恢复期血浆
正在进行临床试验,以确定含有严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)抗体的恢复期血浆在 COVID-19 患者中的安全性和有效性。在美国,食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)已发出对恢复期血浆的紧急使用授权,用于住院患者 COVID-19 治疗。[642]US Food and Drug Administration. FDA issues emergency use authorization for convalescent plasma as potential promising COVID–19 treatment, another achievement in administration’s fight against pandemic. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-convalescent-plasma-potential-promising-covid-19-treatment
在此之前,进行了一项对 35,000 余名患者进行的开放标签、多中心、扩展获取计划预印本(未经同行评审)研究,其提示诊断后 3 天内给予恢复期血浆,可使住院患者 7 日死亡率降低 9%,若在 4 天后或更长时间后给予,则降低 12%。[643]Joyner MJ, Senefeld JW, Klassen SA, et al; medRxiv. Effect of convalescent plasma on mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19: initial three-month experience. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.20169359v1
对总共 5444 名患者进行的荟萃分析和系统评价发现,恢复期血浆的使用降低了死亡率,增加了病毒清除率,并改善了 COVID-19 患者临床状况;然而,证据质量较为低下,需行进一步随机对照试验。[644]Sarkar S, Soni KD, Khanna P. Convalescent plasma a clutch at straws in COVID-19 management! A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020 Aug 10 [Epub ahead of print].
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmv.26408
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32776573?tool=bestpractice.com
一项在中度疾病住院患者中进行的开放标签、随机对照试验发现,恢复期血浆与减少重症进展或全因死亡无相关性。[645]Agarwal A, Mukherjee A, Kumar G, et al. Convalescent plasma in the management of moderate covid-19 in adults in India: open label phase II multicentre randomised controlled trial (PLACID trial). BMJ. 2020 Oct 22;371:m3939.
https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m3939
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33093056?tool=bestpractice.com
Cochrane 评价作者不确定恢复期血浆是否可使住院 COVID-19 患者获益。目前关于恢复期血浆用于治疗住院患者的安全性和有效性的证据的确定性低或极低。[646]Chai KL, Valk SJ, Piechotta V, et al. Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Oct 12;10:CD013600.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013600.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33044747?tool=bestpractice.com
美国国立卫生研究院称,目前尚无充分证据支持或反对使用恢复期血浆治疗 COVID-19。[3]National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2020 [internet publication].
https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
美国传染病学会仅在临床试验背景下建议给予恢复期血浆。[543]Bhimraj A, Morgan RL, Hirsch Shumaker A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines on the treatment and management of patients with COVID-19 infection. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/covid-19-guideline-treatment-and-management/
单克隆抗体治疗
SARS-CoV-2 单克隆抗体有望用于 COVID-19 预防和治疗。 此类抗体与 SARS-CoV-2 表面刺突蛋白受体结合域结合,从而阻止病毒与血管紧张素转换酶 2(angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, ACE2)宿主细胞表面受体结合。[647]Marovich M, Mascola JR, Cohen MS. Monoclonal antibodies for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020 Jun 15 [Epub ahead of print].
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2767383
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32539093?tool=bestpractice.com
多抗体鸡尾酒治疗目前已在进行临床试验。REGN-COV2(REGN10933 联合 RGN10987)正在进行住院和门诊治疗 2/3 期临床试验。[648]ClinicalTrials.gov. Study assessing the efficacy and safety of anti-spike SARS CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies for prevention of SARS CoV-2 infection asymptomatic in healthy adults who are household contacts to an individual with a positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assay. 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04452318
制药商的一份新闻稿指出,REGN-COV2 减少了病毒载量,并减少了门诊患者对于其他诊疗的需求。[649]Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Regeneron's COVID-19 outpatient trial prospectively demonstrates that REGN-COV2 antibody cocktail significantly reduced virus levels and need for further medical attention. 2020 [internet publication].
https://investor.regeneron.com/news-releases/news-release-details/regenerons-covid-19-outpatient-trial-prospectively-demonstrates
制药商已向美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)提交了一项申请,授权对轻中度疾病,有较高不良结局风险的成人门诊患者,进行紧急使用。在住院患者试验中,由于潜在的安全信号和暂时不利的风险/获益,因此需要高流量给氧或机械通气的患者暂停入组。但是,无需给氧或仅予低流量给氧的住院患者入组招募仍在继续。[650]Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. REGN-COV2 independent data monitoring committee recommends holding enrollment in hospitalized patients with high oxygen requirements and continuing enrollment in patients with low or no oxygen requirements. 2020 [internet publication].
https://investor.regeneron.com/news-releases/news-release-details/regn-cov2-independent-data-monitoring-committee-recommends
英国 RECOVERY 临床试验正在研究在常规标准护理的基础上加用 REGN-COV2(与仅进行标准护理相比较)是否会影响患者 28天全因死亡率。[651]Mahase E. Covid-19: RECOVERY trial will evaluate "antiviral antibody cocktail". BMJ. 2020 Sep 15;370:m3584.
