抗生素
对于所有经胸部 X 线检查确诊 CAP 的患者,作出诊断后,立即(在医院就诊后 4 小时内)予以经验性抗生素治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
目标是对于所有确诊 CAP 的患者,在其离开初始评估场所前给予抗生素治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
根据推定性 CAP 临床诊断对病情危及生命的患者予以经验性抗生素治疗,然后进行加急胸部 X 线检查以确认诊断。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于这些患者,需遵循当地常规,为所有疑似脓毒症患者或存在风险的患者进行检查和治疗。立即开始治疗。根据感染的可能性和疾病严重程度,或遵循当地常规,确定治疗紧迫性。[70]Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis V2.0. Oct 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.aomrc.org.uk/reports-guidance/statement-on-the-initial-antimicrobial-treatment-of-sepsis-v2-0
[81]Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.
https://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/Fulltext/2021/11000/Surviving_Sepsis_Campaign__International.21.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34605781?tool=bestpractice.com
请参阅 “成人脓毒症”。
肺炎是脓毒症主要来源之一。[80]Scala R, Schultz M, Bos LDJ, et al. New Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines: back to the art of medicine. Eur Respir J. 2018 Jul;52(1):1701818.
https://www.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01818-2017
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29997181?tool=bestpractice.com
及早对感染作出准确诊断,并恰当使用抗生素,十分重要。
就尽快起始抗生素治疗的决策咨询高年资同事。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
在病历中清晰地记录好开具抗生素的指征。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
酌情尽快降级治疗,包括将静脉给药改为口服抗生素治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
作此决策时,应考虑治疗疗效(参见实用提示)、疾病严重程度的变化以及口服给药禁忌证,例如:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
患者无法吞咽(例如吞咽反射受损、意识受损)
功能或解剖学因素所致胃肠道吸收不良。
收入病房后初始查房时,应对给药途径进行分析 ,而后每日一次。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
Practical tip
临床改善指标
以下临床特征提示您应考虑将静脉给药改为口服抗生素治疗:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
一旦确定了致病性病原体,考虑改用窄谱抗生素或病原体靶向抗生素。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
经验性抗生素
在初始评估中很少能识别出致病性病原体,因此应根据经验对大多数患者进行治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
根据当地规程开具适当的抗生素治疗方案,以帮助减少抗生素耐药性和艰难梭菌感染的发生。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
为了帮助更好地管理抗生素的使用,英国胸科协会(British Thoracic Society, BTS)建议:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
仅对重度 CAP 患者静脉给予经验性广谱抗生素,并在临床情况允许时根据早期微生物学检查结果尽快降级为窄谱抗生素。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
这一人群大约占所有确诊 CAP 的入院患者的三分之一。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
对于所有其他患者,予以经验性抗生素治疗,并在确定了具体病原体后尽快改用病原体靶向抗生素。
请咨询微生物学家了解适当的抗生素治疗方案。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
参考当地抗生素规程,根据当地病原体患病率和抗生素耐药模式确定最适宜的选择。
如果患者对初始经验性抗生素治疗无应答,考虑 CAP 诊断是否正确。
[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
考虑进行临床和影像学复查,评估是否存在其他诊断或 CAP 并发症(如胸腔积液/脓胸、肺脓肿或肺部阴影加重)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
考虑对初始经验性抗生素治疗方案做出调整,但首先应考虑患者的用药依从性和口服方案的吸收是否充分。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
以下建议基于 BTS 和英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所(National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, NICE)指南。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
重度 CAP(CURB-65 评分:3 分或以上)
始终让重度 CAP 患者在医院接受治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
作出诊断后,立即(在医院就诊后 4 小时内)静脉应用经验性广谱抗生素。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
证据:就诊后 4 小时内给予第一次抗生素治疗的时间需求
BTS CAP 集束化治疗研究于 2013 年在英国 16 家 Trust 医院中开展。
CAP 集束化治疗包含四个要素:
对于所有疑似 CAP 成人患者,在入院后 4 小时内获取胸部 X 线检查结果
根据 BTS 氧疗指南进行氧合状况评估和开具氧疗方案[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90.
