于 COPD 患者,目前证据不足,无法根据血清降钙素原水平指导抗生素的使用。[210]Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline: the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. December 2014. http://www.healthquality.va.gov/ (last accessed 28 December 2015). http://www.healthquality.va.gov/Chronic_Obstructive_Pulmonary_Disease_COPD.asp
重度慢阻肺急性加重
严重程度取决于患者既往状态和之前基线检查(基于症状、体格检查、肺功能、动脉血气分析)的变化情况。使用辅助呼吸肌、反常呼吸、发绀、新发外周水肿、血流动力学不稳定和精神状态恶化(例如,意识模糊、嗜睡、昏迷)是加重严重程度的重要指征。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2021 report. 2021 [internet publication]. https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports
除了常规措施外,对于初始治疗反应不佳的重度急性加重患者应该进行无创正压通气 (NPPV) 治疗。对于慢阻肺急性加重和呼吸衰竭的患者应用 NPPV 可以降低有创机械通气的使用率和病死率。[218]Keenan SP, Kernerman PD, Cook DJ, et al. Effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on mortality in patients admitted with acute respiratory failure: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 1997;25:1685-1692. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9377883?tool=bestpractice.com [219]Brochard L, Mancebo J, Wysocki M, et al. Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:817-822. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7651472?tool=bestpractice.com [220]Kramer N, Meyer TJ, Meharg J, et al. Randomized, prospective trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:1799-1806. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7767523?tool=bestpractice.com [221]Osadnik CR, Tee VS, Carson-Chahhoud KV, et al. Non-invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 13;(7):CD004104. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004104.pub4/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702957?tool=bestpractice.com [222]Keenan SP, Sinuff T, Burns KE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the use of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure in the acute care setting. CMAJ. 2011;183:E195-214. http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/183/3/E195 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324867?tool=bestpractice.com [223]McCurdy BR. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12:1-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384377 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074436?tool=bestpractice.com [ ] How does non-invasive ventilation compare with usual care in people with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1820/full展示答案对存在以下一种或多种情况的患者,应考虑使用 NPPV:[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2021 report. 2021 [internet publication]. https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports
呼吸性酸中毒(PaCO2≥6.0 kPa 或 45 mmHg,动脉血 pH 值≤7.35)
临床体征提示呼吸肌疲劳、呼吸功增加或两者兼有的重度呼吸困难,例如使用辅助呼吸肌、腹部反常运动或肋间隙凹陷
尽管给予辅助供氧,仍有持续性低氧血症。
在部分患者中,NPPV 可能失败。对于符合以下情形的患者,应该考虑经气管插管有创机械通气治疗:完全呼吸停止或心脏停搏;尽管应用 NPPV 仍发生或有迹象表明即将发生急性呼吸衰竭;精神状态不佳或心血管状态不稳定;有高误吸风险;不适于应用 NPPV(例如颅面外伤、近期胃食管手术、大量分泌物、焦虑障碍、面部不适或严重皮肤破溃)。[224]Koh Y. Ventilatory management in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Crit Care Clin. 2007;23:169-181. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17368164?tool=bestpractice.com 有创机械通气的生理学标准包括:严重缺氧、不能耐受 NPPV 或 NPPV 失败、呼吸停止或心脏停搏、不规则呼吸伴喘息或意识丧失、大量误吸或持续呕吐、不能清除呼吸道分泌物、心率<50 次/分伴清醒度下降、对药物治疗无反应的严重血流动力学不稳定或者严重室性或室上性心律失常。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2021 report. 2021 [internet publication]. https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports [225]Chandra D, Stamm JA, Taylor B, et al. Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998-2008. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185:152-159. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3297087 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22016446?tool=bestpractice.com 重度疾病患者中,死亡风险非常高(11%-49%),因而应给予有创机械通气。[13]Rodriguez-Roisin R. COPD exacerbations. 5: management. Thorax. 2006 Jun;61(6):535-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738044?tool=bestpractice.com [226]Breen D, Churches T, Hawker F, et al. Acute respiratory failure secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated in the intensive care unit: a long term follow up study. Thorax. 2002 Jan;57(1):29-33. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/57/1/29.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809986?tool=bestpractice.com 机械通气的并发症包括呼吸机相关性肺炎和气压伤。重度慢阻肺患者撤除机械通气可能很困难。[224]Koh Y. Ventilatory management in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Crit Care Clin. 2007;23:169-181. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17368164?tool=bestpractice.com 应用 NPPV 辅助撤机可以降低撤机失败率和医院获得性肺炎的发生率,可能降低病死率。[223]McCurdy BR. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12:1-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384377 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074436?tool=bestpractice.com [227]Udwadia ZF, Santis GK, Steven MH, et al. Nasal ventilation to facilitate weaning in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. Thorax. 1992;47:715-718. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1440465?tool=bestpractice.com
