一级预防
由于慢阻肺急性加重对患者的不利影响,应该尽一切努力阻止其发生。既往加重史是日后加重的关键危险因素。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2021 report. 2021 [internet publication]. https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports [55]Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 16;363(12):1128-38. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa0909883 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843247?tool=bestpractice.com 症状负荷较高和有频繁加重史的患者(慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议 [GOLD] D 组)未来出现加重和死亡的风险尤其高。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2021 report. 2021 [internet publication]. https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports [79]Chen CZ, Ou CY, Yu CH, et al. Comparison of global initiative for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 classification and body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exacerbations index in predicting mortality and exacerbations in elderly adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Feb;63(2):244-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25641518?tool=bestpractice.com 不过,有多个因素影响日后加重的风险,且相关因素因人而异。在 COPD 加重后,应尽一切努力去识别和干预潜在可纠正性因素,以降低发生日后加重事件的风险。
避免诱因、戒烟和免疫接种
戒烟是阻止慢阻肺发生和阻止慢阻肺疾病严重程度进展的最佳措施。[80]Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA. 1994 Nov 16;272(19):1497-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7966841?tool=bestpractice.com [81]Thabane M; COPD Working Group. Smoking cessation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12:1-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384371 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074432?tool=bestpractice.com 戒烟也可以降低加重的风险,[82]Au DH, Bryson CL, Chien JW, et al. The effects of smoking cessation on the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. J Gen Intern Med. 2009 Apr;24(4):457-63. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659150 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194768?tool=bestpractice.com 因此建议 COPD 患者进行戒烟咨询和治疗。[83]Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest. 2015 Apr;147(4):894-942. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25321320?tool=bestpractice.com 还应该建议患者避免接触其他潜在诱因(如空气污染)。更严重的慢阻肺急性加重的频率和程度也更重。[55]Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 16;363(12):1128-38. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa0909883 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843247?tool=bestpractice.com [84]McCrory DC, Brown C, Gelfand SE, et al. Management of acute exacerbations of COPD: a summary and appraisal of published evidence. Chest. 2001;119:1190-1209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11296189?tool=bestpractice.com 有证据表明流感疫苗注射在预防慢阻肺并发症方面有效,[85]Nichol KL, Baken L, Nelson A. Relation between influenza vaccination and outpatient visits, hospitalization, and mortality in elderly persons with chronic lung disease. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:397-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10068413?tool=bestpractice.com [86]Wongsurakiat P, Maranetra KN, Wasi C, et al. Acute respiratory illness in patients with COPD and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination: a randomized controlled study. Chest. 2004;125:2011-2020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15189916?tool=bestpractice.com [87]Sehatzadeh S. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based review. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12:1-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384373 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074431?tool=bestpractice.com 特别是对于有重度气流阻塞的人群。[88]OHTAC COPD Collaborative. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) evidentiary framework. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12(2):1-97. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384372 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074430?tool=bestpractice.com 建议成人 COPD 患者每年接种流感疫苗。[83]Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest. 2015 Apr;147(4):894-942. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25321320?tool=bestpractice.com 肺炎球菌疫苗接种在降低 COPD(包括加重)总体发病率方面的益处尚不明确,[83]Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest. 2015 Apr;147(4):894-942. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25321320?tool=bestpractice.com [89]Alfageme I, Vazquez R, Reyes N, et al. Clinical efficacy of anti-pneumococcal vaccination in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2006;61:189-195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16227328?tool=bestpractice.com 但是这个疫苗可以减少肺炎链球菌肺炎的风险。[88]OHTAC COPD Collaborative. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) evidentiary framework. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12(2):1-97. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384372 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074430?tool=bestpractice.com 一份更新后的 Cochrane 评价总结道,对于 COPD 患者,接种肺炎球菌疫苗降低了急性加重的发生率,并且为对抗社区获得性肺炎提供了一定程度的保护。[90]Walters JA, Tang JN, Poole P, et al. Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 24;(1):CD001390. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001390.pub4/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28116747?tool=bestpractice.com 对于所有 65 岁以上的患者,推荐使用肺炎球菌疫苗 PCV13(13 价肺炎球菌结合疫苗)和 PPSV23(23 价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗)。此外,也推荐将 PPSV23 用于有慢性心脏病或慢性肺病等共病的较年轻 COPD 患者。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2021 report. 2021 [internet publication]. https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports [83]Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest. 2015 Apr;147(4):894-942. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25321320?tool=bestpractice.com 应该与患者讨论流感疫苗和肺炎链球菌疫苗接种的适应证和益处。[85]Nichol KL, Baken L, Nelson A. Relation between influenza vaccination and outpatient visits, hospitalization, and mortality in elderly persons with chronic lung disease. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:397-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10068413?tool=bestpractice.com [86]Wongsurakiat P, Maranetra KN, Wasi C, et al. Acute respiratory illness in patients with COPD and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination: a randomized controlled study. Chest. 2004;125:2011-2020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15189916?tool=bestpractice.com [91]Seemungal T, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A, et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1618-1623. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11719299?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗
一旦患者在治疗加重后病情稳定下来,就应重新评估患者的维持用药并考虑是否需要调整加重后用药,目标是降低日后发作的风险和/或严重程度,[83]Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest. 2015 Apr;147(4):894-942. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25321320?tool=bestpractice.com 并根据循证指南用药。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2021 report. 2021 [internet publication]. https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports 使用长效 β-2 受体激动剂和长效抗胆碱能药物与加重频率的降低相关。[92]Rennard SI, Anderson W, ZuWallack R, et al. Use of a long-acting inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist, salmeterol xinafoate, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1087-1092. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11316640?tool=bestpractice.com [93]Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:775-789. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17314337?tool=bestpractice.com [94]Niewoehner DE, Rice K, Cote C, et al. Prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with tiotropium, a once-daily inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:317-326. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16144890?tool=bestpractice.com [95]Mahler DA, Donohue JF, Barbee RA, et al. Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in the treatment of COPD. Chest. 1999;115:957-965. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10208192?tool=bestpractice.com [96]Casaburi R, Mahler DA, Jones PW, et al. A long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2002;19:217-224. http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/19/2/217.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11866001?tool=bestpractice.com [97]Brusasco V, Hodder R, Miravitlles M, et al. Health outcomes following treatment for six months with once daily tiotropium compared with twice daily salmeterol in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2003;58:399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746668/?tool=pubmed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12728159?tool=bestpractice.com [98]Tashkin DP, Celli B, Senn S, et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1543-1554. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/15/1543 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18836213?tool=bestpractice.com [99]Tashkin DP. Preventing and managing exacerbations in COPD--critical appraisal of the role of tiotropium. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2010;5:41-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846152/?tool=pubmed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20368910?tool=bestpractice.com [100]Halpin D, Menjoge S, Viel K. Patient-level pooled analysis of the effect of tiotropium on COPD exacerbations and related hospitalisations. Prim Care Respir J. 2009;18:106-113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407916?tool=bestpractice.com [101]Cooper CB, Anzueto A, Decramer M, et al. Tiotropium reduces risk of exacerbations irrespective of previous use of inhaled anticholinergics in placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2011;6:269-275. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152465 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21845038?tool=bestpractice.com [102]Morice AH, Celli B, Kesten S, et al. COPD in young patients: a pre-specified analysis of the four-year trial of tiotropium (UPLIFT). Respir Med. 2010;104:1659-1667. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20724131?tool=bestpractice.com [103]Van den BA, Gailly J, Neyt M. Does tiotropium lower exacerbation and hospitalization frequency in COPD patients: results of a meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2010;10:50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2955630 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20858226?tool=bestpractice.com [104]Wang J, Nie B, Xiong W, et al. Effect of long-acting beta-agonists on the frequency of COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2012;37:204-211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21740451?tool=bestpractice.com [105]Yohannes AM, Willgoss TG, Vestbo J. Tiotropium for treatment of stable COPD: a meta-analysis of clinically relevant outcomes. Resp Care. 2011;56:477-487. http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/56/4/477.short http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255503?tool=bestpractice.com [106]Decramer ML, Hanania NA, Lötvall JO, et al. The safety of long-acting β2-agonists in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2013;8:53-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3558319 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23378756?tool=bestpractice.com [107]Mahler DA, Buhl R, Lawrence D, et al. Efficacy and safety of indacaterol and tiotropium in COPD patients according to dyspnoea severity. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2013;26:348-355. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23434446?tool=bestpractice.com [108]Kew KM, Mavergames C, Walters JA. Long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD010177. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010177.pub2/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127118?tool=bestpractice.com 长效抗胆碱能药物噻托溴铵可能在预防加重方面比长效 β2-受体激动剂沙美特罗更有效,[109]Vogelmeier C, Hederer B, Glaab T, et al. Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1093-1103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21428765?tool=bestpractice.com 特别是在中到重度气流阻塞的人群中。[110]Vogelmeier C, Fabbri LM, Rabe KF, et al. Effect of tiotropium vs. salmeterol on exacerbations: GOLD II and maintenance therapy naïve patients. Respir Med. 2013;107:75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23102611?tool=bestpractice.com 新型噻托嗅铵软雾传送系统 Respimat 应该小心使用,发现和病死率高相关。[111]Beasley R, Singh S, Loke YK, et al. Call for worldwide withdrawal of tiotropium Respimat mist inhaler. BMJ. 2012;345:e7390. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23144209?tool=bestpractice.com 慢阻肺患者每日使用 1 次长效吸入 β2-受体激动剂茚达特罗在改善健康状况、缓解症状和减少急性加重方面也有效。[112]Dahl R, Chung KF, Buhl R, et al. Efficacy of a new once-daily long-acting inhaled beta2-agonist indacaterol versus twice-daily formoterol in COPD. Thorax. 2010;65:473-479. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20522841?tool=bestpractice.com [113]Chapman KR, Rennard SI, Dogra A, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of indacaterol, a long-acting beta2-agonist, in subjects with COPD: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Chest. 2011;140:68-75. http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1088000 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21349928?tool=bestpractice.com [114]Donohue JF, Fogarty C, Lotvall J, et al. Once-daily bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: indacaterol versus tiotropium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:155-162. http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/182/2/155.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20463178?tool=bestpractice.com 另一种每日应用 1 次的 β2-受体激动剂——奥达特罗,在部分国家已被批准使用。[115]van Noord JA, Smeets JJ, Drenth BM, et al. 24-hour bronchodilation following a single dose of the novel β(2)-agonist olodaterol in COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2011;24:666-672. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21839850?tool=bestpractice.com 阿地溴铵 (Aclidinium bromide) 是一种新型长效毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂,也是一种有效的支气管扩张剂,可以改善肺功能、减轻症状并减少需要住院治疗的严重加重情况。[116]Jones PW, Rennard SI, Agusti A, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily aclidinium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res. 2011;12:55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3098801 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21518460?tool=bestpractice.com [117]Frampton JE. Aclidinium: in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Drugs. 2012;72:1999-2011. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23046206?tool=bestpractice.com [118]Ni H, Soe Z, Moe S. Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD010509. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010509.pub2/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25234126?tool=bestpractice.com 上述两类药物都不会明显增加心血管不良事件的风险。[106]Decramer ML, Hanania NA, Lötvall JO, et al. The safety of long-acting β2-agonists in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2013;8:53-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3558319 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23378756?tool=bestpractice.com 联合使用两类支气管扩张剂治疗与单独使用任何一类(长效β2 受体激动剂或长效抗胆碱能药物)相比,在肺功能上的获益更大。[119]Wang J, Jin D, Zuo P, et al. Comparison of tiotropium plus formoterol to tiotropium alone in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Respirology. 2011;16:350-358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21138499?tool=bestpractice.com 不过,尚不清楚在减少加重方面,联合使用两类支气管扩张剂治疗是否比单独使用长效抗胆碱能药物更有效。[120]Wedzicha JA, Decramer M, Ficker JH, et al. Analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the dual bronchodilator QVA149 compared with glycopyrronium and tiotropium (SPARK): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study. Lancet Respir Med. 2013;1:199-209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24429126?tool=bestpractice.com [ ] In people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, what are the effects of combining long-acting beta2-agonists and tiotropium compared with either drug alone?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1160/full展示答案 长效β2 受体激动剂和长效毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂的新型复方制剂[即维兰特罗 (vilanterol)/芜地溴铵 (umeclidinium)][121]National Horizon Scanning Centre. Umeclidinium and vilanterol for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. February 2012. http://www.hsc.nihr.ac.uk (last accessed 28 December 2015). http://www.hsric.nihr.ac.uk/topics/umeclidinium-and-vilanterol-for-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease [122]Bateman ED, Ferguson GT, Barnes N, et al. Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 versus single bronchodilator therapy: the SHINE study. Eur Respir J. 2013;42:1484-1494. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3844137 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23722616?tool=bestpractice.com 现在正在进行研究,但目前尚不清楚减少加重频率和/或降低加重严重程度的效果。[123]Donohue JF, Maleki-Yazdi MR, Kilbride S, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily umeclidinium/vilanterol 62.5/25 mcg in COPD. Respir Med. 2013;107:1538-1546. http://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111%2813%2900213-8/fulltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23830094?tool=bestpractice.com 吸入皮质类固醇可以减少急性加重的频率和呼吸系统疾病所致的健康资源使用。