死亡率
主要死亡原因为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)引发的呼吸衰竭。[743]Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, et al. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020 May;46(5):846-8.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7080116/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32125452?tool=bestpractice.com
COVID-19 患者 ARDS 导致的汇总死亡率为 39%;但是,各个国家之间有显著差异(例如中国为 69%,伊朗为 28%,法国为 19%,德国为 13%)。[744]Hasan SS, Capstick T, Ahmed R, et al. Mortality in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and corticosteroids use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2020 Jul 31 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17476348.2020.1804365
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32734777?tool=bestpractice.com
对于 <65 岁的人群,即使在大流行震中,死亡风险也很小,而对于 <65 岁且无任何基础疾病的人群,死亡率极低。[745]Ioannidis JPA, Axfors C, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG. Population-level COVID-19 mortality risk for non-elderly individuals overall and for non-elderly individuals without underlying diseases in pandemic epicenters. Environ Res. 2020 Sep;188:109890.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7327471/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32846654?tool=bestpractice.com
感染死亡率(infection fatality rate, IFR)
定义为所有感染个体(包括确诊病例、未诊断病例 [例如无症状或轻症病例])以及未报告病例中的死亡比例。与病死率相比,IFR 可以更准确的描述疾病致死性。
到 2020 年 10 月,全球约 10% 人群可能已受到感染,估计整体 IFR 为 0.15% 至 0.2%(<70 岁人群为 0.03% 至 0.04%)。[746]Ioannidis JPA. Global perspective of COVID-19 epidemiology for a full-cycle pandemic. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020 Oct 7:e13421.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eci.13423
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33026101?tool=bestpractice.com
美国疾病预防控制中心目前根据年龄对 IFR 的最佳估值为(截至 2020 年 9 月 10 日):[133]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 pandemic planning scenarios. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/planning-scenarios.html
0 至 19 岁 – 0.003%
20 至 49 岁 – 0.02%
50 至 69 岁 – 0.5%
≥70 岁 – 5.4%。
根据这些数据,对于 <70 岁的人群,整体 IFR 约为 0.18%。
IFR 在不同地点可能有所不同。一项 meta 分析报告指出,IFR 在整个人群中的点估值为 0.68%,异质性很高(截至 2020 年 7 月)。各地区比率从 0.17% 到 1.7% 不等。[747]Meyerowitz-Katz G, Merone L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of published research data on COVID-19 infection-fatality rates. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 29 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7524446/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33007452?tool=bestpractice.com
钻石公主号游轮登船者中 IFR 为 0.85%,这是可对被隔离人群 IFR 进行准确评估的独特情况。但是,所有死亡都发生于 >70 岁患者,年轻、健康人群死亡率远远更低。[748]Rajgor DD, Lee MH, Archuleta S, et al. The many estimates of the COVID-19 case fatality rate. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Jul;20(7):776-7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7270047/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32224313?tool=bestpractice.com
此类估值有局限性,并且可能随着大流行的发展有更多数据出现而发生变化。
血清流行病学研究
病死率(case fatality rate, CFR)
定义为报告的总死亡数除以报告的检出病例总数。CFR 受选择偏倚的影响,因为更严重/住院病例更有可能接受检测。
世界卫生组织目前对全球 CFR 估值为 2.96%(截至 2020 年 11 月 3 日)。[751]World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) weekly epidemiological updates. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/
这远低于报告的严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS) CFR(10%)以及中东呼吸综合征(Middle East respiratory syndrome, MERS) CFR(37%)。[4]Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30183-5/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31986264?tool=bestpractice.com
各个国家/地区之间 CFR 差异相当显著。
在中国,据报道,总体 CFR 为 1.4%-2.3%(在无合并症的患者中为 0.9%)。[14]Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020 Feb 17;41(2):145-51.
http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32064853?tool=bestpractice.com
[752]Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Jun;20(6):669-77.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158570/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32240634?tool=bestpractice.com
CFR 随年龄增长而升高。
在美国,大多数死亡患者年龄 ≥65 岁。≥85 岁患者 CFR 最高(10% 至 27%),其次为 65 至 84 岁(3% 至 11%),然后是 55 至 64 岁(1% 至 3%),最后是 20 至 54 岁(<1%)。[17]CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): United States, February 12 - March 16, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Mar 27;69(12):343-6.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6912e2.htm?s_cid=mm6912e2_w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214079?tool=bestpractice.com
在中国,大多数死亡患者年龄 ≥60 岁。[14]Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020 Feb 17;41(2):145-51.
