病史和体格检查
关键诊断因素
常见
发热
据报道出现于约 64.6% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 持续时间可能较长,且呈间歇性,部分患者可能出现畏寒/寒战。在儿童中,可能无发热,或呈现短暂发热,并迅速消失。[638]Islam MA, Kundu S, Alam SS, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis of 17515 patients. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0249788. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249788 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33822812?tool=bestpractice.com [639]Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 23;382(17):1663-5. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2005073 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32187458?tool=bestpractice.com 来自英国 COVID 症状研究的数据报告,发热是未接种疫苗者中最常见的症状之一,而不太常见于已接种疫苗者中。[640]ZOE COVID Symptom Study. What are the new top 5 COVID symptoms? 2021 [internet publication]. https://covid.joinzoe.com/post/new-top-5-covid-symptoms
咳嗽
据报道出现于约 53.6% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 通常为干咳;然而,部分患者出现咳痰。感染后可以持续数周或数月。[641]Song WJ, Hui CKM, Hull JH, et al. Confronting COVID-19-associated cough and the post-COVID syndrome: role of viral neurotropism, neuroinflammation, and neuroimmune responses. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 May;9(5):533-44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8041436 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33857435?tool=bestpractice.com 英国 COVID 症状研究数据报告称,持续性咳嗽是充分接种疫苗、部分接种疫苗和未接种疫苗者最常见症状之一。[640]ZOE COVID Symptom Study. What are the new top 5 COVID symptoms? 2021 [internet publication]. https://covid.joinzoe.com/post/new-top-5-covid-symptoms
呼吸困难
据报道出现于约 19.8% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 与疾病严重程度增加具有相关性。[642]Talukder A, Razu SR, Alif SM, et al. Association between symptoms and severity of disease in hospitalised novel coronavirus (COVID-19) patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022 May 12;15:1101-10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9113266 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35592814?tool=bestpractice.com 据报道,哮鸣出现于 16.9% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com
嗅觉/味觉改变
据报道,嗅觉丧失出现于约 18.7% 患者,味觉缺失出现于约 17.4% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 在既往流行的 SARS-CoV-2 变体中更为致病,但奥密克戎变体感染者中则发病更少。[495]Struyf T, Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, et al. Signs and symptoms to determine if a patient presenting in primary care or hospital outpatient settings has COVID-19 disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Feb 23;(2):CD013665. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013665.pub2/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33620086?tool=bestpractice.com [508]Menni C, Valdes AM, Polidori L, et al. Symptom prevalence, duration, and risk of hospital admission in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during periods of omicron and delta variant dominance: a prospective observational study from the ZOE COVID Study. Lancet. 2022 Apr 23;399(10335):1618-24. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)00327-0/fulltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35397851?tool=bestpractice.com [643]Cardoso CC, Rossi ÁD, Galliez RM, et al. Olfactory dysfunction in patients with mild COVID-19 during Gamma, Delta, and Omicron waves in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. JAMA. 2022 Jun 24 [Epub ahead of print]. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2793811 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35749125?tool=bestpractice.com [644]Esmaeili M, Abdi F, Shafiee G, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in 2019 novel coronavirus: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Prev Med. 2021 Dec 14;12:170. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8724794 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35070203?tool=bestpractice.com 可能是其他症状发作前的早期症状,亦可能是唯一症状。[645]Eliezer M, Hautefort C, Hamel AL, et al. Sudden and complete olfactory loss function as a possible symptom of COVID-19. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Jul 1;146(7):674-5. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2764417 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32267483?tool=bestpractice.com 多数患者在 30 天内恢复。[646]Jafar A, Lasso A, Shorr R, et al. Olfactory recovery following infection with COVID-19: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2021 Nov 9;16(11):e0259321. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8577770 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34752471?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,约 5% 患者可能出现持续性嗅觉或味觉功能障碍。