[124]Burge PS, Calverley PM, Jones PW, et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. BMJ. 2000;320:1297-1303. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=10807619 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10807619?tool=bestpractice.com [125]Lung Health Study Research Group. Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1902-1909. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200012283432601#t=article http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11136260?tool=bestpractice.com [126]Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Fergusson D, et al. Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:545-555. http://www.annals.org/content/146/8/545.full.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17310045?tool=bestpractice.com [127]Alsaeedi A, Sin DD, McAlister FA. The effects of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Am J Med. 2002;113:59-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12106623?tool=bestpractice.com [128]Spencer S, Karner C, Cates CJ, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids versus long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12):CD007033. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007033.pub3/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161409?tool=bestpractice.com 吸入性皮质类固醇不应作为 COPD 的单药治疗;在单独使用长效支气管扩张剂无法控制加重时,应考虑将此类药物作为额外治疗使用。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2021 report. 2021 [internet publication]. https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports
吸入皮质类固醇和长效 β2 受体激动剂联合制剂在更重度的慢阻肺患者中减少急性发作频率方面似乎比单药更为有效。[93]Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:775-789. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17314337?tool=bestpractice.com [129]Szafranski W, Cukier A, Ramirez A, et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2003;21:74-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12570112?tool=bestpractice.com [130]Calverley PM, Boonsawat W, Cseke Z, et al. Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2003;22:912-919. http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/22/6/912 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14680078?tool=bestpractice.com 对于中至重度 COPD 患者,应用沙美特罗和丙酸氟替卡松治疗不仅可以降低加重发生率,还可以延缓 FEV1 的进行性恶化。[131]Ferguson GT, Anzueto A, Fei R, et al. Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (250/50 microg) or salmeterol (50 microg) on COPD exacerbations. Respir Med. 2008;102:1099-1108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18614347?tool=bestpractice.com [132]Celli BR, Thomas NE, Anderson JA, et al. Effect of pharmacotherapy on rate of decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the TORCH study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178:332-338. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511702?tool=bestpractice.com [133]Anzueto A, Ferguson GT, Feldman G, et al. Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (250/50) on COPD exacerbations and impact on patient outcomes. COPD. 2009;6:320-329. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19863361?tool=bestpractice.com 重要的是,对于上一年发生两次或两次以上加重的患者,将联合治疗中的吸入性皮质类固醇撤除可导致肺功能恶化和症状加重。[134]Wouters EF, Postma DS, Fokkens B, et al. Withdrawal of fluticasone propionate from combined salmeterol/fluticasone treatment in patients with COPD causes immediate and sustained disease deterioration: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2005;60:480-487. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1747438/?tool=pubmed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15923248?tool=bestpractice.com 随后在有严重 COPD 和既往加重史的患者中开展的一项大型平行分组研究表明,在 12 周内逐渐从三联治疗中撤除吸入皮质类固醇的患者与未撤药的对照组相比,有着相近的中至重度加重风险;不过,在 18 周的随访中,撤除吸入性皮质类固醇与更大的 FEV1 谷值降低有关。[135]Magnussen H, Disse B, Rodriguez-Roisin R, et al. Withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids and exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1285-1294. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1407154#t=article http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25196117?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,有报道称,长期使用吸入性皮质类固醇和吸入性皮质类固醇/β-2 受体激动剂联合治疗后可增加肺炎的风险。[93]Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:775-789. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17314337?tool=bestpractice.com [136]Welsh EJ, Cates CJ, Poole P. Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta2-agonist versus tiotropium for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 May 31;(5):CD007891. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007891.pub3/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728670?tool=bestpractice.com [137]Crim C, Calverley PM, Anderson JA, et al. Pneumonia risk in COPD patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids alone or in combination: TORCH study results. Eur Respir J. 2009;34:641-647. http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/34/3/641.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19443528?tool=bestpractice.com [138]Singh S, Loke YK. An overview of the benefits and drawbacks of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2010;5:189-195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2921686 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20714372?tool=bestpractice.com [139]Calverley PM, Stockley RA, Seemungal TA, et al. Reported pneumonia in patients with COPD: findings from the INSPIRE study. Chest. 2011;139:505-512. http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1087764 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576732?tool=bestpractice.com [140]Kew KM, Seniukovich A. Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(3):CD010115. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010115.pub2/abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24615270?tool=bestpractice.com 肺炎风险的增加不伴有明确的病死率的增加。[140]Kew KM, Seniukovich A. Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(3):CD010115. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010115.pub2/abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24615270?tool=bestpractice.com 目前,有限的但令人鼓舞的数据显示应用吸入皮质类固醇、长效 β-2受体激动剂和长效抗胆碱药三药联合治疗的意义。[98]Tashkin DP, Celli B, Senn S, et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1543-1554. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/15/1543 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18836213?tool=bestpractice.com [126]Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Fergusson D, et al. Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:545-555. http://www.annals.org/content/146/8/545.full.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17310045?tool=bestpractice.com [141]Tashkin DP, Littner M, Andrews CP, et al. Concomitant treatment with nebulized formoterol and tiotropium in subjects with COPD: a placebo-controlled trial. Respir Med. 2008;102:479-487. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258423?tool=bestpractice.com [142]Tashkin DP, Rennard SI, Martin P, et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide and formoterol in one pressurized metered-dose inhaler in patients with moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results of a 6-month randomized clinical trial. Drugs. 2008;68:1975-2000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18778120?tool=bestpractice.com [143]Wedzicha JA, Calverley PM, Seemungal TA, et al. The prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by salmeterol/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium bromide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177:19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17916806?tool=bestpractice.com [144]Welte T, Miravitlles M, Hernandez P, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide/formoterol added to tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180:741-750. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644045?tool=bestpractice.com [145]Gaebel K, McIvor RA, Xie F, et al. Triple therapy for the management of COPD: a review. COPD. 2011;8:206-243. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21513437?tool=bestpractice.com [146]Karner C, Cates CJ. The effect of adding inhaled corticosteroids to tiotropium and long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(9):CD009039. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009039.pub2/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901729?tool=bestpractice.com [147]Rojas-Reyes MX, García Morales OM, Dennis RJ, Karner C. Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta₂-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jun 6;(6):CD008532. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008532.pub3/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27271056?tool=bestpractice.com 当长效 β-2 受体激动剂、抗胆碱药和吸入皮质类固醇都有效时,减少急性加重的同时尽可能减少潜在不良反应的发生的最佳药物治疗选择目前还不确定。[136]Welsh EJ, Cates CJ, Poole P. Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta2-agonist versus tiotropium for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 May 31;(5):CD007891. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007891.pub3/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728670?tool=bestpractice.com [148]Baker WL, Baker EL, Coleman CI. Pharmacologic treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a mixed-treatment comparison meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29:891-905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19637942?tool=bestpractice.com [149]Rodrigo GJ, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Plaza V. Safety and efficacy of combined long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids vs long-acting beta-agonists monotherapy for stable COPD: a systematic review. Chest. 2009;136:1029-1038. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19633090?tool=bestpractice.com 与两药联合治疗或单纯抗胆碱能药物治疗相比,三类药物药治疗对长期结局(例如病死率或住院)的影响尚不清楚。[147]Rojas-Reyes MX, García Morales OM, Dennis RJ, Karner C. Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta₂-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jun 6;(6):CD008532. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008532.pub3/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27271056?tool=bestpractice.com [150]Hanania NA, Crater GD, Morris AN, et al. Benefits of adding fluticasone propionate/salmeterol to tiotropium in moderate to severe COPD. Respir Med. 2012;106:91-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22040533?tool=bestpractice.com 新的联合治疗包括氟替卡松/维兰特罗和茚达特罗/格隆溴铵已经问世,对慢阻肺急性加重的影响目前正在进行研究。
采用间歇剂量的大环内酯类、[151]Albert RK, Connett J, Bailey WC, et al. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 689-698. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21864166?tool=bestpractice.com [152]Simoens S, Laekeman G, Decramer M. Preventing COPD exacerbations with macrolides: a review and budget impact analysis. Respir Med. 2013;107:637-648. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23352223?tool=bestpractice.com 氟喹诺酮类莫西沙星、[153]Sethi S, Jones PW, Theron MS, et al. Pulsed moxifloxacin for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Respir Res. 2010;11:10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834642/?tool=pubmed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20109213?tool=bestpractice.com [154]Miravitlles M, Marín A, Monsó E, et al. Efficacy of moxifloxacin in the treatment of bronchial colonisation in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2009;34:1066-1071. http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/34/5/1066.