https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m3584
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32933902?tool=bestpractice.com
目前仅推荐在临床试验背景下使用 REGN-COV2。[652]Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine; Ferner RE, Aronson JK. Monoclonal antibodies directed against SARS-CoV-2: synthetic neutralizing antibodies, the REGN-COV2 antibody cocktail. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/monoclonal-antibodies-directed-against-sars-cov-2-synthetic-neutralizing-antibodies-the-regn-cov2-antibody-cocktail/
LY-CoV016 和 LY-CoV555(bamlanivimab)联合给药目前正在进行轻中度疾病患者随机、安慰剂对照 2 期试验。中期结果显示,该药物联合应用,可在第 11 天降低病毒载量,减轻症状严重程度,并减少住院治疗。[653]Chen P, Nirula A, Heller B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 in outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 28 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2029849
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33113295?tool=bestpractice.com
制药商已向 FDA 提出 LY-CoV555 紧急使用许可申请,可用于近期被诊断为轻中度疾病的高危患者单药治疗,并预期不久后将提交联合治疗申请。另一项研究 bamlanivimab 对于住院患者疗效的试验已被暂停,原因在于试验数据表明 bamlanivimab 不易帮助住院患者从晚期疾病中得到恢复。关于 bamlanivimab 的其他研究仍在继续进行,包括近期诊断为轻中度疾病、在门诊环境中近期确诊,以及长期照护机构中居住者和员工的疾病预防。[654]Eli Lilly and Company. Lilly statement regarding NIH’s ACTIV-3 clinical trial. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.lilly.com/news/stories/statement-activ3-clinical-trial-nih-covid19
鸡尾酒治疗 AZD7442(AZD8895 联合 AZD1061)目前处于 2 期试验,并有望进入 3 期试验。来自恢复患者的长效抗体做为鸡尾酒疗法整合入治疗方案,已在进行设计,期望延长抗体半衰期,并期望给药后将防护时间延长到 6 至 12 个月。[655]AstraZeneca. COVID-19 long-acting antiBody (LAAB) combination AZD7442 rapidly advances into phase III clinical trials. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.astrazeneca.com/content/astraz/media-centre/press-releases/2020/covid-19-long-acting-antibody-laab-combination-azd7442-rapidly-advances-into-phase-iii-clinical-trials.html
羟氯喹/氯喹
羟氯喹和氯喹为口服药物,可用于预防和治疗疟疾,以及用于部分自身免疫性疾病治疗。两种药物均显示出抗 SARS-CoV-2 体外活性;然而,由于羟氯喹不良反应更轻,因此在试验中更为常用。[656]Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020 Mar;30(3):269-71.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-020-0282-0
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32020029?tool=bestpractice.com
[657]Cortegiani A, Ingoglia G, Ippolito M, et al. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. J Crit Care. 2020 Jun;57:279-83.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944120303907
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32173110?tool=bestpractice.com
羟氯喹临床试验初步数据似乎较为乐观。[658]Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Mar 20:105949.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920300996
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32205204?tool=bestpractice.com
[659]Chen Z, Hu J, Zhang Z, et al; medRxiv. Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758v2.full.pdf
[660]Tang W, Cao Z, Han M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: open label, randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2020 May 14;369:m1849.
https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1849
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32409561?tool=bestpractice.com
然而,对当前证据进行的系统评价(截至 9 月 21 日)得出结论称,来自试验研究和队列研究的低效力证据表明羟氯喹对全因死亡率或机械通气需求无积极影响。试验研究的低效力证据表明羟氯喹对气管插管或死亡及出院无积极影响,而队列研究关于这些结局的证据则仍不够充分。数据不足以支持羟氯喹对其他结局的治疗获益(例如重症监护病房收治、症状缓解)。对门诊患者起始使用羟氯喹的试验中,证据不足以表明它可以减少住院治疗;然而,队列研究证据不足。[661]Hernandez AV, Roman YM, Pasupuleti V, et al. Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for treatment or prophylaxis of COVID-19: a living systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2020 May 27 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-2496
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32459529?tool=bestpractice.com
[662]Hernandez AV, Roman YM, Pasupuleti V, et al. Update alert 3: hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for the treatment or prophylaxis of COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Oct 21 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/L20-1257
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33085507?tool=bestpractice.com
一项预印本荟萃分析发现,在非住院患者中早期使用羟氯喹,可将感染、住院和死亡风险(共同归为复合结局 - 研究限制)降低 24%,严重心脏不良事件未见报道。[663]Ladapo JA, McKinnon JE, McCullough PA, et al; medRxiv. Randomized controlled trials of early ambulatory hydroxychloroquine in the prevention of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death: meta-analysis. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.20204693v1
针对 43 个主要为回顾性或前瞻性观察性预印本研究的系统评价亦发现,对于门诊患者早期加以使用,可见疗效。[664]Prodromos C, Rumschlag T. Hydroxychloroquine is effective, and consistently so used early, for Covid-19: a systematic review. New Microbes New Infect. 2020 Oct 5:100776.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7534595/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33042552?tool=bestpractice.com
羟氯喹用以预防 COVID-19(主要是针对医务工作者)的研究正在进行中。一项针对 132 名医务工作者的随机双盲安慰剂对照试验发现,与使用安慰剂相比,每天接受羟氯喹治疗达 8 周的受试者感染率无显著差异,并且在羟氯喹组中,轻度不良反应更为常见。然而,该试验已提前终止,可能不具有足够效能发现有重要临床意义的差异。[665]Abella BS, Jolkovsky EL, Biney BT, et al. Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine vs placebo for pre-exposure SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis among health care workers: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Sep 30 [Epub ahead of print].