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
根据 CURB-65 评分评估疾病严重程度
根据 CAP 严重程度在入院后 4 小时内及时给予靶向性抗生素治疗。
该研究将接受 CAP 集束化治疗的 CAP 患者与接受标准诊疗的 CAP 患者进行了比较。对 2118 名成年人(中位年龄为 75.3 岁)的数据分析显示,在 CAP 集束化治疗组中,入院后 4 小时内接受抗生素治疗的患者显著更多(校正比值比 [odds ratio, OR] 1.52,95% CI 1.08-2.14,P = 0.016),且此组 30 天住院患者死亡率更低(两组分别为 8.8% 与 13.6%;校正比值比 [odds ratio, OR] 0.59,95% CI 0.37-0.95,P = 0.03)。[124]Lim WS, Rodrigo C, Turner AM, et al. British Thoracic Society community-acquired pneumonia care bundle: results of a national implementation project. Thorax. 2016 Mar;71(3):288-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26197815?tool=bestpractice.com
给予广谱耐 β-内酰胺酶青霉素(例如阿莫西林克拉维酸)加用大环内酯类药物(例如克拉霉素)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果患者无应答,或高度怀疑军团菌肺炎,BTS 指南建议在现有经验性方案上加用氟喹诺酮类药物(即三联疗法)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
但在实践中,有些医生会担心联合使用大环内酯类和氟喹诺酮类药物的风险,因为两者都会延长 QT 间期。因此,一些临床医生会将原始经验性方案中的大环内酯类药物替换成氟喹诺酮类药物(即二联疗法)。考虑与使用氟喹诺酮类药物相关的安全性问题。 治疗此类患者前,请咨询微生物学家和上级医师。
NICE 最近(2019 年)发布的关于成人抗微生物药物处方的指南也建议将阿莫西林克拉维酸加用克拉霉素(或红霉素)作为重度 CAP 患者的一线药物。由于证据有限,这些建议主要基于专家意见。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
对于对青霉素过敏的患者,给予第二代头孢菌素(例如头孢呋辛)或第三代头孢菌素(例如头孢噻肟或头孢曲松)加用大环内酯类药物(例如克拉霉素)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
少数患者对青霉素和头孢菌素均过敏;对于此类患者,请咨询传染科顾问医生以选择适当的抗生素。
关于成人抗微生物药物处方的 NICE 指南建议将左氧氟沙星(在考虑与使用氟喹诺酮类药物相关的安全性问题之后)作为替代抗生素用于对青霉素过敏的重度 CAP 患者。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
在入院后查房时首次评估患者是否需要静脉使用抗生素,随后每天进行评估。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
旦出现临床改善(参见上文实用提示以了解临床改善指标),立即改用口服抗生素,只要无口服给药禁忌证,例如:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
患者无法吞咽(例如吞咽反射受损、意识受损)
功能或解剖学因素所致胃肠道吸收不良。
给予抗生素治疗,持续 5 天。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
[125]Lee RA, Centor RM, Humphrey LL, et al. Appropriate use of short-course antibiotics in common infections: best practice advice from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr 6 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.doi.org/10.7326/M20-7355
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33819054?tool=bestpractice.com
NICE 建议:[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
开具可能能有效降低抗微生物药物耐药性风险并最大程度降低不良反应风险的最短疗程。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
5 天后停止治疗,除非微生物学结果提示需要更长疗程或患者临床情况不稳定。具体应依据您的临床判断以及以下标准:[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
[126]Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Sep 1;176(9):1257-65.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27455166?tool=bestpractice.com
某些患者可能因个体情况需要更长疗程。在英国,如果要考虑将重度 CAP 患者的抗生素治疗时间延长至 5 天以上,某些医院要求咨询微生物学团队。请遵循当地规程。
中度 CAP(CURB-65 评分:2 分)
作出诊断后,在医院就诊后 4 小时内尽快予以抗生素治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
对于中度 CAP 患者,考虑短期住院治疗或在医院的监管下进行门诊治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
证据:就诊后 4 小时内给予第一次抗生素治疗的时间需求
BTS CAP 集束化治疗研究于 2013 年在英国 16 家 Trust 医院中开展。
CAP 集束化治疗包含四个要素:
对于所有疑似 CAP 成人患者,在入院后 4 小时内获取胸部 X 线检查结果。
根据 BTS 氧疗指南进行氧合状况评估和开具氧疗方案[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90.