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19386683?tool=bestpractice.com 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂[155]Rennard SI, Schachter N, Strek M, et al. Cilomilast for COPD:results of a 6-month, placebo-controlled study of a potent, selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4. Chest. 2006;129:56-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424413?tool=bestpractice.com [156]Rabe KF, Bateman ED, O'Donnell D, et al. Roflumilast - an oral anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:563-571. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16099292?tool=bestpractice.com 如罗氟司特,或他汀类[157]Mortensen EM, Copeland LA, Pugh MJ, et al. Impact of statins and ACE inhibitors on mortality after COPD exacerbations. Respir Res. 2009;10:45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19493329?tool=bestpractice.com [158]Blamoun AI, Batty GN, DeBari VA, et al. Statins may reduce episodes of exacerbation and the requirement for intubation in patients with COPD: evidence from a retrospective cohort study. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62:1373-1378. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18422598?tool=bestpractice.com [159]Janda S, Park K, FitzGerald JM, et al. Statins in COPD: a systematic review. Chest. 2009;136:734-743. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376844?tool=bestpractice.com 也可以减少慢阻肺急性加重的频率、严重程度和/或时间。短期应用预防性抗菌药物治疗可以减低慢阻肺或慢性支气管炎急性加重的频率和数量。[160]Lee JS, Park DA, Hong Y, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of prophylactic antibiotics in COPD and/or chronic bronchitis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17:153-162. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23317949?tool=bestpractice.com 预防性应用大环内酯类药物治疗可以节约医疗费用。[152]Simoens S, Laekeman G, Decramer M. Preventing COPD exacerbations with macrolides: a review and budget impact analysis. Respir Med. 2013;107:637-648. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23352223?tool=bestpractice.com 在减少需要抗生素和类固醇治疗的加重方面,每日阿奇霉素治疗最有效,且在年龄较大、GOLD 分期较轻的患者中,可最大程度地降低风险;值得注意的是,正在吸烟者中未见显著的加重风险降低。[161]Han MK, Tayob N, Murray S, et al. Predictors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation reduction in response to daily azithromycin therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;189:1503-1508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4226018 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24779680?tool=bestpractice.com 长期间断(如每周 3 次)应用大环内酯类或其他预防性抗菌药物对抗生素耐药性致病菌的产生和其相关的慢阻肺急性加重的影响目前尚不清楚,但存在潜在的担忧。磷酸二酯酶-4 (PDE4) 抑制剂治疗常伴有胃肠道不适、腹痛、体重下降和其他不良反应;患者对这些药物的耐受性差别较大。重要的是,现有研究显示 PDE4 抑制剂罗氟司特在重度气流阻塞伴有慢性支气管炎临床特征(包括咳嗽、咳痰)的患者可以减少急性加重,但在以肺气肿为主要特征而没有慢性支气管炎特征的患者中效果不明显。[162]Rennard S, Calverley PM, Goehring PMA, et al. Reduction of exacerbations by the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast—the importance of defining different subsets of patients with COPD. Respir Res. 2011;12:18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040135 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21272339?tool=bestpractice.com [163]Taegtmeyer AB, Leuppi JD, Kullak-Ublick GA. Roflumilast: a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor licensed for add-on therapy in severe COPD. Swiss Med Wkly. 2012;142:w13628. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22833385?tool=bestpractice.com
口服黏液溶解剂(例如 N-乙酰半胱氨酸)可能会有助于减少加重,特别是在有中至重度 COPD 或/和前 2 年有过 2 次或以上加重的患者中,但它们的作用仍有争议。[83]Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest. 2015 Apr;147(4):894-942. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25321320?tool=bestpractice.com [164]Davies L, Calverley PM. The evidence for the use of oral mucolytic agents in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Br Med Bull. 2010;93:217-227. http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/1/217.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031934?tool=bestpractice.com [165]Poole P, Chong J, Cates CJ. Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD001287. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001287.pub5/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26222376?tool=bestpractice.com
在已明确证实α-1 抗胰蛋白酶缺乏是 COPD 病因的特定患者中,α-1 抗胰蛋白酶增强治疗可能会降低加重的发生频率。[166]Kueppers F. The role of augmentation therapy in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27:579-588. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21226542?tool=bestpractice.com
慢阻肺患者通常停用 β-受体阻断剂以避免其导致急性加重和支气管痉挛。但是,心血管疾病是慢阻肺常见的合并症,许多患者有应用 β-受体阻断剂治疗的心血管适应证。现有数据证实心脏选择性 β-受体阻断剂在慢阻肺患者不仅安全有效,还可能降低急性加重风险和病死率。[167]Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD003566. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003566.pub2/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16235327?tool=bestpractice.com [168]Rutten FH, Zuithoff NP, Hak E, et al. Beta-blockers may reduce mortality and risk of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:880-887. http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=415954 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20498416?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,不应撤除慢阻肺患者因有心血管指征而应用的 β-受体阻断剂。
一些数据表明,口服流感嗜血杆菌疫苗可能有助于减少特定患者的慢性支气管炎反复加重发作;[169]Foxwell AR, Cripps AW, Dear KB. Haemophilus influenzae oral whole cell vaccination for preventing acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(10):CD001958. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20927727?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,一项 Cochrane 评价的分析表明,口服流感嗜血杆菌疫苗并未显著减少加重的次数或降低其严重程度。[170]Teo E, Lockhart K, Purchuri SN, et al. Haemophilus influenzae oral vaccination for preventing acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 19;6:CD010010. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010010.pub3/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28626902?tool=bestpractice.com
