流行病学
慢阻肺是排名全球第 4 位的致死原因,在美国是排名第 3 位的死亡原因。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2021 report. 2021 [internet publication]. https://goldcopd.org/2021-gold-reports [3]Hanania NA, Marciniuk DD. A unified front against COPD: clinical practice guidelines from the American College of Physicians, the American College of Chest Physicians, the American Thoracic Society, and the European Respiratory Society. Chest. 2011 Sep;140(3):565-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21896511?tool=bestpractice.com 在 1970-2002 年期间,由慢阻肺引起的病死率增加超过 100%。[4]Jemal A, Ward E, Hao Y. Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970-2002. JAMA. 2005 Sep 14;294(10):1255-9. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/201494 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16160134?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国,没有其他主要致死原因以如此快的速度增长。在全球范围内,慢阻肺占致死病因的比例在高收入国家为 3.8%,在低收入国家为 4.9%。[5]Mannino DM, Buist AS. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet. 2007 Sep 1;370(9589):765-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765526?tool=bestpractice.com
不同国家之间慢阻肺的患病率有很大差别。 [6]Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006 Jan;100(1):115-22. https://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111(05)00141-1/fulltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893923?tool=bestpractice.com [7]Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet. 2007 Sep 1;370(9589):741-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765523?tool=bestpractice.com [8]Menezes AM, Perez-Padilla R, Jardim JR, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five Latin American cities (the PLATINO study): a prevalence study. Lancet. 2005 Nov 26;366(9500):1875-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310554?tool=bestpractice.com 这可能和吸烟、室内和职业污染物的暴露程度不同有关。[5]Mannino DM, Buist AS. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet. 2007 Sep 1;370(9589):765-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765526?tool=bestpractice.com 在英国,1990-1997年间,经医生诊断的COPD的患病率在男性中为2%,女性中为1%。[9]Soriano JB, Maier WC, Egger P, et al. Recent trends in physician diagnosed COPD in women and men in the UK. Thorax. 2000 Sep;55(9):789-94. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1745847 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10950900?tool=bestpractice.com 过去,男性慢阻肺的发病率更高。这种差别认为主要是由于烟草和职业污染物的暴露多所致。调查发现慢阻肺在男性和女性的患病率趋于相等。[7]Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet. 2007 Sep 1;370(9589):741-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765523?tool=bestpractice.com [10]de Torres JP, Casanova C, Hernandez C, et al. Gender and COPD in patients attending a pulmonary clinic. Chest. 2005 Oct;128(4):2012-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16236849?tool=bestpractice.com 慢阻肺对健康资源是一个重要负担。[6]Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006 Jan;100(1):115-22. https://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111(05)00141-1/fulltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893923?tool=bestpractice.com 急性加重是慢阻肺患者病死率和致残率高的主要因素,而每年急性加重的次数(中位数)为 1-3 次。[11]Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A, et al. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 May;161(5):1608-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10806163?tool=bestpractice.com [12]Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, et al. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 May;157(5 Pt 1):1418-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9603117?tool=bestpractice.com 有明确证据显示慢阻肺临床表现重的患者整体病死率高。[6]Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006 Jan;100(1):115-22. https://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111(05)00141-1/fulltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893923?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,病死率可能被低估,因为这一人群死亡经常归因于其他原因例如其他呼吸疾病、肺癌和心血管疾病。[6]Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006 Jan;100(1):115-22. https://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111(05)00141-1/fulltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893923?tool=bestpractice.com
慢阻肺急性加重通常是由细菌或病毒感染、污染物或温度和湿度变化所诱发,表现为急性起病,患者的呼吸道症状、肺功能、健康状态和生活质量持续恶化。[11]Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A, et al. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 May;161(5):1608-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10806163?tool=bestpractice.com [13]Rodriguez-Roisin R. COPD exacerbations. 5: management. Thorax. 2006 Jun;61(6):535-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738044?tool=bestpractice.com [14]O'Donnell DE, Parker CM. COPD exacerbations. 3: Pathophysiology. Thorax. 2006 Apr;61(4):354-61. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104611 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565268?tool=bestpractice.com [15]Barberà JA, Roca J, Ferrer A, et al. Mechanisms of worsening gas exchange during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1997 Jun;10(6):1285-91. https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/10/6/1285.full.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9192930?tool=bestpractice.com [16]Cote CG, Dordelly LJ, Celli BR. Impact of COPD exacerbations on patient-centered outcomes. Chest. 2007 Mar;131(3):696-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17356082?tool=bestpractice.com [17]Spencer S, Jones PW; GLOBE Study Group. Time course of recovery of health status following an infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Thorax. 2003 Jul;58(7):589-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746751 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12832673?tool=bestpractice.com [18]Xu W, Collet JP, Shapiro S, et al. Negative impacts of unreported COPD exacerbations on health-related quality of life at 1 year. Eur Respir J. 2010 May;35(5):1022-30. https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/35/5/1022.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19897555?tool=bestpractice.com 冬季急性加重率和全因死亡率较高。[19]Rabe KF, Fabbri LM, Vogelmeier C, et al. Seasonal distribution of COPD exacerbations in the Prevention of Exacerbations with Tiotropium in COPD trial. Chest. 2013 Mar;143(3):711-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23188489?tool=bestpractice.com 慢阻肺急性加重,特别是中到重度的患者,对公共健康产生重大影响,增加医疗资源的使用、医疗花费,增加病死率。[20]Sutherland ER, Cherniack RM. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 24;350(26):2689-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215485?tool=bestpractice.com [21]Ai-Ping C, Lee KH, Lim TK. In-hospital and 5-year mortality of patients treated in the ICU for acute exacerbation of COPD: a retrospective study. Chest. 2005 Aug;128(2):518-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16100133?tool=bestpractice.com [22]Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, et al. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2002 Oct;57(10):847-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746193 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12324669?tool=bestpractice.com [23]Seneff MG, Wagner DP, Wagner RP, et al. Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA. 1995 Dec 20;274(23):1852-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7500534?tool=bestpractice.com [24]Soler-Cataluña JJ, Martínez-García MA, Román Sánchez P, et al. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005 Nov;60(11):925-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1747235 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16055622?tool=bestpractice.com 住院重度慢阻肺急性加重患者的早期死亡原因多为合并疾病,例如肺栓塞、肺炎或心力衰竭。 [25]Zvezdin B, Milutinov S, Kojicic M, et al. A postmortem analysis of major causes of early death in patients hospitalized with COPD exacerbation. Chest. 2009 Aug;136(2):376-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19318666?tool=bestpractice.com 在急性加重后的阶段,患者心肌梗死和卒中的风险仍高。[26]Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, Smith CJ, et al. Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke following exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2010 May;137(5):1091-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20022970?tool=bestpractice.com
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