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
根据 CURB-65 评分评估疾病严重程度
根据 CAP 严重程度在入院后 4 小时内及时给予靶向性抗生素治疗。
该研究将接受 CAP 集束化治疗的 CAP 患者与接受标准诊疗的 CAP 患者进行了比较。对 2118 名成年人(中位年龄为 75.3 岁)的数据分析显示,在 CAP 集束化治疗组中,入院后 ≤4 小时内接受抗生素治疗的患者显著更多(校正 OR 1.52,95% CI 1.08-2.14,P = 0.016),且此组 30 天住院患者死亡率更低(分别为 8.8% 与 13.6%;校正后 OR 0.59,95% CI 0.37-0.95,P = 0.03)。[124]Lim WS, Rodrigo C, Turner AM, et al. British Thoracic Society community-acquired pneumonia care bundle: results of a national implementation project. Thorax. 2016 Mar;71(3):288-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26197815?tool=bestpractice.com
大部分中度 CAP 患者可以采用二联口服抗生素治疗。首选方案是阿莫西林加大环内酯类药物(例如克拉霉素)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于在社区接受治疗但对用足疗程的阿莫西林无应答的患者,在入院之前,考虑大环内酯类药物单药疗法。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
确定阿莫西林是否用足疗程有一定难度,需要作出临床判断。在入院后最初的 24 小时内开具单药疗法之前,咨询上级医师。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果禁忌使用口服抗生素(例如患者无法吞咽或胃肠道功能性或结构性原因导致吸收不良),静脉使用阿莫西林或苄青霉素,并加用克拉霉素。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于对青霉素或大环内酯类药物过敏的患者,考虑口服多西环素。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
其他选择包括口服左氧氟沙星或莫西沙星(在考虑与使用氟喹诺酮类药物相关的安全性问题之后)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于对青霉素过敏且禁忌使用口服抗生素的患者,给予第二代头孢菌素(例如头孢呋辛)或第三代头孢菌素(例如头孢噻肟或头孢曲松)加用克拉霉素,或者作为单药疗法静脉使用左氧氟沙星。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果患者对阿莫西林加克拉霉素联合用药方案无应答,考虑改用多西环素或能够有效覆盖肺炎链球菌的氟喹诺酮类药物。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
更多信息:EMA 和 MHRA 氟喹诺酮类抗生素使用限制
在 2018 年 11 月,欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency, EMA)已完成针对与全身性和吸入性氟喹诺酮类抗生素治疗相关重度、致残性和可能不可逆转的不良反应的审核评估。这些不良作用包括肌腱炎、肌腱断裂、关节痛、神经病变和其他肌肉骨骼或者神经系统反应。
在这次审核评估之后,EMA 目前推荐仅将氟喹诺酮类抗生素用于治疗重度、危及生命的细菌感染.此外,EMA 还建议不应将氟喹诺酮用于轻度至中度感染,除非针对特定感染的其他合适抗生素无法使用,并且不应将氟喹诺酮用于非重度、非细菌性或者自限性感染。年龄较大、存在肾脏受损或实体器官移植病史的患者,以及正在接受皮质类固醇治疗的患者,出现肌腱损伤的风险更高。应避免将氟喹诺酮类药物与皮质类固醇联用。[127]European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/quinolone-fluoroquinolone-containing-medicinal-products
英国药品和医疗产品监管署 (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, MHRA)亦支持此类推荐。[128]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: new restrictions and precautions for use due to very rare reports of disabling and potentially long-lasting or irreversible side effects. Mar 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/fluoroquinolone-antibiotics-new-restrictions-and-precautions-for-use-due-to-very-rare-reports-of-disabling-and-potentially-long-lasting-or-irreversible-side-effects
因此,对于中度 CAP 患者,应仅在其他常规推荐用于治疗 CAP 的抗生素不适用的情况下才考虑氟喹诺酮类药物。请咨询微生物学家,以确定某种氟喹诺酮药物是否适用于您的患者。
在入院后首次查房时评估患者是否需要静脉使用抗生素,随后每天进行评估。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
一旦出现临床改善(参见实用提示),立即改用口服抗生素。前提是无口服给药禁忌证,例如:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
患者无法吞咽(例如吞咽反射受损、意识受损)
功能或解剖学因素所致胃肠道吸收不良。
Practical tip
临床改善指标
以下临床特征提示您应考虑将静脉给药改为口服抗生素治疗:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
给予抗生素治疗,持续 5 天。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
[125]Lee RA, Centor RM, Humphrey LL, et al. Appropriate use of short-course antibiotics in common infections: best practice advice from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr 6 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.doi.org/10.7326/M20-7355