现有指南中并未正式推荐口服嗜血杆菌疫苗。[31]Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections - full version. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011 Nov;17 Suppl 6:E1-59. https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)61404-X/fulltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951385?tool=bestpractice.com 也不推荐应用预防性抗菌药物以预防急性加重。
虽然多项回顾性研究表明,他汀类药物可能会降低急性加重的发生率和严重程度,但是在一项比较辛伐他汀和安慰剂的大型、前瞻性、随机、对照临床试验中,患者入选研究招募前一年发生过需要到急诊室就诊或住院治疗的 COPD 加重,但这项临床试验并未显示患者的加重发生率有所降低或至首次加重的时间推迟。[171]Criner GJ, Connett JE, Aaron SD, et al. Simvastatin for the prevention of exacerbations in moderate-to-severe COPD. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2201-2210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4375247 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24836125?tool=bestpractice.com
二级预防
肺康复和疾病管理项目
药物治疗方案依从性不好的患者可能出现慢阻肺相关的体征和症状的加重。急性加重患者药物治疗依从性的讨论和决定很重要。[292]Gross N, Levin D. Primary care of the patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-part 2: pharmacologic treatment across all stages of disease. Am J Med. 2008 Jul;121(7 Suppl):S13-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18558103?tool=bestpractice.com 不遵从医嘱用药和健康资源花费增多相关。[293]Sorensen SV, Baker T, Fleurence R, et al. Cost and clinical consequence of antibiotic non-adherence in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13:945-954. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19723373?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,医务人员对稳定期慢阻肺或慢阻肺急性加重指南的依从性不是太好。[294]Lodewijckx C, Sermeus W, Vanhaecht K, et al. Inhospital management of COPD exacerbations: a systematic review of the literature with regard to adherence to international guidelines. J Eval Clin Pract. 2009;15:1101-1110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20367712?tool=bestpractice.com 这也可能影响慢阻肺急性加重的预后。
同时,慢阻肺患者和健康成人相比体力活动明显减少,低体力活动水平和肺功能快速下降以及慢阻肺急性加重住院相关。[285]Garcia-Aymerich J, Lange P, Benet M, et al. Regular physical activity reduces hospital admission and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population based cohort study. Thorax. 2006 Sep;61(9):772-8. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/61/9/772.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738033?tool=bestpractice.com [295]Pitta F, Troosters T, Probst VS, et al. Physical activity and hospitalization for exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2006 Mar;129(3):536-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537849?tool=bestpractice.com [296]Garcia-Aymerich J, Lange P, Benet M, et al. Regular physical activity modifies smoking-related lung function decline and reduces risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Mar 1;175(5):458-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158282?tool=bestpractice.com 肺康复项目提供运动再适应训练和侧重于促进健康行为的教育,可改善患者的体力活动水平和疾病管理相关的知识。[232]Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Oct 15;188(8):e13-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127811?tool=bestpractice.com [297]Cindy Ng LW, Mackney J, Jenkins S, et al. Does exercise training change physical activity in people with COPD? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chron Respir Dis. 2012;9:17-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22194629?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,患者参加肺康复项目可以对预防之后的急性加重发挥重要作用,[292]Gross N, Levin D. Primary care of the patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-part 2: pharmacologic treatment across all stages of disease. Am J Med. 2008 Jul;121(7 Suppl):S13-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18558103?tool=bestpractice.com [296]Garcia-Aymerich J, Lange P, Benet M, et al. Regular physical activity modifies smoking-related lung function decline and reduces risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Mar 1;175(5):458-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158282?tool=bestpractice.com [298]COPD Working Group. Pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with chronic pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12:1-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384375 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074434?tool=bestpractice.com 特别是急性加重后 1 个月之内进行。[83]Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest. 2015 Apr;147(4):894-942. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25321320?tool=bestpractice.com [238]Seymour JM, Moore L, Jolley CJ, et al. Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation following acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax. 2010;65:423-428. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20435864?tool=bestpractice.com
急性加重后出院 30 天内门诊随访有助于预防再入院和疾病复发。[289]Sharma G, Kuo YF, Freeman JL, et al. Outpatient follow-up visit and 30-day emergency department visit and readmission in patients hospitalized for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Oct 11;170(18):1664-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2977945 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20937926?tool=bestpractice.com 行动计划可以帮助患者认识恶化的症状、开始更早期治疗和减少加重的总体影响。[83]Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest. 2015 Apr;147(4):894-942. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25321320?tool=bestpractice.com [299]Howcroft M, Walters EH, Wood-Baker R, Walters JA. Action plans with brief patient education for exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 19;(12):CD005074. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005074.pub4/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27990628?tool=bestpractice.com [ ] What are the effects of action plans with limited patient education only in reducing exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?