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2771265
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33001138?tool=bestpractice.com
WHO 和美国国立卫生研究院以缺乏疗效为由,提前中止了羟氯喹临床试验。WHO 团结试验中期结果发现,羟氯喹似乎对住院患者 28 天死亡率或住院疗程几乎不具影响。[566]Pan H, Peto R, Karim QA, et al; medRxiv. Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19 – interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.20209817v1
UK RECOVERY 试验结果发现,与常规诊疗相比,羟氯喹未降低 28 天死亡风险。[666]RECOVERY Collaborative Group; Horby P, Mafham M, Linsell L, et al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 8 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2022926
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33031652?tool=bestpractice.com
美国国立卫生研究院指南制定组不建议在 COVID-19 治疗中使用羟氯喹或氯喹。指南组建议勿对非住院患者同时使用这两种药物,除非是在临床试验中。[3]National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2020 [internet publication].
https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
根据中等质量证据,美国传染病学会强烈不建议使用羟氯喹或氯喹(联合或不联合阿奇霉素)治疗住院 COVID-19 患者。[543]Bhimraj A, Morgan RL, Hirsch Shumaker A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines on the treatment and management of patients with COVID-19 infection. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/covid-19-guideline-treatment-and-management/
由于 FDA 认为羟氯喹和氯喹的潜在获益不再高于已知和潜在风险,故撤回其紧急使用授权。[582]Moores LK, Tritschler T, Brosnahan S, et al. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VTE in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2020 Jun 2 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7265858/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32502594?tool=bestpractice.com
羟氯喹和氯喹若加以使用,则应对于固有心血管疾病者保持慎重,因其具有引发心律不齐风险,治疗前建议进行基线心电图检查,尤其是对于危重患者。[667]Roden DM, Harrington RA, Poppas A, et al. Considerations for drug interactions on QTc in exploratory COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) treatment. Circulation. 2020 Jun 16;141(24):e906-7.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047521
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32267732?tool=bestpractice.com
[668]Kamp TJ, Hamdan MH, January CT. Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: is cardiotoxicity a concern? J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 May 28:e016887.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/JAHA.120.016887
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32463308?tool=bestpractice.com
此类药物与其他延长 QT 间期的药物(例如阿奇霉素)联合使用时,需提高警惕,因其具有 QT 间期延长效应和/或室性心动过速效应(包括尖端扭转性室性心动过速)。[669]Bessière F, Roccia H, Delinière A, et al. Assessment of QT intervals in a case series of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection treated with hydroxychloroquine alone or in combination with azithromycin in an intensive care unit. JAMA Cardiol. 2020 May 1 [Epub ahead of print].
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2765633
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32356858?tool=bestpractice.com
[670]Mercuro NJ, Yen CF, Shim DJ, et al. Risk of QT interval prolongation associated with use of hydroxychloroquine with or without concomitant azithromycin among hospitalized patients testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020 May 1 [Epub ahead of print].
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2765631
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32356863?tool=bestpractice.com
[671]Nguyen LS, Dolladille C, Drici MD, et al. Cardiovascular toxicities associated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: an analysis of the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database. Circulation. 2020 May 22 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048238
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32442023?tool=bestpractice.com
吸入性脂质体羟氯喹 1 期试验已获批准。[672]TLC. TLC receives Australian and Taiwan approval to initiate phase I clinical trial of TLC19 inhalable liposomal hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.tlcbio.com/en-global/press-releases/detail/News_20201007
洛匹那韦/利托那韦
口服抗逆转录病毒蛋白酶抑制剂目前被批准用于 HIV 感染治疗。洛匹那韦/利托那韦已用于 COVID-19 治疗的临床试验。某一小型病例系列研究结果发现,洛匹那韦/利托那韦临床获益证据不明确。[673]Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, et al. Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA. 2020 Mar 3;323(15):1488-94.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762688
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32125362?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 200 名重症患者随机对照试验发现,与单纯给予标准治疗(即必要时给予氧气、无创和有创通气、抗生素、血管加压药物、肾脏替代治疗和体外膜氧合)相比,使用洛匹那韦/利托那韦加标准治疗与临床改善时间缩短无显著关联,两组间 28 天死亡率较为接近。[674]Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020 May 7;382(19):1787-99.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121492/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32187464?tool=bestpractice.com
英国 RECOVERY 试验结果发现,洛匹那韦/利托那韦对 COVID-19 住院患者无益。两个治疗组(洛匹那韦/利托那韦与仅接受常规治疗)的 28 天死亡率、进展为需要机械通气或死亡的风险以及住院时间无显著差异。[675]RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Lopinavir-ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2020 Oct 5 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32013-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33031764?tool=bestpractice.com
WHO 团结试验中期结果发现,洛匹那韦/利托那韦似乎对住院患者 28 天死亡率或住院疗程几乎不具影响。[566]Pan H, Peto R, Karim QA, et al; medRxiv. Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19 – interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.20209817v1
但是,洛匹那韦/利托那韦可能缩短症状消退所需时间。[542]Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, et al. Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020 Jul 30;370:m2980.
https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m2980
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32732190?tool=bestpractice.com
洛匹那韦/利托那韦可致 QT 间期延长,并可增加心动过缓风险,尤其是对于老年、危重患者。[676]Beyls C, Martin N, Hermida A, et al. Lopinavir-ritonavir treatment for COVID-19 infection in intensive care unit: risk of bradycardia. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020 Aug;13(8):e008798.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCEP.120.008798
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32809882?tool=bestpractice.com
美国国立卫生研究院指南制定组不建议在 COVID-19 治疗中使用洛匹那韦/利托那韦,除非是在临床试验中。[3]National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2020 [internet publication].
https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine: lopinavir/ritonavir – a rapid review of effectiveness in COVID-19
Opens in new window
静脉注射免疫球蛋白
静脉注射免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIG)正在某些 COVID-19 患者中进行试验。[5]Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):507-13.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30211-7/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32007143?tool=bestpractice.com
[677]Jawhara S. Could intravenous immunoglobulin collected from recovered coronavirus patients protect against COVID-19 and strengthen the immune system of new patients? Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Mar 25;21(7).