[647]Tan BKJ, Han R, Zhao JJ, et al. Prognosis and persistence of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with covid-19: meta-analysis with parametric cure modelling of recovery curves. BMJ. 2022 Jul 27;378:e069503. https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2021-069503 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35896188?tool=bestpractice.com 多数患者在 1 至 2 周内恢复。[648]Renaud M, Thibault C, Le Normand F, et al. Clinical outcomes for patients with anosmia 1 year after COVID-19 diagnosis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jun 1;4(6):e2115352. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2781319 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34165581?tool=bestpractice.com [649]Boscolo-Rizzo P, Fabbris C, Polesel J, et al. Two-year prevalence and recovery rate of altered sense of smell or taste in patients with mildly symptomatic COVID-19. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022 Sep 1;148(9):889-91. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2794937 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35925596?tool=bestpractice.com 据报道,嗅觉倒错(对气味的感知发生扭曲)是一种迟发性症状。[650]Walker A, Kelly C, Pottinger G, et al. Parosmia: a common consequence of covid-19. BMJ. 2022 Apr 27;377:e069860. https://www.bmj.com/content/377/bmj-2021-069860 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35477684?tool=bestpractice.com 许多药物与味觉和嗅觉改变有关(例如抗生素、ACE 抑制剂),应在鉴别诊断时加以考虑。[651]Ferraro S, Tuccori M, Convertino I, et al. Olfactory and gustatory impairments in COVID-19 patients: role in early diagnosis and interferences by concomitant drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 May;87(5):2186-8. https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bcp.14634 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33185930?tool=bestpractice.com
其他诊断因素
常见
乏力
据报道出现于约 29.4% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 即使轻度疾病患者,乏力和衰竭也可能极端明显,并迁延不愈。
肌痛或关节痛
据报道,肌痛出现于约 18.7% 患者,关节痛出现于约 7.5% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 罕有关节炎报道。[652]Chaudhry ZS, Nellessen N, Reis C, et al. The development of inflammatory arthritis following SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review of the literature. Fam Pract. 2022 Apr 8 [Epub ahead of print]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35395090?tool=bestpractice.com
咽痛
据报道出现于约 12.4% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 通常在临床病程早期出现。英国 COVID 症状研究数据报告称,咽痛是充分接种疫苗、部分接种疫苗和未接种疫苗者最常见症状之一。[640]ZOE COVID Symptom Study. What are the new top 5 COVID symptoms? 2021 [internet publication]. https://covid.joinzoe.com/post/new-top-5-covid-symptoms
头痛
据报道出现于约 11% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 英国 COVID 症状研究数据报告称,头痛是充分接种疫苗、部分接种疫苗和未接种疫苗者最常见症状之一。[640]ZOE COVID Symptom Study. What are the new top 5 COVID symptoms? 2021 [internet publication]. https://covid.joinzoe.com/post/new-top-5-covid-symptoms
流涕或鼻塞
据报道,约 7% 患者出现流涕,5.1% 患者出现鼻塞。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 来自英国 COVID 症状研究的数据报告,大量流涕是完全和部分接种者以及未接种者中最常见的症状之一,鼻塞是完全接种者最常见的症状之一。[640]ZOE COVID Symptom Study. What are the new top 5 COVID symptoms? 2021 [internet publication]. https://covid.joinzoe.com/post/new-top-5-covid-symptoms
喷嚏
据报道出现于约 4.4% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 英国 COVID 症状研究数据报告称,打喷嚏是部分接种疫苗者的最常见症状之一,但在未接种疫苗者中较为少见。[640]ZOE COVID Symptom Study. What are the new top 5 COVID symptoms? 2021 [internet publication]. https://covid.joinzoe.com/post/new-top-5-covid-symptoms
咳痰
据报道出现于约 23.4% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com
胸痛/胸闷
据报道,约有 12.7% 患者出现胸闷,5.8% 患者出现胸痛。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 可能提示肺炎。
不适感
据报道出现于约 12.1% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com
头晕
据报道出现于约 7.2% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 可能是病毒影响前庭功能的直接后果,亦可能是缺氧、脱水或发热的间接影响。[653]Korres G, Kitsos DK, Kaski D, et al. The prevalence of dizziness and vertigo in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review. Brain Sci. 2022 Jul 20;12(7):948. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9313303 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35884754?tool=bestpractice.com
意识模糊或谵妄
据报道,意识模糊出现于约 6.4% 患者,谵妄出现于约 17.5% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 谵妄与死亡率升高 3 倍具有相关性,而且在 >65 岁者中,发病率增加。[654]Shao SC, Lai CC, Chen YH, et al. Prevalence, incidence and mortality of delirium in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021 Sep 11;50(5):1445-53. https://academic.oup.com/ageing/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ageing/afab103/6274714 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33984129?tool=bestpractice.com 谵妄的危险因素包括使用苯二氮卓类药物和缺乏家庭探访。[655]Pun BT, Badenes R, Heras La Calle G, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): a multicentre cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Mar;9(3):239-50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7832119 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33428871?tool=bestpractice.com