http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32064853?tool=bestpractice.com
≥80 岁患者 CFR 最高(13.4%),其次是 60 至 79 岁(6.4%),然后是 <60 岁(0.32%)。[752]Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Jun;20(6):669-77.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158570/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32240634?tool=bestpractice.com
在意大利,≥80 岁患者 CFR 最高(52.5%),其次是 70 至 79 岁(35.5%),然后是 60 至 69 岁(8.5%)。[753]Sorbello M, El-Boghdadly K, Di Giacinto I, et al. The Italian COVID-19 outbreak: experiences and recommendations from clinical practice. Anaesthesia. 2020 Jun;75(6):724-32.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/anae.15049
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32221973?tool=bestpractice.com
儿童极少出现死亡。[17]CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): United States, February 12 - March 16, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Mar 27;69(12):343-6.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6912e2.htm?s_cid=mm6912e2_w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214079?tool=bestpractice.com
[27]Castagnoli R, Votto M, Licari A, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Sep 1;174(9):882-9.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2765169
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32320004?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项研究中,70% 的死亡病例处于 10-20 岁这一年龄段,20% 处于 1-9 岁年龄段,10% 处于 1 岁以下年龄段。[754]Bixler D, Miller AD, Mattison CP, et al. SARS-CoV-2–associated deaths among persons aged <21 years: United States, February 12–July 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Sep 18;69(37):1324-9.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6937e4.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32941417?tool=bestpractice.com
CFR 随合并症存在而升高。
CFR 随病情严重程度增加而升高。
危重症患者 CFR 最高,研究显示此类患者 CFR 为 26%-67%。[14]Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020 Feb 17;41(2):145-51.
http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32064853?tool=bestpractice.com
[755]Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020 Apr 6;323(16):1574-81.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2764365
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32250385?tool=bestpractice.com
[756]Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA. 2020 Mar 19;323(16):1612-4.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2763485
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32191259?tool=bestpractice.com
IFR/CFR 局限性
在大流行早期阶段 IFR 和 CFR 估值存在很大的不确定性,并且随着更多数据出现,估值可能会发生变化。这些比率在大流行开始时往往很高,随着获得数据越来越多,呈下降趋势。[757]Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine; Oke J, Heneghan C. Global COVID-19 case fatality rates. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.cebm.net/global-covid-19-case-fatality-rates/
确诊病例当前没有固定的病例定义,且病例定义各不相同。聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)阳性结果有时是识别病例的唯一标准;然而,PCR 检测结果阳性不一定等同于确诊患有 COVID-19,也不意味着某人受到了感染或具有传染性。[758]Mahase E. Covid-19: the problems with case counting. BMJ. 2020 Sep 3;370:m3374.
https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m3374
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32883657?tool=bestpractice.com
[759]Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine; Spencer E, Jefferson T, Brassey J, et al. When is Covid, Covid? 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/when-is-covid-covid/
由于存在与死亡报道相关的延误,在特定日期报道的死亡例数,可能无法准确反映前一天的死亡例数。因此很难知道死亡例数是否会在短期内随时间而下降。[760]Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine; Oke J, Heneghan C. Reconciling COVID-19 death data in the UK. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/reconciling-covid-19-death-data-in-the-uk/
在某些国家/地区,“患”COVID-19 而后死亡的患者和“死于”COVID-19 的患者可能均计入死亡人数。例如,在意大利,只有 12% 的死亡证明报告了与 COVID-19 的直接因果关系,而 88% 的死亡患者至少有一种合并症。[757]Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine; Oke J, Heneghan C. Global COVID-19 case fatality rates. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.cebm.net/global-covid-19-case-fatality-rates/
[761]Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020 Mar 23 [Epub ahead of print].
