慢阻肺患者疾病严重程度的差别很大。同样,急性加重的范围从非常轻微到严重甚至危及生命。慢阻肺患者致病和致死最常发生在急性加重的情况下。以往的研究估计因为急性加重而住院治疗的患者的病死率为 4%~30%。基于从1996全国住院样本数据的研究(美国马里兰州罗克维尔卫生保健研究与质量机构)发现急性加重患者整体住院病死率为 2.5%。[280]Patil SP, Krishnan JA, Lechtzin N, et al. In-hospital mortality following acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1180-1186.
http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/163/10/1180
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12767954?tool=bestpractice.com
在这一研究中,中位住院时间为 5 天,70% 的患者出院回家而没有接受进一步的家庭健康服务。住院死亡的患者表现为高龄、基础合并症重、住院时间长。不奇怪的是,接受机械通气的患者和未接受机械通气的患者相比病死率更高(28% vs 1.7%)。另一项研究发现,COPD 加重住院治疗后的 5 年死亡率约为 50%。[281]Hoogendoorn M, Hoogenveen RT, Rutten-van Mölken MP, et al. Case fatality of COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis and statistical modelling approach. Eur Respir J. 2011;37:508-515.
http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/37/3/508.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20595157?tool=bestpractice.com
再次住院治疗率和/或死亡率与较低的 FEV1、较高的 PaCO2、较低的 PaO2、较高的急性生理及慢性健康状况评分 II (APACHE II) 得分、较低的体质指数 (BMI)、高龄、共病和低体力活动水平相关。[226]Breen D, Churches T, Hawker F, et al. Acute respiratory failure secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated in the intensive care unit: a long term follow up study. Thorax. 2002 Jan;57(1):29-33.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/57/1/29.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809986?tool=bestpractice.com
[282]Dewan NA, Rafique S, Kanwar B, et al. Acute exacerbation of COPD: factors associated with poor treatment outcome. Chest. 2000 Mar;117(3):662-71.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10712989?tool=bestpractice.com
[283]Gunen H, Hacievliyagil SS, Kosar F, et al. Factors affecting survival of hospitalised patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2005 Aug;26(2):234-41.
http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/26/2/234.full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16055870?tool=bestpractice.com
[284]Garcia-Aymerich J, Farrero E, Felez MA, et al. Risk factors of readmission to hospital for a COPD exacerbation: a prospective study. Thorax. 2003 Feb;58(2):100-5.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/58/2/100.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12554887?tool=bestpractice.com
[285]Garcia-Aymerich J, Lange P, Benet M, et al. Regular physical activity reduces hospital admission and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population based cohort study. Thorax. 2006 Sep;61(9):772-8.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/61/9/772.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738033?tool=bestpractice.com
[286]Piquet J, Chavaillon JM, David P, et al. High-risk patients following hospitalisation for an acute exacerbation of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2013 Oct;42(4):946-55.
https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/42/4/946.long
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[287]Singanayagam A, Schembri S, Chalmers JD. Predictors of mortality in hospitalized adults with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013 Apr;10(2):81-9.
https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201208-043OC
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23607835?tool=bestpractice.com
多维 CODEX(合并症、气道阻塞、呼吸困难和既往重度急性加重)指数可预测 COPD 加重住院后 3 个月和 1 年的再入院率和存活率。[288]Almagro P, Soriano JB, Cabrera FJ, et al. Short- and medium-term prognosis in patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbation: the CODEX index. Chest. 2014 May;145(5):972-80.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24077342?tool=bestpractice.com