胃肠道症状
一般不到 20% 的患者报告该症状。据报道,厌食、腹泻、恶心、呕吐和腹痛分别发生于 12.9%、8.1%、6.7%、5.5% 和 3.7% 的患者中。其他较少见的症状包括便秘、烧心、呕血、黑便和便血。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 更常见于儿童。[498]Irfan O, Muttalib F, Tang K, et al. Clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes of paediatric COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2021 Feb 16;106(5):440-8. https://adc.bmj.com/content/106/5/440.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33593743?tool=bestpractice.com 与疾病严重程度升高具有相关性。[656]Bolia R, Dhanesh Goel A, Badkur M, et al. Gastrointestinal manifestations of pediatric coronavirus disease and their relationship with a severe clinical course: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trop Pediatr. 2021 May 17;67(2):fmab051. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8244720 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34050766?tool=bestpractice.com [657]Aziz M, Haghbin H, Lee-Smith W, et al. Gastrointestinal predictors of severe COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Gastroenterol. 2020 Nov-Dec;33(6):615-30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7599357 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33162738?tool=bestpractice.com [658]Zeng W, Qi K, Ye M, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms are associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Feb 1;34(2):168-76. https://journals.lww.com/eurojgh/Abstract/9000/Gastrointestinal_symptoms_are_associated_with.97315.aspx http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33470700?tool=bestpractice.com 病毒 RNA 长期通过粪便脱落者可出现持续性胃肠道症状。[659]Natarajan A, Zlitni S, Brooks EF, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA suggest prolonged gastrointestinal infection. Med (N Y). 2022 Jun 10;3(6):371-87. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666634022001672 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35434682?tool=bestpractice.com
皮肤症状
一般不到 20% 的患者报告该症状。据报道,皮疹、冻疮样病变、荨麻疹、水痘样水疱、网状青斑分别发生于 14%、24.6%、16.8%、16.2% 和 4.6% 的患者中。病变可能表现为红斑样、水疱样、脓疱样、糜烂、水肿、瘀点或伴瘙痒。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 可能是儿童或成人唯一的或首发表现。[660]Visconti A, Bataille V, Rossi N, et al. Diagnostic value of cutaneous manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Br J Dermatol 2021 May;184(5):880-7. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjd.19807 [661]Schwartzberg LN, Advani S, Clancy DC, et al. A systematic review of dermatologic manifestations among adult patients with COVID-19 diagnosis. Skin Health Dis. 2021 Jun;1(2):e20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8250095 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34235511?tool=bestpractice.com [662]Dondi A, Sperti G, Gori D, et al. Epidemiology and clinical evolution of non-multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) dermatological lesions in pediatric patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr. 2022 Oct;181(10):3577-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9365226 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35948654?tool=bestpractice.com 严重和潜在致死性皮肤粘膜表现已见诸报道。[663]Mashayekhi F, Seirafianpour F, Pour Mohammad A, et al. Severe and life-threatening COVID-19-related mucocutaneous eruptions: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Aug 19:e14720. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijcp.14720 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34411409?tool=bestpractice.com 需要进一步的数据来更充分地理解皮肤受累情况和是否存在因果关系,因为存在相互矛盾的证据。[664]Discepolo V, Catzola A, Pierri L, et al. Bilateral chilblain-like lesions of the toes characterized by microvascular remodeling in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jun 1;4(6):e2111369. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2780866 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34110396?tool=bestpractice.com [665]Gehlhausen JR, Little AJ, Ko CJ, et al. Lack of association between pandemic chilblains and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Mar 1;119(9):e2122090119. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8892496 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35217624?tool=bestpractice.com [666]Christie B. Sixty seconds on . . . covid toe. BMJ. 2022 Mar 21;376:o742. https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj.o742 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35314478?tool=bestpractice.com