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33819054?tool=bestpractice.com
NICE 建议:[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
开具可能能有效降低抗微生物药物耐药性风险并最大程度降低不良反应风险的最短疗程。
5 天后停止治疗,除非微生物学结果提示需要更长疗程或患者临床情况不稳定。具体应依据您的临床判断以及以下标准:[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
[126]Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Sep 1;176(9):1257-65.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27455166?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 RCT 发现,对于符合临床稳定标准的中重度 CAP 患者,3 天后停止 β-内酰胺类药物治疗的效果并不劣于 8 天的治疗,这表明免疫功能正常、非重症患者在治疗第 3 天时临床症状已得到改善,3 天的抗生素治疗可能已经足够。[129]Dinh A, Ropers J, Duran C, et al. Discontinuing β-lactam treatment after 3 days for patients with community-acquired pneumonia in non-critical care wards (PTC): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2021 Mar 27;397(10280):1195-1203.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00313-5/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33773631?tool=bestpractice.com
某些患者可能因个体情况需要更长的疗程。在英国,如果考虑将中度 CAP 患者的抗生素治疗时间延长至 5 天以上,某些医院要求与微生物学团队进行会诊。请遵循当地规程。
轻度 CAP(CURB-65 评分:0-1 分)
在医院就诊后 4 小时内 尽快予以抗生素治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
证据:就诊后 4 小时内给予第一次抗生素治疗的时间需求
BTS CAP 集束化治疗研究于 2013 年在英国 16 家 Trust 医院中开展。
CAP 集束化治疗包含四个要素:
对于所有疑似 CAP 成人患者,在入院后 4 小时内获取胸部 X 线检查结果
根据 BTS 氧疗指南进行氧合状况评估和开具氧疗方案[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90.
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
根据 CURB-65 评分评估疾病严重程度
根据 CAP 严重程度在入院后 4 小时内及时给予靶向性抗生素治疗。
该研究将接受 CAP 集束化治疗的 CAP 患者与接受标准诊疗的 CAP 患者进行了比较。对 2118 名成年人(中位年龄为 75.3 岁)的数据分析显示,在 CAP 集束化治疗组中,入院后 ≤4 小时内接受抗生素治疗的患者显著更多(校正 OR 1.52,95% CI 1.08-2.14,P = 0.016),且此组 30 天住院患者死亡率更低(分别为 8.8% 与 13.6%;校正后 OR 0.59,95% CI 0.37-0.95,P = 0.03)。[124]Lim WS, Rodrigo C, Turner AM, et al. British Thoracic Society community-acquired pneumonia care bundle: results of a national implementation project. Thorax. 2016 Mar;71(3):288-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26197815?tool=bestpractice.com
大部分在医院接受治疗的轻度 CAP 患者可以通过口服抗生素进行治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
首选药物是阿莫西林。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于对青霉素过敏的患者,考虑使用大环内酯类药物(例如克拉霉素)或四环素类药物(例如多西环素)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如有口服用药禁忌证(例如吞咽反射受损、意识障碍、胃肠道吸收不良),考虑静脉使用阿莫西林、苄青霉素或克拉霉素。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
在入院后首次查房时评估患者是否需要静脉使用抗生素,随后每天进行评估。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
NICE 的成人抗微生物药物处方指南建议,在静脉注射抗生素后的 48 小时内进行检查,如果可能,考虑改用口服药物治疗。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
最佳做法是每天检查静脉注射抗生素的情况;大多数静脉注射抗生素可在 24 小时内停用,并转为口服药物治疗。
只要无口服给药禁忌证,一旦出现临床改善(参见实用提示),立即改用口服抗生素。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
Practical tip
临床改善指标
以下临床特征提示您应考虑将静脉给药改为口服抗生素治疗:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果患者对阿莫西林单药疗法无应答,考虑改用或加用大环内酯类药物(例如克拉霉素)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
给予抗生素治疗,持续 5 天。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
[125]Lee RA, Centor RM, Humphrey LL, et al. Appropriate use of short-course antibiotics in common infections: best practice advice from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr 6 [Epub ahead of print].