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2763667
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32203977?tool=bestpractice.com
各国死亡率
预后因素
与不良结局和死亡风险增加相关的预后因素包括:[763]Figliozzi S, Masci PG, Ahmadi N, et al. Predictors of adverse prognosis in Covid-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020 Jul 29:e13362.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eci.13362
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32726868?tool=bestpractice.com
死亡患者中最常见基础疾病为高血压、糖尿病和心血管疾病。[764]Javanmardi F, Keshavarzi A, Akbari A, et al. Prevalence of underlying diseases in died cases of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020 Oct 23;15(10):e0241265.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7584167/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33095835?tool=bestpractice.com
氧动脉分压与吸入氧分数比率(PaO₂/FiO₂)≤200 mmHg,以及入院时呼吸衰竭亦与院内死亡风险增加独立相关。[765]Santus P, Radovanovic D, Saderi L, et al. Severity of respiratory failure at admission and in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19: a prospective observational multicentre study. BMJ Open. 2020 Oct 10;10(10):e043651.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/10/e043651
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33040020?tool=bestpractice.com
几乎半数接受有创机械通气的患者遭遇死亡。>80 岁的老年患者死亡率(84%)高于 ≤40 岁的年轻患者死亡率(48%)。[766]Lim ZJ, Subramaniam A, Reddy MP, et al. Case fatality rates for COVID-19 patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation: a meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Oct 29 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1164/rccm.202006-2405OC
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33119402?tool=bestpractice.com
再感染
关于再次感染的信息还很有限。研究表明康复后 1-60 天的患者出现 RT-PCR 再次阳性的概率为 7%-23%,总再次阳性率估计为 12%。[767]Mattiuzzi C, Henry BM, Sanchis-Gomar F, et al. SARS-CoV-2 recurrent RNA positivity after recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. Acta Biomed. 2020 Sep 7;91(3):e2020014.
https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/actabiomedica/article/view/10303
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32921710?tool=bestpractice.com
目前还不清楚这种再次阳性是因为再次感染、持续病毒脱落还是出院时的检测结果为假阴性。
研究已反复报道了直至初次感染后 90 天为止都可出现 RT-PCR 检测阳性;因此,最有可能的原因是这类病例实际上并未康复、仍处于初次感染期。重要的是要意识到尽管有报道称持续病毒脱落可持续至感染发生后 90 天,在症状发作 10-20 天(取决于疾病严重程度)后就已经无法分离出具有复制能力的病毒了。[768]Arafkas M, Khosrawipour T, Kocbach P, et al. Current meta-analysis does not support the possibility of COVID-19 reinfections. J Med Virol. 2020 Sep 8 [Epub ahead of print].
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32897549?tool=bestpractice.com
香港、印度、厄瓜多尔和比利时已报道了真正的再感染病例(其定义为两次感染发作间隔至少 3 个月,由不同基因组序列病毒株感染所致)。[769]Parry J. Covid-19: Hong Kong scientists report first confirmed case of reinfection. BMJ. 2020 Aug 26;370:m3340.
https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m3340
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32847834?tool=bestpractice.com
[770]Gupta V, Bhoyar RC, Jain A, et al. Asymptomatic reinfection in two healthcare workers from India with genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 23 [Epub ahead of print].
https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1451/5910388
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32964927?tool=bestpractice.com
[771]Prado-Vivar B, Becerra-Wong M, Guadalupe JJ, et al; SSRN. COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 variant, first confirmed event in South America. 2020 [internet publication].
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3686174
[772]Van Elslande J, Vermeersch P, Vandervoort K, et al. Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 reinfection by a phylogenetically distinct strain. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 5 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7499557/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32887979?tool=bestpractice.com
美国亦报道了两例再感染可能病例;然而,尽管该两名男性患者两次发作由不同基因变异引发,但感染发生的时间间隔不足 2 个月。[773]Larson D, Brodniak SL, Voegtly LJ, et al. A case of early re-infection with SARS-CoV-2. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 19 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7543357/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32949240?tool=bestpractice.com
[774]Tillett RL, Sevinsky JR, Hartley PD, et al. Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 12 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7550103/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33058797?tool=bestpractice.com
免疫力
尚未完全了解免疫应答,包括免疫力持续时间。但是,有限证据表明,感染严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)可能会带来某种抵御再感染的保护性免疫力。[446]Watson J, Richter A, Deeks J. Testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. BMJ. 2020 Sep 8;370:m3325.
https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m3325
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32900692?tool=bestpractice.com
[775]Gudbjartsson DF, Norddahl GL, Melsted P, et al. Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland. N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 1 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2026116
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32871063?tool=bestpractice.com
[776]Chandrashekar A, Liu J, Martinot AJ, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques. Science. 2020 May 20 [Epub ahead of print].
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/05/19/science.abc4776
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32434946?tool=bestpractice.com
[777]Kirkcaldy RD, King BA, Brooks JT. COVID-19 and postinfection immunity: limited evidence, many remaining questions. JAMA. 2020 May 11 [Epub ahead of print].