British Association of Dermatologists: Covid-19 skin patterns Opens in new window
眼部症状
通常出现于 5% 至 20% 患者。据报道,干眼出现于 14.5% 患者,流泪出现于 12.8% 患者,瘙痒出现于 9.2% 患者,眼痛出现于 6.9% 患者,结膜炎出现于 5.5% 患者。其他次常见症状包括畏光、球结膜水肿、结膜充血、视物模糊和眼睑水肿。在儿童和孕妇中相对较为少见。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 可为首发症状。通常较轻,无并发症。[667]Inomata T, Kitazawa K, Kuno T, et al. Clinical and prodromal ocular symptoms in coronavirus disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020 Aug 3;61(10):29. https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2770655 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32797198?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,视网膜并发症亦见诸报道。[668]Sen S, Kannan NB, Kumar J, et al. Retinal manifestations in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenetic implications: a systematic review. Int Ophthalmol. 2021 Aug 11 [Epub ahead of print]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8356207 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34379290?tool=bestpractice.com [669]Ullah I, Sohail A, Shah MUFA, et al. Central retinal vein occlusion in patients with COVID-19 infection: a systematic review. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021 Oct 8:102898. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8500694 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34659743?tool=bestpractice.com [670]Modjtahedi BS, Do D, Luong TQ, et al. Changes in the incidence of retinal vascular occlusions after COVID-19 diagnosis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022 Apr 14 [Epub ahead of print]. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2790988 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35420643?tool=bestpractice.com 与疾病严重程度升高具有相关性。[671]Zhong Y, Wang K, Zhu Y, et al. Ocular manifestations in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2021 Nov-Dec;44:102191. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8574127 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34763068?tool=bestpractice.com
不常见
肺炎或急性呼吸窘迫征象
支气管呼吸音可能提示肺炎。急性呼吸窘迫患者可出现呼吸急促、心动过速、(听诊可闻及)干/湿啰音或发绀。
咯血
据报道出现于约 1.8% 患者。[497]Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9353366 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909298?tool=bestpractice.com 可能是肺栓塞症状之一。[672]Casey K, Iteen A, Nicolini R, et al. COVID-19 pneumonia with hemoptysis: acute segmental pulmonary emboli associated with novel coronavirus infection. Am J Emerg Med. 2020 Jul;38(7):1544. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7141630 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32312574?tool=bestpractice.com
听觉-前庭症状
分别有 7.6%、14.8% 和 7.2% 患者报告称突发感音神经性耳聋(sudden sensorineural hearing loss, SSNHL)、耳鸣和旋转性眩晕。耳痛亦有所报道。[673]Almufarrij I, Munro KJ. One year on: an updated systematic review of SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and audio-vestibular symptoms. Int J Audiol. 2021 Mar 22:1-11. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14992027.2021.1896793 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33750252?tool=bestpractice.com COVID-19 患者中 SSNHL 相关数据并不一致且存在矛盾。因此,尚不清楚 COVID-19 是否会诱发 SSNHL。[674]Meng X, Wang J, Sun J, et al. COVID-19 and sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review. Front Neurol. 2022 Apr 28;13:883749. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9096262 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35572936?tool=bestpractice.com
口腔粘膜病损
阿弗他溃疡、出血性溃疡和坏死性溃疡已见于 36.3% 的患者。其他病损包括脓疱、黑斑、大疱、斑丘疹性粘膜疹和多形性红斑样皮损。[675]Erbaş GS, Botsali A, Erden N, et al. COVID-19-related oral mucosa lesions among confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients: a systematic review. Int J Dermatol. 2022 Jan;61(1):20-32. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijd.15889 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34549816?tool=bestpractice.com SARS-CoV-2 相关性反应性感染性皮肤粘膜皮疹亦已见诸报道。[676]Holcomb ZE, Hussain S, Huang JT, et al. Reactive infectious mucocutaneous eruption associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Dermatol. 2021 May 1;157(5):603-5. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/2778169 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33825803?tool=bestpractice.com 尚不清楚口腔病损来自于病毒感染、感染的全身性结局、继发于固有合并症,亦或是患者可能服用的药物。[677]Bhujel N, Zaheer K, Singh RP. Oral mucosal lesions in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021 Nov;59(9):1024-30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8233061 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34563354?tool=bestpractice.com
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