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/7/2272/htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32218340?tool=bestpractice.com
一项对 58 例 COVID-19 重症患者进行的回顾性研究发现,IVIG 在入院 48 小时内用作辅助治疗,可减少机械通气的使用,减少病房/重症监护病房住院时间,并降低 28 天死亡率;但是,该研究有多重局限性。[678]Xie Y, Cao S, Li Q, et al. Effect of regular intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on prognosis of severe pneumonia in patients with COVID-19. J Infect. 2020 Apr 10 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(20)30172-9/pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32283154?tool=bestpractice.com
目前尚无充分证据建议使用 IVIG 进行 COVID-19 治疗。[679]Zhang J, Yang Y, Yang N, et al. Effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin for children with severe COVID-19: a rapid review. Ann Transl Med. 2020 May;8(10):625.
http://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/43600/html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32566562?tool=bestpractice.com
美国国立卫生研究院指南制定小组不建议在 COVID-19 治疗中使用非 SARS-CoV-2 特异性 IVIG,除非是在临床试验中。[3]National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2020 [internet publication].
https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
白细胞介素-6(IL-6)拮抗剂
IL-6 拮抗剂(例如托珠单抗、siltuximab)正在 COVID-19 患者中进行试验,用于治疗病毒诱导的细胞因子释放综合征。此类药物已在某些国家得到批准,用于其他适应症。一项对 23 篇观察性研究的荟萃分析发现,在标准护理基础上加用托珠单抗能降低重症患者的死亡率和机械通气需求。[680]Aziz M, Haghbin H, Sitta EA, et al. Efficacy of tocilizumab in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020 Sep 12 [Epub ahead of print].
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmv.26509
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32918755?tool=bestpractice.com
随机对照 III 期 EMPACTA 试验发现,与安慰剂相比,托珠单抗减少了住院患者对机械通气的需求,但两组死亡率差异无统计学意义。[681]Genentech. Genentech’s phase III EMPACTA study showed Actemra reduced the likelihood of needing mechanical ventilation in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 associated pneumonia. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.gene.com/media/press-releases/14881/2020-09-17/genentechs-phase-iii-empacta-study-showe
然而,III 期随机对照试验 COVACTA 未能达到其临床状态方面的主要终点,且发现托珠单抗并没有改善死亡率。[682]Furlow B. COVACTA trial raises questions about tocilizumab's benefit in COVID-19. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 Sep 9 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanrhe/article/PIIS2665-9913(20)30313-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32929415?tool=bestpractice.com
两项试验的完整结果还有待发表。其他随机试验亦得出存在冲突的结果。[683]Gupta S, Wang W, Hayek SS, et al. Association between early treatment with tocilizumab and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Oct 20 [Epub ahead of print].
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2772185
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33080002?tool=bestpractice.com
[684]Salvarani C, Dolci G, Massari M, et al. Effect of tocilizumab vs standard care on clinical worsening in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Oct 20 [Epub ahead of print].
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2772186
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33080005?tool=bestpractice.com
[685]Hermine O, Mariette X, Tharaux PL, et al. Effect of tocilizumab vs usual care in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 and moderate or severe pneumonia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Oct 20 [Epub ahead of print].
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2772187
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33080017?tool=bestpractice.com
[686]Stone JH, Frigault MJ, Serling-Boyd NJ, et al. Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients hospitalized with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 21 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2028836
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33085857?tool=bestpractice.com
美国国立卫生研究院指南制定小组不建议在 COVID-19 治疗中使用 IL-6 拮抗剂,除非是在临床试验中。[3]National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2020 [internet publication].
https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
IL-1受体拮抗剂
anakinra,一种白细胞介素-1 抑制剂,正在 COVID-19 患者中进行试验,用于治疗病毒诱导性细胞因子释放综合征。其已在某些国家得到批准,用于其他适应症。一项小型回顾性研究发现,对于具有中重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征和高炎症反应的 COVID-19 患者,在给予无创通气和标准治疗(包括羟氯喹和洛匹那韦/利托那韦)的同时,加用大剂量静脉 anakinra,与 21 天存活率升高相关。[687]Cavalli G, De Luca G, Campochiaro C, et al. Interleukin-1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 Jun;2(6):e325-31.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7252085/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32501454?tool=bestpractice.com
一项小型前瞻性队列研究发现,anakinra 可显著降低重症患者的有创机械通气需求和死亡率。[688]Huet T, Beaussier H, Voisin O, et al. Anakinra for severe forms of COVID-19: a cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 Jul;2(7):e393-400.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7259909/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835245?tool=bestpractice.com
一项小型回顾性病例系列研究发现,急性低氧性呼吸衰竭发作后,早期起始 anakinra 给药,可能对于细胞因子释放综合征患者有所获益。[689]Navarro-Millán I, Sattui SE, Lakhanpal A, et al. Use of anakinra to prevent mechanical ventilation in severe COVID-19: a case series. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020 Jun 30 [Epub ahead of print].