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2766097
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32391855?tool=bestpractice.com
[778]Ni L, Ye F, Cheng ML, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in COVID-19 convalescent individuals. Immunity. 2020 Jun 16;52(6):971-7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7196424/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32413330?tool=bestpractice.com
新兴研究表明,大多数人都会对 CD4+ 和 CD8+ T 细胞产生强烈而广泛的 T 细胞反应,有些人具有记忆表型,预示着潜在的长期免疫力。[779]Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine; Plüddemann A, Aronson JK. What is the role of T cells in COVID-19 infection? Why immunity is about more than antibodies. 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/what-is-the-role-of-t-cells-in-covid-19-infection-why-immunity-is-about-more-than-antibodies
对 SARS-CoV-2 的免疫应答涉及细胞免疫和抗体产生。研究认为,对 SARS-CoV-2 的适应性免疫发生在感染前 7 至 10 天内。在感染的早期检测到了强烈的记忆 B 细胞和浆母细胞反应,症状发作后第 5 至 7 天分泌免疫球蛋白 A(immunoglobulin A, IgA)和 IgM 抗体,第 7 至 10 天分泌 IgG。约 28 天后,IgA 和 IgM 滴度下降,而 IgG 滴度在约 49 天时达到峰值。T 细胞在感染的第一周被同时激活,SARS-CoV-2 特异性记忆 CD4+ 和 CD8+ T 细胞在 2 周内达到峰值,但在 ≥100 天后仍可检测到。个体之间的抗体和 T 细胞反应不同,取决于疾病严重程度。[780]Stephens DS, McElrath MJ. COVID-19 and the path to immunity. JAMA. 2020 Sep 11 [Epub ahead of print].
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2770758
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32915201?tool=bestpractice.com
一项预印本研究发现,原发感染后 6 个月内,大多数成人都可能表现出 T 细胞应答。[781]Zuo J, Dowell A, Pearce H, et al. Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection. bioRxiv. 2020 Nov 2 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.362319v1
尽管有人担心恢复期间 IgG 中和抗体的早期下降,但这并不被视作一个问题,因为在感染急性期过去后抗体水平总是会下降,而感染后的抗体滴度水平才是重要指标,因为这反映了长寿命浆细胞的产生,可防止随后的感染。[780]Stephens DS, McElrath MJ. COVID-19 and the path to immunity. JAMA. 2020 Sep 11 [Epub ahead of print].
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2770758
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32915201?tool=bestpractice.com
抗体可呈相对稳定至少 5 个月。[782]Wajnberg A, Amanat F, Firpo A, et al. Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months. Science. 2020 Oct 28 [Epub ahead of print].
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/10/27/science.abd7728
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33115920?tool=bestpractice.com
针对纽约市一个恢复期血清捐献者大型队列的分析表明,99.5% 确诊为轻度疾病的患者,患病后 4 周出现血清转阳。IgG 抗体在症状发作后 7-50 天和症状消退后 5-49 天内形成。这表明轻度疾病患者也许能够产生免疫力。[783]Wajnberg A, Mansour M, Leven E, et al. Humoral response and PCR positivity in patients with COVID-19 in the New York City region, USA: an observational study. Lancet Microbe. 2020 Sep 25 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7518831/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33015652?tool=bestpractice.com
但是在中国,从轻度疾病中康复的患者,中和抗体滴度差异十分显著。[784]Wu F, Liu M, Wang A, et al. Evaluating the association of clinical characteristics with neutralizing antibody levels in patients who have recovered from mild COVID-19 in Shanghai, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Aug 18 [Epub ahead of print].
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2769741
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32808970?tool=bestpractice.com
有数据表明,无症状者对感染的免疫应答较弱;但是,这一点尚未得到证实。[785]Long QX, Tang XJ, Shi QL, et al. Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat Med. 2020 Jun 18 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0965-6
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32555424?tool=bestpractice.com
在 COVID-19 大流行之前采集的血液样本检测结果已表明,一些人已经具有识别 SARS-CoV-2 的免疫细胞。研究报道称,在已知无病毒暴露史的人群中,20%-50% 存在 T 细胞对 SARS-CoV-2 的反应。这可能是真正的免疫记忆所致,部分由既往感染普通感冒冠状病毒或其他未知动物冠状病毒引起。但是,需要对人类是否已有对 SARS-CoV-2 的免疫力开展进一步研究。[786]Doshi P. Covid-19: do many people have pre-existing immunity? BMJ. 2020 Sep 17;370:m3563.
https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m3563
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32943427?tool=bestpractice.com