https://www.doi.org/10.7326/M20-7355
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33819054?tool=bestpractice.com
NICE 建议:[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
开具可能能有效降低抗微生物药物耐药性风险并最大程度降低不良反应风险的最短疗程。
5 天后停止治疗,除非微生物学结果提示需要更长疗程或患者临床情况不稳定。具体应依据您的临床判断以及以下标准:[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
[126]Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Sep 1;176(9):1257-65.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27455166?tool=bestpractice.com
病原体靶向抗生素治疗
一旦确定了具体病原体,立即将经验性抗生素改为病原体靶向抗生素(除非有适当理由担心双重病原体感染)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
请咨询微生物学家以获取适当的抗生素治疗方案。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
只有大约三分之一至四分之一的 CAP 住院患者确定了引起肺炎的微生物。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
在此类患者中:
约 14% 为非典型病原体感染,其中:[21]Marchello C, Dale AP, Thai TN, et al. Prevalence of atypical pathogens in patients with cough and community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2016 Nov;14(6):552-66.
http://www.annfammed.org/content/14/6/552.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28376442?tool=bestpractice.com
7% 存在肺炎支原体
4% 存在肺炎衣原体
3% 存在嗜肺军团菌
基于血清转换,支原体、衣原体和 贝氏柯克斯体等微生物感染患者往往在疾病晚期才能得到确诊,因而早期予以靶向性治疗的机会较低。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
在社区接受治疗的患者中,极少有人进行微生物学鉴定。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
获得药敏试验结果后或在咨询微生物学家、特护病房医生或呼吸科医生后,考虑调整治疗方案。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
BTS 关于病原体靶向抗生素的建议[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
病原体 | 首选抗生素 | 替代性抗生素 |
---|
肺炎支原体 肺炎嗜衣原体 | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用) | 多西环素(口服)或氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) |
军团菌种 | 氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用)或阿奇霉素(仅限批准将该药用于肺炎治疗的国家) |
肺炎链球菌 | 阿莫西林(口服)或苄青霉素(静脉使用) | 克拉霉素(口服)或头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用) |
鹦鹉热衣原体 贝氏柯克斯体 | 多西环素(口服) | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用) |
B 型流感嗜血杆菌 | 不产 β-内酰胺酶:阿莫西林(口服或静脉使用) 产 β-内酰胺酶:阿莫西林克拉维酸(口服或静脉使用) | 头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用)或氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) |
革兰阴性肠杆菌 | 头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用) | 氟喹诺酮类药物(静脉使用)或亚胺培南/西司他丁(静脉使用)或美罗培南(静脉使用) |
铜绿假单胞菌 | 头孢他啶(静脉使用) 加 庆大霉素或妥布霉素(需监测剂量) | 环丙沙星(静脉使用)或哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(静脉使用) 加 庆大霉素或妥布霉素(需监测剂量) |
金黄色葡萄球菌:非 MRSA | 氟氯西林(静脉使用) 联用或不联用 利福平(口服或静脉使用) | |
金黄色葡萄球菌:MRSA | 万古霉素(静脉使用;需监测剂量)或利奈唑胺(静脉使用)或替考拉宁(静脉使用) 联用或不联用 利福平(口服或静脉使用) | |
支持性治疗
为在医院接受治疗的患者提供支持性治疗。可能包括以下措施。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
氧气
使用脉搏血氧测定评估所有患者的血氧饱和度(最好是在吸入空气时进行测定)。
如果血氧饱和度 <94%,予以氧疗并将血氧饱和度维持在目标范围内。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于存在 CO2 潴留风险的患者,如果血氧饱和度<88%,应给予氧疗。早期氧疗评估与预后改善相关。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90.
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
监测控制性氧疗。对大多数无高碳酸血症风险的急症患者给予辅助氧疗时,可将 SpO2 上限设为 96%。
证据表明,在急性患病成人中,与更为保守的氧疗相比,自由氧疗(目标 SpO2 >96%)与更高的死亡率相关。[72]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者有高碳酸性呼吸衰竭的风险,则适合采取较低的目标 SpO2 88%-92%。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90.