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/art.41422
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32602262?tool=bestpractice.com
由于干预组死亡率过高,一项将 anakinra 与住院患者最佳标准诊疗进行比较的 3 期临床试验已暂停。[690]ClinicalTrials.gov. Anakinra for COVID-19 respiratory symptoms (ANACONDA). 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04364009
美国国立卫生研究院称,目前尚无充分证据支持或反对使用 anakinra 治疗 COVID-19。[3]National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2020 [internet publication].
https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所声明,目前尚无证据可确定 anakinra 对治疗由 SARS-CoV-2 或类似冠状病毒引发继发性吞噬性淋巴细胞组织细胞增多症的成人和儿童是否有效、安全或符合成本获益。[691]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID 19 rapid evidence summary: anakinra for COVID-19 associated secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/es26/chapter/Key-messages
肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)-α 抑制剂
英国已启动一项试验,研究阿达木单抗是否能有效治疗社区(包括疗养院)中的患者。该试验将研究两种剂量水平的阿达木单抗,并将对患者进行 4 个月随访。该试验在近期一项声称 TNF 抑制剂可降低风湿性疾病合并 COVID-19 患者的住院几率研究之后进行。[692]Mahase E. Covid-19: Anti-TNF drug adalimumab to be trialled for patients in the community. BMJ. 2020 Oct 1;371:m3847.
https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m3847
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33004419?tool=bestpractice.com
抗粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)单克隆抗体
一项单中心前瞻性队列研究中,mavrilimumab 对于罹患重症和系统性高炎症非机械通气患者,相较于标准治疗,与临床结局改善相关。[693]De Luca G, Cavalli G, Campochiaro C, et al. GM-CSF blockade with mavrilimumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation: a single-centre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 Aug;2(8):e465-73.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430344/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835256?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项对 39 名患者进行的小型研究中,与仅接受标准治疗的配对对照队列患者相比,Lenzilumab 与高危 COVID-19 重度肺炎患者有创机械通气和/或死亡相对风险降低相关。[694]Temesgen Z, Assi M, Shweta FNU, et al. GM-CSF neutralization with lenzilumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a case-control study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020 Aug [Epub ahead of print].
https://els-jbs-prod-cdn.jbs.elsevierhealth.com/pb/assets/raw/Health%20Advance/journals/jmcp/jmcp_ft95_8_7.pdf
[695]Temesgen Z, Assi M, Vergidis P, et al. First clinical use of lenzilumab to neutralize GM-CSF in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. medRxiv. 2020 Jun 14 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.20125369v2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32587983?tool=bestpractice.com
Janus 激酶抑制剂
Janus 激酶抑制剂(例如 fedratinib、芦可替尼、巴瑞替尼)目前正在进行临床试验,用于治疗 COVID-19 相关性细胞因子释放综合征。[696]Wu D, Yang XO. TH17 responses in cytokine storm of COVID-19: an emerging target of JAK2 inhibitor Fedratinib. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020 Jun;53(3):368-70.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156211/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32205092?tool=bestpractice.com
[697]Cao Y, Wei J, Zou L, et al. Ruxolitinib in treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Jul;146(1):137-46.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7250105/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32470486?tool=bestpractice.com
[698]Titanji BK, Farley MM, Mehta A, et al. Use of baricitinib in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 29 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7337637/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32597466?tool=bestpractice.com
适应性 COVID-19 治疗试验(Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial)的初步数据表明,与单独使用 remdesivir 相比,巴瑞替尼加用 remdesivir 可缩短住院患者的恢复时间。[699]Eli Lilly and Company. Baricitinib in combination with remdesivir reduces time to recovery in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in NIAID-sponsored ACTT-2 trial. 2020 [internet publication].
https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/baricitinib-combination-remdesivir-reduces-time-recovery
美国国立卫生研究院指南制定小组不建议在 COVID-19 治疗中使用 Janus 激酶抑制剂,除非是在临床试验中。[3]National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2020 [internet publication].
https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
干细胞治疗
干细胞疗法治疗 COVID-19 患者正在进行临床试验。间充质干细胞被认为可减少肺内病理变化,并抑制细胞介导的免疫炎症反应。[700]ClinicalTrials.gov. Mesenchymal stem cell treatment for pneumonia patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus. 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04252118
美国国立卫生研究院指南制定小组不建议在 COVID-19 治疗中使用间充质干细胞,除非是在临床试验中。[3]National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2020 [internet publication].
https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
脂肪来源的间充质干细胞已被 FDA 批准用于重症 COVID-19 治疗。
粒细胞-集落刺激因子(Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor, G-CSF)
根据一项随机对照临床试验(针对淋巴细胞减少且无合并症的患者)的初步结果,与仅进行标准护理相比,标准护理加用重组 G-CSF 并不能加速临床改善。需要进行更大规模的研究来确定 G-CSF 增加外周血白细胞和淋巴细胞计数的作用能否给 COVID-19 患者带来益处。[701]Cheng LL, Guan WJ, Duan CY, et al. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and lymphopenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Sep 10 [Epub ahead of print].