/cca.html?targetUrl=http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1545/full展示答案 患者参加疾病管理和综合护理计划也可以有效减少慢阻肺急性加重急诊就诊和/或住院治疗。[231]Rice KL, Dewan N, Bloomfield HE, et al. Disease management program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:890-896. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20075385?tool=bestpractice.com [272]Bourbeau J, Julien M, Maltais F, Rouleau M, et al. Reduction of hospital utilization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a disease-specific self-management intervention. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:585-591. http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/163/5/585 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12622605?tool=bestpractice.com [273]Casas A, Troosters T, Garcia-Aymerich J, et al. Integrated care prevents hospitalisations for exacerbations in COPD patients. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:123-130. http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/1/123.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611656?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,其应用在某种程度上还有争议,因为一些临床试验没有显示可以延长至下次住院的时间,[300]Bucknall CE, Miller G, Lloyd SM, et al. Glasgow supported self-management trial (GSuST) for patients with moderate to severe COPD: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012;344:e1060. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3295724 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22395923?tool=bestpractice.com 一项随机对照试验被提前终止,因为与接受基于指南常规临床治疗的对照组患者相比,被随机分配至综合治疗组的患者的病死率增加。[88]OHTAC COPD Collaborative. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) evidentiary framework. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12(2):1-97. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384372 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074430?tool=bestpractice.com [275]Fan VS, Gaziano M, Lew R, et al. A comprehensive care management program to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:673-683. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22586006?tool=bestpractice.com 急性加重后立即提供自我管理计划能对患者的认识产生正面影响,但根据现有证据,无法就此类计划对其他结局的有效性得出确切结论。[301]Harrison SL, Janaudis-Ferreira T, Brooks D, et al. Self-management following an acute exacerbation of COPD: a systematic review. Chest. 2015;147:646-661. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25340578?tool=bestpractice.com 循证指南建议,有既往或近期加重史的患者应参加包括病例管理的教育,包括至少每月直接到医疗卫生专家处就诊一次,以减少日后需要住院治疗的严重加重。[83]Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest. 2015 Apr;147(4):894-942. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25321320?tool=bestpractice.com 疾病管理项目的益处是多变的,取决于项目的内容和结构、项目实施所在的健康保健体制和研究的患者人群。慢阻肺患者管理的家庭医院项目的作用已经进行了研究。[88]OHTAC COPD Collaborative. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) evidentiary framework. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12(2):1-97. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384372 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074430?tool=bestpractice.com [277]McCurdy BR. Hospital-at-home programs for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12:1-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384361 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074420?tool=bestpractice.com
远程健康应用于家庭为基础的疾病监测和管理干预。[302]McLean S, Nurmatov U, Liu JL, et al. Telehealthcare for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jul 6;(7):CD007718. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007718.pub2/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21735417?tool=bestpractice.com 随机对照试验显示,应用护士为中心的远程辅助方案可以减少 COPD 加重、急诊就医和住院的发生。[302]McLean S, Nurmatov U, Liu JL, et al. Telehealthcare for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jul 6;(7):CD007718. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007718.pub2/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21735417?tool=bestpractice.com 这种方法的应用可以节约费用。[278]Vitacca M, Bianchi L, Guerra A, et al. Tele-assistance in chronic respiratory failure patients: a randomised clinical trial. Eur Respir J. 2009 Feb;33(2):411-8. https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/33/2/411.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18799512?tool=bestpractice.com 其他分析显示,家庭远程监测可以延长不住院治疗或急诊室就诊的时间,[88]OHTAC COPD Collaborative. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) evidentiary framework. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12(2):1-97. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384372 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074430?tool=bestpractice.com 但是总的住院次数可能不受影响,另一项随机对照试验显示没有明确获益。[279]Pinnock H, Hanley J, McCloughan L, et al. Effectiveness of telemonitoring integrated into existing clinical services on hospital admission for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: researcher blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2013 Oct 17;347:f6070. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3805483 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136634?tool=bestpractice.com 因为现有研究结论不一致,所以就当前远程医疗在加重预防或治疗中的作用,尚不能得出任何明确的普适性结论,[303]Franek J. Home telehealth for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12:1-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23074421 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074421?tool=bestpractice.com 因此目前不推荐将其用于加重预防。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2021 report. 2021 [internet publication]. https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports [83]Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest. 2015 Apr;147(4):894-942. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388124 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25321320?tool=bestpractice.com
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