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
证据:急症成人的目标血氧饱和度
辅助供氧过量将增加死亡率。
对于无高碳酸血症风险的急症成人,来自大型系统评价和荟萃分析的证据支持采取保守/控制性氧疗,而非自由氧疗。
对于正在接受辅助供氧的突发不适成人,指南对目标氧饱和度的推荐存在差异。
2017 年英国胸科协会(British Thoracic Society, BTS)指南建议,对于无高碳酸血症风险的患者,SpO2 的目标范围应设为 94%-98%,而 2022 年澳大利亚和新西兰胸科学会的指南则建议该目标范围为 92%-96%。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90.
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
[130]Barnett A, Beasley R, Buchan C, et al. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement on acute oxygen use in adults: 'Swimming between the flags'. Respirology. 2022 Apr;27(4):262-76.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9303673
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35178831?tool=bestpractice.com
2022 年全球哮喘防治创议(Global Initiative for Asthma, GINA)指南建议,急性哮喘发作时将 SpO2 目标范围设为 93%-96%。[131]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention (2022 update). 2022 [internet publication].
https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports
2018 年发表的包含 25 项随机对照试验荟萃分析数据的系统评价发现,对于急症成人患者,接受自由氧疗(大致相当于目标血氧饱和度 >96%)比保守氧疗(大致相当于目标血氧饱和度 ≤96%)的死亡率更高。[72]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com
自由氧疗组比保守氧疗组的住院死亡率高 11/1000(95% CI 2/1000-22/1000)。自由氧疗组患者的 30 日死亡率也更高(RR 1.14,95% CI 1.01-1.29)。这些试验纳入了脓毒症、危重症、脑卒中、创伤、心肌梗死或心脏停搏的成人患者,以及接受急诊手术的患者。这项系统评价排除了受试者仅限于慢性呼吸系统疾病或精神疾病、接受体外生命支持、接受高压氧治疗或接受择期手术患者的研究。
因此,向无高碳酸血症风险的急症患者给予辅助供氧时,SpO2 上限为 96% 较为合理。但是,更高的目标值可能适合某些特定疾病(例如气胸、一氧化碳中毒,丛集性头痛以及镰状细胞危象)。[132]Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30355567?tool=bestpractice.com
2019 年,BTS 针对这一系统评价和荟萃分析,对其指南进行回顾审定,决定无需进行临时更新。[113]British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline for oxygen in healthcare and emergency settings. December 2019 update. December 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/emergency-oxygen
随后,COVID-19 大流行期间的经验也使临床医生更清楚地认识到允许性低氧血症的可行性。[133]Voshaar T, Stais P, Köhler D, et al. Conservative management of COVID-19 associated hypoxaemia. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Jan;7(1):00026-2021.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7848791
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33738306?tool=bestpractice.com
重症监护患者氧疗管理属于专科领域,应获取更具体的进一步证据,指导该情境处理。[134]Barbateskovic M, Schjørring OL, Russo Krauss S, et al. Higher versus lower fraction of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 27;2019(11):CD012631.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012631.pub2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31773728?tool=bestpractice.com
[135]ICU-ROX Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Mackle D, Bellomo R, et al. Conservative oxygen therapy during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):989-98.