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2770680
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32910179?tool=bestpractice.com
卡介苗(BCG)
使用 BCG 疫苗预防 COVID-19 正在部分国家(包括医务工作者)进行试验。部分证据表明,BCG 疫苗接种对于儿童和老年人先天免疫记忆诱导介导的其他呼吸道感染起到预防作用。[702]Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine; Soliman R, Brassey J, Plüddemann A, et al. Does BCG vaccination protect against acute respiratory infections and COVID-19? A rapid review of current evidence. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/does-bcg-vaccination-protect-against-acute-respiratory-infections-and-covid-19-a-rapid-review-of-current-evidence/
但是,暂无证据对其用于 COVID-19 给予支持,而且 WHO 也不建议将其用于预防 COVID-19。[703]World Health Organization. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and COVID-19: scientific brief. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/bacille-calmette-guérin-(bcg)-vaccination-and-covid-19
Bemcentinib
一种抑制 AXL 激酶的实验性小分子。Bemcentinib 既往曾被证明对于癌症治疗可发挥作用,但亦被报道在临床前模型中具有抗病毒活性,包括抗 SARS-CoV-2 活性。它是英国 COVID-19 加速研究与研发(Accelerating COVID-19 Research and Development, ACCORD)项目的第一候选药物。[704]Department of Health and Social Care. COVID-19 treatments could be fast-tracked through new national clinical trial initiative. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/covid-19-treatments-could-be-fast-tracked-through-new-national-clinical-trial-initiative
由于英国新发 COVID-19 病例的减少,该研究已停止招募新患者入组。已招募患者将按照研究方案继续接受治疗。
血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂
血管紧张素转换酶-2(Angiotensin-converting Enzyme-2, ACE2)受体被认为是病毒主要结合位点,因此正在对于血管紧张素-Ⅱ 受体拮抗剂(如氯沙坦)用作可能的治疗方法进行研究。[705]Gurwitz D. Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Drug Dev Res. 2020 Mar 4 [Epub ahead of print].
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ddr.21656
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32129518?tool=bestpractice.com
[706]ClinicalTrials.gov. Losartan for patients with COVID-19 requiring hospitalization. 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04312009
[707]ClinicalTrials.gov. Losartan for patients with COVID-19 not requiring hospitalization. 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04311177
但是,一些专家认为,由于服用此类药物人群 ACE2 的过度表达,此类药物可能加重 COVID-19 病情。
其他抗病毒药物
正在 COVID-19 患者中针对各种抗病毒药物(单药治疗和联合用药治疗)进行试验。一项 meta 分析发现,与标准治疗相比,使用法匹拉韦治疗后在临床和放射影像学方面有显著改善。[708]Shrestha DB, Budhathoki P, Khadka S, et al. Favipiravir versus other antiviral or standard of care for COVID-19 treatment: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. Virol J. 2020 Sep 24;17(1):141.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7512218/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32972430?tool=bestpractice.com
无证据支持 umifenovir 的使用。[709]Huang D, Yu H, Wang T, et al. Efficacy and safety of umifenovir for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020 Jul 3 [Epub ahead of print].
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmv.26256
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32617989?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项小型开放标签随机 2 期试验中,对于住院 COVID-19 患者给予 β-1b 干扰素、洛匹那韦/利托那韦和利巴韦林三联治疗进行测试。与对照组相比(仅洛匹那韦/利托那韦),接受三联治疗的患者,鼻咽拭子呈阴性结果的中位时间显著缩短。入组时患者疾病呈轻中度。[710]Hung IF, Lung KC, Tso EY, et al. Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2020 May 30;395(10238):1695-704.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7211500/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32401715?tool=bestpractice.com
吸入性 remdesivir,以及 remdesivir 加干扰素-β-1a 临床试验已启动。[711]National Institutes of Health. NIH clinical trial testing remdesivir plus interferon beta-1a for COVID-19 treatment begins. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-testing-remdesivir-plus-interferon-beta-1a-covid-19-treatment-begins
一项 2 期试验发现,与安慰剂相比,λ-聚乙二醇干扰素在用药第 7 天降低了门诊轻中度疾病患者病毒载量,并增加了鼻咽拭子呈阴性的受试者数量。[712]ClinicalTrials.gov. Interferon lambda for immediate antiviral therapy at diagnosis in COVID-19 (ILIAD). 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04354259
[713]Eiger BioPharmaceuticals. Eiger BioPharmaceuticals announces positive results of investigator sponsored randomized controlled trial at University of Toronto with peginterferon lambda in outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19. 2020 [internet publication].
https://ir.eigerbio.com/news-releases/news-release-details/eiger-biopharmaceuticals-announces-positive-results-investigator
WHO 团结试验中期结果发现,干扰素-β-1a 似乎对住院患者 28 天死亡率或住院疗程几乎不具影响。[566]Pan H, Peto R, Karim QA, et al; medRxiv. Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19 – interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.20209817v1
美国国立卫生研究院指南制定小组不建议在重症或危重症 COVID-19 治疗中使用干扰素,除非是在临床试验中。[3]National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2020 [internet publication].
