Outras apresentações
As pessoas que acabam morrendo tendem a desenvolver sinais clínicos no início da infecção, sendo que a morte (causada por choque e insuficiência de múltiplos órgãos) ocorre geralmente entre os dias 6 e 16 da infecção.[4]Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011 Jul;17(7):964-76.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03535.x/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722250?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]McElroy AK, Erickson BR, Flietstra TD, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: novel biomarker correlates of clinical outcome. J Infect Dis. 2014 Aug 15;210(4):558-66.
https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/210/4/558.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24526742?tool=bestpractice.com
[14]Mahanty S, Bray M. Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004 Aug;4(8):487-98.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(04)01103-X/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15288821?tool=bestpractice.com
[15]Yan T, Mu J, Qin E, et al. Clinical characteristics of 154 patients suspected of having Ebola disease in the Ebola holding centre of Jui government hospital in Sierra Leone during the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015 Oct;34(10):2089-95.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26223324?tool=bestpractice.com
Manifestações hemorrágicas (por exemplo, epistaxe, sangramento gengival, hemoptise, facilidade para formação de hematomas, sangramento conjuntival, hematúria, exsudação do local da injeção ou punção venosa) estavam presentes em 30% a 36% dos pacientes infectados nos surtos anteriores; no entanto, elas foram relatadas somente em 5% a 18% dos pacientes no surto de 2014.[8]Barrette RW, Metwally SA, Rowland JM, et al. Discovery of swine as a host for the Reston ebolavirus. Science. 2009 Jul 10;325(5937):204-6.
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5937/204.full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19590002?tool=bestpractice.com
[16]Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2011 Nov;204 Suppl 3:S810-6.
https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S810.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987756?tool=bestpractice.com
[17]Bwaka MA, Bonnet MJ, Calain P, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical observations in 103 patients. J Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;179 Suppl 1:S1-7.
https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/179/Supplement_1/S1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988155?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]WHO Ebola Response Team. Ebola virus disease in West Africa: the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1481-95.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244186?tool=bestpractice.com
[19]Dallatomasinas S, Crestani R, Squire JS, et al. Ebola outbreak in rural West Africa: epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes. Trop Med Int Health. 2015 Apr;20(4):448-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25565430?tool=bestpractice.com
Um sangramento massivo geralmente é observado apenas nos casos fatais e, normalmente, ocorre no trato gastrointestinal (por exemplo, diarreia hemorrágica, melena).[16]Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2011 Nov;204 Suppl 3:S810-6.
https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S810.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987756?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]Bah EI, Lamah MC, Fletcher T, et al. Clinical presentation of patients with Ebola virus disease in Conakry, Guinea. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 1;372(1):40-7.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411249#t=article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372658?tool=bestpractice.com
[21]Chertow DS, Kleine C, Edwards JK, et al. Ebola virus disease in West Africa - clinical manifestations and management. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 27;371(22):2054-7.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1413084
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372854?tool=bestpractice.com
[22]Schieffelin JS, Shaffer JG, Goba A, et al; KGH Lassa Fever Program; Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium; WHO Clinical Response Team. Clinical illness and outcomes in patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 27;371(22):2092-100.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411680#t=article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25353969?tool=bestpractice.com
Um sangramento interno pode não ser percebido se não houver sinais externos.
Outros sinais que indicam infecção grave ou avançada incluem soluços, hipotensão, taquicardia, hepatomegalia, esplenomegalia, confusão e crises convulsivas.
Até metade dos pacientes desenvolve um exantema maculopapular, que pode se tornar purpúreo ou petequial em pacientes com coagulopatia.[16]Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2011 Nov;204 Suppl 3:S810-6.
https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S810.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987756?tool=bestpractice.com
[23]Nkoghe D, Leroy EM, Toung-Mve M, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of filovirus infections. Int J Dermatol. 2012 Sep;51(9):1037-43.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22909355?tool=bestpractice.com