https://www.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1903297
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31613432?tool=bestpractice.com
[136]Cumpstey AF, Oldman AH, Smith AF, et al. Oxygen targets in the intensive care unit during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 1;9:CD013708.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013708
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32870512?tool=bestpractice.com
对以下患者检测动脉血气:SpO2 <94% 的患者、存在高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭(CO2 潴留)风险的患者以及所有重度 CAP 患者。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
Practical tip
务必清晰地记录吸入氧浓度,因为这对于判读血气结果至关重要。
标准重症监护病房(ICU)支持性治疗
安排将 CURB-65 评分为 4 和 5 以及需要收住 ICU 的患者转诊至 ICU,并由 ICU 专科医生和呼吸科医生共同进行管理。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于 CAP 导致呼吸衰竭的患者,请勿常规予以无创通气(non-invasive ventilation, NIV)或持续气道正压通气(continuous positive airways pressure, CPAP)支持。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如有相关指征,应仅在危重症诊疗病房进行试验性无创支持,因为此类病房随时备有专业人员和设备,可快速转为有创通气。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
血管加压药
如果患者在液体复苏期间或之后出现低血压,开始使用血管加压药以维持平均动脉压 ≥65 mmHg。[137]Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign bundle: 2018 update. Crit Care Med. 2018 Jun;46(6):997-1000.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29767636?tool=bestpractice.com
静脉输液
评估所有患者容量不足的情况,需要时予以静脉输液。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)预防
对于所有存在行动不便的患者,考虑使用低分子肝素预防 VTE。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
营养支持
为需要延长住院时间的重度 CAP 患者安排营养支持(肠内、肠外或经鼻胃管喂养)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
气道清理
不要常规使用传统气道廓清技术对单纯性肺炎患者进行治疗。如有需要,向此类患者提供有关咳痰的建议。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果患者排痰困难或患有肺部疾病,考虑气道廓清技术。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
镇痛
酌情(例如针对胸膜炎性疼痛)予以简单镇痛措施(例如对乙酰氨基酚)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
Practical tip
鼓励单纯性 CAP 患者(即未并发肺炎旁胸腔积液、脓胸、脓肿、气胸、坏死性肺炎或支气管胸膜瘘)在病情允许的情况下起身坐在床旁。初始目标是在最初的 24 小时内至少离床 20 分钟,然后在住院期间每天增加一点活动量。
其他治疗
皮质类固醇
不要对任何严重程度的 CAP 患者常规使用皮质类固醇。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
争议话题:CAP 患者皮质类固醇治疗
最新证据表明,将皮质类固醇用作抗生素治疗的辅助治疗,可改善成人 CAP 患者的结局,但会增加高血糖的风险。NICE 建议不要常规给予皮质类固醇。在获得进一步的证据之前,这一建议仍然有效。
一项纳入 17 项研究的 Cochrane 评价评估了皮质类固醇用作抗生素治疗辅助药物在成人和儿童肺炎(CAP、医院获得性肺炎和呼吸机相关性肺炎)患者中的安全性和有效性。干预措施包括口服泼尼松龙(在 3 项试验中使用)和静脉使用地塞米松、氢化可的松或甲泼尼龙(在 13 项试验中使用)。结果表明,皮质类固醇显著降低了重度 CAP 患者的死亡率和并发症发生率。还降低了中度和轻度 CAP 患者的并发症发生率,但没有降低这类患者的死亡率。在接受皮质类固醇治疗的成人患者中,高血糖是最常见的不良反应;但作者的结论是:总体而言获益大于风险。[138]Stern A, Skalsky K, Avni T, et al. Corticosteroids for pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 13;(12):CD007720.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007720.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29236286?tool=bestpractice.com
两项系统评价(在上述 Cochrane 评价之前发表)也评估了辅助性糖皮质激素在 CAP 患者中的安全性和有效性。[139]Horita N, Otsuka T, Haranaga S, et al. Adjunctive systemic corticosteroids for hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis 2015 update. Sci Rep. 2015 Sep 16;5:14061.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4571641
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26374694?tool=bestpractice.com
[140]Siemieniuk RA, Meade MO, Alonso-Coello P, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Oct 6;163(7):519-28.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258555?tool=bestpractice.com
它们报告称干预组和对照组在全因死亡率方面并无显著差异,而皮质类固醇组的 ICU 入住时长、[139]Horita N, Otsuka T, Haranaga S, et al. Adjunctive systemic corticosteroids for hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis 2015 update. Sci Rep. 2015 Sep 16;5:14061.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4571641
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26374694?tool=bestpractice.com
住院时长、[139]Horita N, Otsuka T, Haranaga S, et al. Adjunctive systemic corticosteroids for hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis 2015 update. Sci Rep. 2015 Sep 16;5:14061.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4571641