肺康复
肺康复治疗是一个多学科合作的治疗模式,身体康复的同时还需要对疾病管理、营养、其他生活方式问题(例如戒烟、药物依从性和吸入装置使用方法、吸氧和保持活动)进行指导。[231]Rice KL, Dewan N, Bloomfield HE, et al. Disease management program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:890-896. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20075385?tool=bestpractice.com [232]Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Oct 15;188(8):e13-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127811?tool=bestpractice.com [233]British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline on pulmonary rehabilitation in adults. September 2013. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk (last accessed 28 December 2015). https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/clinical-information/pulmonary-rehabilitation/bts-guideline-for-pulmonary-rehabilitation
在慢阻肺急性加重住院期间即可开始进行选择性的运动康复,包括对抗阻力训练和经皮肌肉电刺激,有较好的耐受性,并能防止肌肉功能下降和加速功能状态恢复。[234]Zanotti E, Felicetti G, Maini M, et al. Peripheral muscle strength training in bed-bound patients with COPD receiving mechanical ventilation: effect of electrical stimulation. Chest. 2003;124:292-296. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12853536?tool=bestpractice.com [235]Troosters T, Probst VS, Crul T, et al. Resistance training prevents deterioration in quadriceps muscle function during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181:1072-1077. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20133927?tool=bestpractice.com [236]Reid WD, Yamabayashi C, Goodridge D, et al. Exercise prescription for hospitalized people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbidities: a synthesis of systematic reviews. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2012;7:297-320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363140 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22665994?tool=bestpractice.com
在急性加重恢复期早期进行肺康复治疗安全有效,可以改善运动耐量、活动能力、慢阻肺的症状程度和生活质量。[237]Man WD, Polkey MI, Donaldson N, et al. Community pulmonary rehabilitation after hospitalisation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomised controlled study. BMJ. 2004;329:1209. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15504763 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15504763?tool=bestpractice.com [238]Seymour JM, Moore L, Jolley CJ, et al. Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation following acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax. 2010;65:423-428. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20435864?tool=bestpractice.com [239]Marciniuk DD, Brooks D, Butcher S, et al. Canadian Thoracic Society COPD Committee Expert Working Group. Optimizing pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease practical issues: a Canadian Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Can Respir J. 2010;17:159-168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20808973?tool=bestpractice.com [240]Clini EM, Crisafulli E, Costi S, et al. Effects of early inpatient rehabilitation after acute exacerbation of COPD. Respir Med. 2009;103:1526-1531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19447015?tool=bestpractice.com [241]Puhan MA, Gimeno-Santos E, Cates CJ, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 8;(12):CD005305. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005305.pub4/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27930803?tool=bestpractice.com
急性加重后期在门诊设置综合督导的肺康复治疗可减少未来的住院风险,可能降低病死率。[232]Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Oct 15;188(8):e13-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127811?tool=bestpractice.com [238]Seymour JM, Moore L, Jolley CJ, et al. Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation following acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax. 2010;65:423-428. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20435864?tool=bestpractice.com [241]Puhan MA, Gimeno-Santos E, Cates CJ, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 8;(12):CD005305. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005305.pub4/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27930803?tool=bestpractice.com [242]Puhan MA, Scharplatz M, Troosters T, et al. Respiratory rehabilitation after acute exacerbation of COPD may reduce risk for readmission and mortality--a systematic review. Respir Res. 2005;6:54. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15943867 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15943867?tool=bestpractice.com 急性加重后在家庭进行非督导的运动训练似乎不能获得同样效果。[243]Greening NJ, Williams JE, Hussain SF, et al. An early rehabilitation intervention to enhance recovery during hospital admission for an exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2014;349:g4315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4086299 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25004917?tool=bestpractice.com
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