https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
抗生素
目前,英国 PRINCIPLE 试验正在评估针对老年人(65 岁以上人群或具有基础疾病的 50 岁以上人群)的三种治疗策略:单纯常规治疗;常规治疗加阿奇霉素;和常规治疗加多西环素。[714]University of Oxford. PRINCIPLE trial. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.principletrial.org
伊维菌素
伊维菌素是一种广谱抗寄生虫药物,在体外可有效对抗 SARS-CoV-2。[715]Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, et al. The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Res. 2020 Jun;178:104787.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166354220302011
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32251768?tool=bestpractice.com
达到 SARS-CoV-2 抗病毒活性所需的剂量,是否在人类中可以获得,尚未明确。[716]Momekov G, Momekova D; medRxiv. Ivermectin as a potential COVID-19 treatment from the pharmacokinetic point of view: antiviral levels are not likely attainable with known dosing regimens. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.11.20061804v2
伊维菌素单纯用药或联合用药(例如多西环素、羟氯喹)治疗或预防 COVID-19 的大量注册临床研究,正在许多国家加以进行。尚需进一步行随机对照试验研究。美国国立卫生研究院指南制定组不建议在 COVID-19 治疗中使用伊维菌素,除非是在临床试验中。[3]National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2020 [internet publication].
https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
维生素 C
维生素 C 补充对于病毒感染治疗似乎呈现希望。[717]Boretti A, Banik BK. Intravenous vitamin C for reduction of cytokines storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome. PharmaNutrition. 2020 Apr 21:100190.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172861/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32322486?tool=bestpractice.com
某些中心正在进行高剂量维生素 C 静脉给药试验,以治疗重症 COVID-19。[718]ClinicalTrials.gov. Vitamin C infusion for the treatment of severe 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia. 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04264533
无证据支持或反对在 COVID-19 患者治疗中使用维生素 C;但是,正在就此进行大量试验研究。[719]Baladia E, Pizarro AB, Ortiz-Muñoz L, et al. Vitamin C for COVID-19: a living systematic review. Medwave. 2020 Jul 28;20(6):e7978.
https://www.medwave.cl/link.cgi/English/Original/SystReviews/7978.act
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32759894?tool=bestpractice.com
一项随机对照试验试点研究发现,高剂量静脉维生素 C 可能具有改善危重患者氧合和降低死亡率的潜在获益;然而研究力度不足。[720]Zhang J, Rao X, Li Y; Research Square. Pilot trial of high-dose vitamin C in critically ill COVID-19 patients. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-52778/v2
美国国立卫生研究院指南制定组指出,无足够数据对于 COVID-19 非危重患者或危重患者推荐或反对使用维生素 C 进行治疗。[3]National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2020 [internet publication].
https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
维生素 D
某些研究表明,维生素 D 补充与呼吸道感染(例如流感)风险降低有关。[721]Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 2;12(4).
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/4/988/htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32252338?tool=bestpractice.com
[722]McCartney DM, Byrne DG. Optimisation of vitamin D status for enhanced immuno-protection against Covid-19. Ir Med J. 2020 Apr 3;113(4):58.
http://imj.ie/optimisation-of-vitamin-d-status-for-enhanced-immuno-protection-against-covid-19/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32268051?tool=bestpractice.com
[723]Jakovac H. COVID-19 and vitamin D: is there a link and an opportunity for intervention? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020 May 1;318(5):E589.
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpendo.00138.2020
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32297519?tool=bestpractice.com
维生素 D 正在 COVID-19 患者中进行试用。[724]ClinicalTrials.gov. Vitamin D on prevention and treatment of COVID-19 (COVITD-19). 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04334005
[725]ClinicalTrials.gov. COVID-19 and vitamin D supplementation: a multicenter randomized controlled trial of high dose versus standard dose vitamin D3 in high-risk COVID-19 patients (CoVitTrial). 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04344041
但是,目前尚无证据推荐维生素 D 用于 COVID-19 预防或治疗。[726]Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine; Lee J, van Hecke O, Roberts N. Vitamin D: a rapid review of the evidence for treatment or prevention in COVID-19. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/vitamin-d-a-rapid-review-of-the-evidence-for-treatment-or-prevention-in-covid-19/
一项初步的随机对照试验发现高剂量骨化二醇(一种维生素 D3 类似物)能显著减少住院患者接受重症监护病房治疗的需求,且可能改善临床结局。[727]Castillo ME, Entrenas Costa LM, Vaquero Barrios JM, et al. Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a pilot randomized clinical study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020 Aug 29;105751.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7456194/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32871238?tool=bestpractice.com
英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所指出,虽然无证据支持给予维生素 D 对 COVID-19 进行特定预防或治疗,但其建议所有人员按照英国政府建议,每日服用维生素 D 补剂,以维持大流行期间骨骼和肌肉健康状况,尤其是由于被动隔离或自我隔离,而得不到足够日晒。[728]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid evidence summary: vitamin D for COVID-19. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/es28/chapter/Key-messages
美国国立卫生研究院指南制定组称,无足够数据推荐或反对使用维生素 D。[3]National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. 2020 [internet publication].
https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
益生菌
新兴证据表明,消化道菌群失调可能在 COVID-19 发病机制中发挥作用。[327]Dhar D, Mohanty A. Gut microbiota and Covid-19- possible link and implications. Virus Res. 2020 May 13;285:198018.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168170220304603?via%3Dihub
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32430279?tool=bestpractice.com
[328]Zuo T, Zhang F, Lui GCY, et al. Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of hospitalization. Gastroenterology. 2020 May 19 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(20)34701-6/pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32442562?tool=bestpractice.com
[329]Gu S, Chen Y, Wu Z, et al. Alterations of the gut microbiota in patients with COVID-19 or H1N1 influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 4 [Epub ahead of print].
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32497191?tool=bestpractice.com
益生菌可能是通过肠道菌群调节对粘膜损害或炎症进行预防或治疗的一种补充性治疗;然而,进一步研究有待开展。[729]Mak JWY, Chan FKL, Ng SC. Probiotics and COVID-19: authors' reply. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug;5(8):722-3.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7357987/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32673605?tool=bestpractice.com
中医药
根据当地指南并作为临床试验的一部分,中国 COVID-19 患者正在使用中药。[730]Yang Y, Islam MS, Wang J, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective. Int J Biol Sci. 2020 Mar 15;16(10):1708-17.
https://www.ijbs.com/v16p1708.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32226288?tool=bestpractice.com
荟萃分析发现,中药联合常规治疗与单纯常规治疗相比,可显著改善临床疗效;但是,需进行高质量、多中心、大样本随机对照试验予以确证。[731]Sun CY, Sun YL, Li XM. The role of Chinese medicine in COVID-19 pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2020 Jul 8 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7342052/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33071103?tool=bestpractice.com
高压氧
初步证据表明,高压氧治疗已成功用于治疗正在恶化的重度低氧血症 COVID-19 重症患者。[732]Harch PG. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) respiratory failure. Med Gas Res. Apr-Jun 2020;10(2):61-2.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32541128?tool=bestpractice.com
[733]Thibodeaux K, Speyrer M, Raza A, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in preventing mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective case series. J Wound Care. 2020 May 1;29(sup5a):S4-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32412891?tool=bestpractice.com
临床试验目前正在招募受试者。[734]ClinicalTrials.gov. Hyperbaric oxygen for COVID-19 patients. 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04332081
[735]ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen for ARDS in patients with COVID-19 (COVID-19-HBO). 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04327505
一氧化氮
研究表明,一氧化氮可通过灭活病毒,并抑制其在上皮细胞中的复制,帮助减少呼吸道感染。[736]Martel J, Ko YF, Young JD, et al. Could nasal nitric oxide help to mitigate the severity of COVID-19? Microbes Infect. 2020 May 6 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457920300800?via%3Dihub
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32387333?tool=bestpractice.com
FDA 已批准一项吸入性一氧化氮的研究性药物申请,其将在多达 500 名 COVID-19 患者中进行 3 期研究。其他研究目前正在招募受试者。
Aviptadil
一种合成形式的血管活性肠肽(也称为 RLF-100)已获得 FDA 扩展使用计划(这让已用尽全部获批治疗方法,且不适合入组当前 aviptadil 临床试验的患者可使用该治疗方法)和快速通道审批资格,可用于治疗 COVID-19 患者的呼吸衰竭。针对静脉和吸入制剂目前有 II 期和 III 期临床试验正在进行。[737]ClinicalTrials.gov. Intravenous aviptadil for critical COVID-19 with respiratory failure (COVID-AIV). 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04311697
[738]ClinicalTrials.gov. Inhaled aviptadil for the treatment of non-acute lung injury in COVID-19 (AVINALI). 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04360096
生产商已根据一项小型病例对照研究结果申请 FDA 紧急使用授权,以治疗出现呼吸衰竭后用尽全部获批治疗方法的危重症患者。[739]NeuroRx. NeuroRx submits request for emergency use authorization for RLF-100™ (aviptadil) in the treatment of patients with critical COVID-19 and respiratory failure who have exhausted approved therapy. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.neurorxpharma.com/press-releases/neurorx-submits-request-for-emergency-use-authorization-for-rlf-100-aviptadil-in-the-treatment-of-patients-with-critical-covid-19-and-respiratory-failure-who-have-exhausted-approved-therapy/
艾替班特
选择性缓激肽 B2 受体拮抗剂。一项对 9 人进行的小型探索性病例对照研究发现,给予 icatibant 与氧合改善之间存在关联,表明患者缺氧的疾病早期阶段给药,可能有所获益。针对激肽释放酶-激肽系统的治疗策略需对 COVID-19 患者进行随机试验,得到进一步研究。[740]van de Veerdonk FL, Kouijzer IJE, de Nooijer AH, et al. Outcomes associated with use of a kinin B2 receptor antagonist among patients with COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Aug 3;3(8):e2017708.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2769237
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32789513?tool=bestpractice.com
Tradipitant
一种神经激肽 1 拮抗剂,正对它进行试验,观察其对继发于 SARS-CoV-2 感染的肺神经原性感染治疗效果。对 ODYSSEY 研究的中期分析发现,与安慰剂相比,使用 Tradipitant 治疗的住院患者,病情改善更快。试验正在进行中。[741]Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. Vanda Pharmaceuticals' interim analysis from ODYSSEY study shows tradipitant may accelerate clinical improvement in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. 2020 [internet publication].
https://vandapharmaceuticalsinc.gcs-web.com/node/14256/pdf
[742]ClinicalTrials.gov. ODYSSEY: a study to investigate the efficacy of tradipitant in treating severe or critical COVID-19 infection. 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04326426