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26374694?tool=bestpractice.com
[140]Siemieniuk RA, Meade MO, Alonso-Coello P, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Oct 6;163(7):519-28.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258555?tool=bestpractice.com
以及达到临床稳定性所需的时间显著减少。[139]Horita N, Otsuka T, Haranaga S, et al. Adjunctive systemic corticosteroids for hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis 2015 update. Sci Rep. 2015 Sep 16;5:14061.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4571641
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26374694?tool=bestpractice.com
[140]Siemieniuk RA, Meade MO, Alonso-Coello P, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Oct 6;163(7):519-28.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258555?tool=bestpractice.com
一项综述报告,接受皮质类固醇治疗的患者高血糖风险增加。[140]Siemieniuk RA, Meade MO, Alonso-Coello P, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Oct 6;163(7):519-28.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258555?tool=bestpractice.com
NICE 将在两项正在进行的试验结果发表后对这一领域进行重审。目前,不要常规给予皮质类固醇的建议仍然有效。[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191
监测
监测各项指标,最初至少每日两次,对于危重症诊疗病房(高依赖病房 [high-dependency unit] 或 ICU)的患者,应增加频率(例如每小时一次)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
监测:
脉搏
血压
呼吸频率
体温
血氧饱和度(同时记录吸入氧浓度)
精神状态。
考虑在入院时检测 CAP 患者的基线 C 反应蛋白浓度,如果 48-72 小时后临床进展不明确,进行复查。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于所有重度 CAP 患者,至少每 12 小时复查一次,直至出现临床改善。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
此项工作应由上级医师及医疗团队完成。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
Practical tip
临床改善指标
以下临床特征提示您应考虑将静脉给药改为口服抗生素治疗:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对所有 CAP 患者入院后定期评估严重程度。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
入院后由上级医师和医学团队进行的查房是一次及早进行评估的机会。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
有关 CAP 相关并发症的更多信息,请参见单独的并发症章节。
病情改善失败
对于所有未按照预期出现改善的患者,与高年资同事进行病情讨论。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于接受治疗 3 天后病情未能有效改善的患者,考虑复查胸部 X 线、C 反应蛋白、白细胞计数,并进一步采样进行微生物学检查。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
考虑转诊至呼吸科医生处。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
Practical tip
患者病情改善不如预期的主要原因包括:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
诊断错误或存在并发症(例如肺栓塞、支气管癌、支气管扩张症)
一种或多种超出所选抗生素覆盖范围的意外病原体(例如“非典型”病原体、对常规抗生素耐药的病原体 [如氨苄西林耐药性流感嗜血杆菌])
抗生素无效或导致过敏反应(例如口服抗生素吸收不良、剂量不足、抗生素超敏反应)
局部(例如支气管扩张症、支气管阻塞、误吸)或全身(例如 HIV 感染、骨髓瘤)防御能力受损
局部(例如肺炎旁胸腔积液、脓胸、肺脓肿)或远处(例如转移性感染、败血症、静脉置管部位静脉炎)CAP 并发症
暴发性感染
预期的改善速度过快(例如在老年患者中)。
出院
如果患者在过去 24 小时内出现以下2 项*或更多异常,不要常规安排患者出院:[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191
体温 >37.5°C(>99.5°F)
心率>100 次/分
呼吸频率 ≥24 次/分
收缩压 ≤90 mmHg
室内空气下的血氧饱和度 <90
无法维持经口摄入量
精神状态异常。
(*BTS 建议根据以上列出的 1 项或多项指标 [除非相关指标代表患者的常规基线状态] 并使用 37.8°C [100.04°F] 的体温阈值,以决定是否让 CAP 患者出院。参见下文 + 争议话题。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
)
如果 CAP 患者的体温高于 37.5°C(99.5°F),考虑延迟出院。[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191
争议话题:安全出院的临界体温
BTS 建议的体温阈值是 >37.8°C(>100.04°F),不同于 NICE 建议的 >37.5°C(>99.5°F)(此结果提示您应考虑让 CAP 患者延迟出院)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
NICE 建议的 >37.5°C(>99.5°F)的阈值基于一项前瞻性队列研究(评估简单临床变量对预测肺炎患者短期结局的价值)的结论。[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191
[141]Capelastegui A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Pneumonia: criteria for patient instability on hospital discharge. Chest. 2008 Sep;134(3):595-600.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18490403?tool=bestpractice.com
该研究发现,37.5°C(99.5°F)的临界值与 30 天死亡风险密切相关。
我们出于这一原因基于 NICE 指南提出建议。
在出院或随访时,为患者提供获取 CAP 相关信息的途径,如患者信息手册。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
安排患者在第 6 周左右到其全科医生处或医院诊所进行随访。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
出院后随访
对于以下患者(无论是否收治入院),在大约 6 周后于恢复期复查胸部 X 线检查:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于治疗完成后第 6 周左右 仍持续存在体征、症状和影像学异常的患者,考虑在恢复期进行支气管镜检查。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults