治疗流程
请注意药品名称和品牌、药品处方或地区之间的配方/用药途径和剂量可能有所不同。治疗建议针对患者特定群体提出: 查看免责声明
门诊
口服阿莫西林、多西环素或大环内酯类药物
对于肺炎严重程度指数(Pneumonia Severity Index,PSI)的风险等级为 I 级或 II 级且肺炎严重度指数得分≤70(低风险),或 CURB-65 得分介于 0-1(轻度)的患者,推荐在门诊治疗。[80]Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 23;336(4):243-50. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199701233360402#t=article http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8995086?tool=bestpractice.com [81]Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003 May;58(5):377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746657 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12728155?tool=bestpractice.com 相较于 CURB-65,优选 PSI。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
推荐使用经验性口服抗生素治疗:阿莫西林、多西环素或大环内酯类药物(例如,阿奇霉素或克拉霉素)。只有在肺炎球菌对大环内酯类药物的耐药性<25% 的地区,并且有替代疗法使用禁忌的情况下,才使用大环内酯类药物。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
最短疗程为 5 天。依据经证实的临床稳定性测定指标(例如,生命体征异常是否消退、认知功能是否正常、进食能力如何)来指导治疗持续时间。如果患者已经无发热 48-72 小时且无并发症(心内膜炎、脑膜炎)体征,则可以考虑终止治疗。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com [106]Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Sep 1;176(9):1257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27455166?tool=bestpractice.com
在 48 小时时重新评估患者。在这段时间内经过适当的治疗,症状应得到改善。对于 48 小时内未得到改善的患者,应考虑入院治疗。
如果患者的实验室检查提示致病微生物,应考虑在抗生素药敏性指导下更改为针对特定病原体的抗微生物治疗。
第一选择
阿莫西林: 1000 mg,口服,每日 3 次
或
多西环素: 100 mg,口服,每日两次
第二选择
阿奇霉素: 首日 500 mg,口服,每日一次,随后 250 mg,每日一次
或
克拉霉素: 500 mg(速释片),口服,每天两次;或 1000 mg(缓释片),口服,每天一次
支持性治疗
针对特定患者群中所有患者的治疗建议
建议患者不要吸烟,多休息,并充分补液。
抗流感病毒治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
对于流行性感冒病毒检测呈阳性的门诊患者,考虑进行抗病毒治疗(例如奥司他韦)。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
第一选择
奥司他韦: 75 mg,口服,每日两次,连服 5 日
口服联合抗生素治疗或氟喹诺酮单药治疗
对于肺炎严重程度指数(Pneumonia Severity Index,PSI)的风险等级为 I 级或 II 级且肺炎严重度指数得分≤70(低风险),或 CURB-65 得分介于 0-1(轻度)的患者,推荐在门诊治疗。[80]Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 23;336(4):243-50. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199701233360402#t=article http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8995086?tool=bestpractice.com [81]Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003 May;58(5):377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746657 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12728155?tool=bestpractice.com 相较于 CURB-65,优选 PSI。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
并存疾病包括:慢性心脏、肺脏、肝脏或肾脏疾病;糖尿病;酒精滥用;恶性肿瘤;无脾。这些患者需要使用广谱抗生素治疗方案,因为许多患者会存在感染耐药病原菌的危险因素(例如,有近期住院史以及过去 90 天内经胃肠外使用过抗生素),如果经验性治疗方案不充分,则他们更容易出现不良结局。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
推荐使用经验性口服抗生素治疗:使用阿莫西林/克拉维酸或头孢菌素(例如,头孢泊肟、头孢呋辛),联合大环内酯类药物或多西环素进行治疗;或者使用呼吸道氟喹诺酮类药物(例如,左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、吉米沙星)进行单药治疗。这些方案应有效覆盖耐药性病原菌。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
在开具氟喹诺酮类药物处方前,应考虑安全性问题。美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)还发布了相关警告,指出主动脉夹层、严重低血糖以及精神不良反应的风险增加。[102]Food and Drug Administration. FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. Jul 2018 [internet publication]. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-reinforces-safety-information-about-serious-low-blood-sugar-levels-and-mental-health-side [103]Food and Drug Administration. FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. Dec 2018 [internet publication]. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-warns-about-increased-risk-ruptures-or-tears-aorta-blood-vessel-fluoroquinolone-antibiotics 2018 年,欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency,EMA)完成了一项关于氟喹诺酮类药物治疗相关严重、致残性和可能不可逆转不良反应的审评。这些不良反应包括肌腱炎、肌腱断裂、关节痛、神经病变和其他肌肉骨骼或神经系统不良反应。[104]European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/quinolone-fluoroquinolone-containing-medicinal-products 虽然存在这些顾虑,但美国胸科学会(American Thoracic Society,ATS)/美国传染病学会(Infectious Diseases Society of America,IDSA)指南仍推荐将氟喹诺酮类药物作为有共存疾病并在门诊接受治疗的低风险性 CAP 患者的一种治疗选择。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
最短疗程为 5 天。依据经证实的临床稳定性测定指标(例如,生命体征异常是否消退、认知功能是否正常、进食能力如何)来指导治疗持续时间。如果患者已经无发热 48-72 小时且无并发症(心内膜炎、脑膜炎)体征,则可以考虑终止治疗。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com [106]Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Sep 1;176(9):1257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27455166?tool=bestpractice.com
在 48 小时时重新评估患者。在这段时间内经过适当的治疗,症状应得到改善。对于 48 小时内未得到改善的患者,应考虑入院治疗。
如果患者的实验室检查提示致病微生物,应考虑在抗生素药敏性指导下更改为针对特定病原体的抗微生物治疗。
第一选择
阿莫西林/克拉维酸: 500 mg,口服(速释型),每日 3 次;或者 875 mg,口服(速释型),每日两次;2000 mg,口服(缓释型),每日两次
更多 阿莫西林/克拉维酸剂量指示阿莫西林的剂量。
或
头孢泊肟: 200 mg,口服,每日两次
或
头孢呋辛: 500 mg,口服,每日两次
-- 和 --
阿奇霉素: 首日 500 mg,口服,每日一次,随后 250 mg,每日一次
或
克拉霉素: 500 mg(速释片),口服,每天两次;或 1000 mg(缓释片),口服,每天一次
或
多西环素: 100 mg,口服,每日两次
或
左氧氟沙星: 750 mg,口服,每日一次
或
莫西沙星: 400 mg,口服,每日一次
或
吉米沙星: 320mg,口服,每天一次
支持性治疗
针对特定患者群中所有患者的治疗建议
建议患者不要吸烟,多休息,并充分补液。
抗流感病毒治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
对于流行性感冒病毒检测呈阳性的门诊患者,考虑进行抗病毒治疗(例如奥司他韦)。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
第一选择
奥司他韦: 75 mg,口服,每日两次,连服 5 日
住院患者
静脉联用抗生素治疗或氟喹诺酮单药治疗
如果患者的肺炎严重程度指数(Pneumonia Severity Index,PSI)危险等级为 III 级(这些患者可通过短期住院治疗改善病情)、IV 级或 V 级,或者 CURB-65 得分为 3,则推荐入院。[80]Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 23;336(4):243-50. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199701233360402#t=article http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8995086?tool=bestpractice.com [81]Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003 May;58(5):377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746657 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12728155?tool=bestpractice.com 相较于 CURB-65,优选 PSI。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
建议使用经验性静脉用抗生素治疗:使用 β-内酰胺类药物(例如,氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、ceftaroline)与大环内酯类药物(例如,阿奇霉素、克拉霉素)进行联合治疗;或使用呼吸道氟喹诺酮类药物(例如,左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星)进行单药治疗。对大环内酯类和氟喹诺酮类药物均有禁忌的患者,可考虑使用 β-内酰胺类药物联合多西环素。应注意,在美国,克拉霉素仅有口服制剂可用,因此只有当口服途径可行时,才能使用此药。
在开具氟喹诺酮类药物处方前,应考虑安全性问题。美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)还发布了相关警告,指出主动脉夹层、严重低血糖以及精神不良反应的风险增加。[102]Food and Drug Administration. FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. Jul 2018 [internet publication]. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-reinforces-safety-information-about-serious-low-blood-sugar-levels-and-mental-health-side [103]Food and Drug Administration. FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. Dec 2018 [internet publication]. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-warns-about-increased-risk-ruptures-or-tears-aorta-blood-vessel-fluoroquinolone-antibiotics 2018 年,欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency,EMA)完成了一项关于氟喹诺酮类药物治疗相关严重、致残性和可能不可逆转不良反应的审评。这些不良反应包括肌腱炎、肌腱断裂、关节痛、神经病变和其他肌肉骨骼或神经系统不良反应。[104]European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/quinolone-fluoroquinolone-containing-medicinal-products
最短疗程为 5 天。依据经证实的临床稳定性测定指标(例如,生命体征异常是否消退、认知功能是否正常、进食能力如何)来指导治疗持续时间。如果患者已经无发热 48-72 小时且无并发症(心内膜炎、脑膜炎)体征,则可以考虑终止治疗。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com [106]Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Sep 1;176(9):1257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27455166?tool=bestpractice.com
评估患者是否可转换为每天使用口服治疗;应尽快进行该转换。转换为同一药物的口服制剂或同一药物类别中某种药物的口服制剂。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者的实验室检查提示致病微生物,应考虑在抗生素药敏性指导下更改为针对特定病原体的抗微生物治疗。
第一选择
氨苄西林/舒巴坦: 1.5-3 g,静脉内给药,每 6 小时一次
更多 氨苄西林/舒巴坦一剂中包括 1 g 氨苄西林和 0.5 g 舒巴坦 (1.5 g),或 2 g 氨苄西林和 1 g 舒巴坦 (3 g)。
或
头孢噻肟: 1-2 g,静脉给药,每 8 小时一次
或
头孢曲松钠: 1~2 g,静脉内给药,每 24 小时一次
或
头孢洛林: 600 mg,静脉内给药,每 12 小时一次
-- 和 --
阿奇霉素: 500 mg,静脉内给药,每 24 小时一次
或
克拉霉素: 500 mg,口服(速释型),每日两次
或
左氧氟沙星: 750 mg,静脉内给药,每 24 小时一次
或
莫西沙星: 400 mg,静脉内给药,每 24 小时一次
覆盖 MRSA 的抗生素治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
对于有感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)危险因素的患者,如果存在当地已证实的危险因素,则加用其他经验性抗生素进行覆盖。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者有呼吸道分离出 MRSA 的既往史:加用万古霉素或利奈唑胺,并进行培养(若条件允许,也可进行鼻部聚合酶链反应 [polymerase chain reaction,PCR] 检测),以指导降级治疗或者确认是否需要继续覆盖更多微生物。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者最近住过院,并在过去 90 天内接受过胃肠外抗生素治疗,并且当地已证实存在 MRSA 的危险因素:应进行培养和鼻部 PCR 检测。如果 PCR 检测或培养结果为阴性,则停止使用覆盖更多微生物的药物。如果 PCR 检测或培养结果为阳性,则开始使用覆盖更多微生物的药物。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
如果培养物中没有发现耐药病原菌,并且患者的临床状况有所改善,则考虑在 48 小时后降级为标准抗生素治疗。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
对于感染 MRSA 的患者,建议将疗程延长为 7 天。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
第一选择
万古霉素: 15 mg/kg,静脉使用,每 12 小时一次;根据血清万古霉素水平调整剂量
或
利奈唑胺: 600 mg,静脉内给药,每 12 小时一次
覆盖假单胞菌的抗生素治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
对于有铜绿假单胞菌危险因素的患者,如果当地已证实存在危险因素,则需要加用其他经验性抗生素药物进行覆盖。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者有呼吸道分离出 MRSA 的既往史:加用哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、氨曲南、美罗培南或亚胺培南/西司他丁,并进行培养,以指导降级治疗或确定是否需要继续覆盖更多微生物。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者有近期住院史并在过去 90 天内接受过胃肠外抗生素治疗,并且当地已证实存在铜绿假单胞菌的危险因素:应进行培养,并仅在培养结果为阳性时开始使用覆盖铜绿假单胞菌的抗生素。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
如果培养物中没有发现耐药病原菌,并且患者的临床状况有所改善,则考虑在 48 小时后降级为标准抗生素治疗。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
对于感染铜绿假单胞菌的患者,建议将疗程延长为 7 天。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
考虑初始的经验性治疗方案包括覆盖假单胞菌的抗生素,从而使得不联用同一类别的两种不同抗生素。
覆盖肠杆菌科细菌的抗生素治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
对于存在产超广谱 β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌感染危险因素的患者,需要加用其他经验性抗生素药物。咨询感染性疾病专科医生,获取合适的抗生素治疗方案指导。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
对于肺炎患者,如果病原菌不太常见,建议采用更长的疗程。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
抗流感病毒治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
对于流行性感冒病毒检测呈阳性的 CAP 住院患者,应在抗菌药物治疗的基础上加用抗病毒治疗(例如,奥司他韦),这与诊断之前的病程长短无关。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
第一选择
奥司他韦: 75 mg,口服,每日两次,连服 5 日
支持性治疗
针对特定患者群中所有患者的治疗建议
必要时实施氧疗。监测氧饱和度和吸氧浓度,旨在将 SaO₂ 维持在 92% 以上。对于单纯性肺炎患者,可以安全地提供较高的氧气浓度。 [ ] What are the effects of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation with supplemental oxygen, when compared with Venturi mask oxygen delivery, in adults with pneumonia?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.73/full展示答案 尽管经过了适当的氧治疗,呼吸衰竭患者仍需要进行紧急气道管理和(有可能)插管。对于并发通气衰竭的 COPD 患者,应根据重复测量的动脉血气水平以指导氧疗。[67]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
评估患者是否有容量缺失。如果需要,应根据当地方案给予静脉输液,对于长期疾病患者,应提供营养支持。[67]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
监测患者的体温、呼吸频率、脉搏、血压、精神状态情况,至少每日两次,对于重度肺炎和需要定期氧疗的患者,可提高监测频率。定期监测 C 反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)的水平,因为它们是肺炎进展的敏感性指标。对于进展情况不理想的患者,应重复进行胸部 X 线检查。[67]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com 如果症状在 5-7 天内消退,则不推荐常规进行胸部影像学检查随访。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
经静脉联合多种抗生素进行治疗
需要升压药治疗的低血压患者或需要机械通气的呼吸衰竭患者应收住重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)。对于不需要升压药治疗或机械通气的患者,应使用用于确定重度 CAP(参见“诊断标准”部分)的美国胸科学会(American Thoracic Society,ATS)/美国传染病学会(Infectious Diseases Society of America,IDSA)标准并结合临床判断来指导是否需要加大治疗强度。将重度 CAP(确定依据为符合 2 项主要标准或至少 3 项次要标准)患者收入 ICU。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
立即开始抗生素治疗,因为延迟给药与死亡风险增加有关。[105]Garnacho-Montero J, Barrero-García I, Gómez-Prieto MG, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: current management and future therapeutic alternatives. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2018 Sep;16(9):667-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30118377?tool=bestpractice.com
建议使用经验性静脉用抗生素治疗:使用 β-内酰胺类药物(例如,氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢洛林)与大环内酯类药物(例如,阿奇霉素、克拉霉素)进行联合治疗;或者使用 β-内酰胺类药物与呼吸道氟喹诺酮类药物(例如,左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星)进行联合治疗。有较充分的证据支持 β-内酰胺类药物与大环内酯类药物联用。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然 ATS/IDSA 推荐这些患者使用克拉霉素,但美国仅提供口服制剂,因此在这种情况下不太可能有帮助。
在开具氟喹诺酮类药物处方前,应考虑安全性问题。美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)还发布了相关警告,指出主动脉夹层、严重低血糖以及精神不良反应的风险增加。[102]Food and Drug Administration. FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. Jul 2018 [internet publication]. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-reinforces-safety-information-about-serious-low-blood-sugar-levels-and-mental-health-side [103]Food and Drug Administration. FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. Dec 2018 [internet publication]. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-warns-about-increased-risk-ruptures-or-tears-aorta-blood-vessel-fluoroquinolone-antibiotics 2018 年,欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency,EMA)完成了一项关于氟喹诺酮类药物治疗相关严重、致残性和可能不可逆转不良反应的审评。这些不良反应包括肌腱炎、肌腱断裂、关节痛、神经病变和其他肌肉骨骼或神经系统不良反应。[104]European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/quinolone-fluoroquinolone-containing-medicinal-products
最短疗程为 5 天。依据经证实的临床稳定性测定指标(例如,生命体征异常是否消退、认知功能是否正常、进食能力如何)来指导治疗持续时间。如果患者已经无发热 48-72 小时且无并发症(心内膜炎、脑膜炎)体征,则可以考虑终止治疗。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com [106]Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Sep 1;176(9):1257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27455166?tool=bestpractice.com
评估患者是否可转换为每天使用口服治疗;应尽快进行该转换。转换为同一药物的口服制剂或同一药物类别中某种药物的口服制剂。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者的实验室检查提示致病微生物,应考虑在抗生素药敏性指导下更改为针对特定病原体的抗微生物治疗。
第一选择
氨苄西林/舒巴坦: 1.5-3 g,静脉内给药,每 6 小时一次
更多 氨苄西林/舒巴坦一剂中包括 1 g 氨苄西林和 0.5 g 舒巴坦 (1.5 g),或 2 g 氨苄西林和 1 g 舒巴坦 (3 g)。
或
头孢噻肟: 1-2 g,静脉给药,每 8 小时一次
或
头孢曲松钠: 1~2 g,静脉内给药,每 24 小时一次
或
头孢洛林: 600 mg,静脉内给药,每 12 小时一次
-- 和 --
阿奇霉素: 500 mg,静脉内给药,每 24 小时一次
第二选择
氨苄西林/舒巴坦: 1.5-3 g,静脉内给药,每 6 小时一次
更多 氨苄西林/舒巴坦一剂中包括 1 g 氨苄西林和 0.5 g 舒巴坦 (1.5 g),或 2 g 氨苄西林和 1 g 舒巴坦 (3 g)。
或
头孢噻肟: 1-2 g,静脉给药,每 8 小时一次
或
头孢曲松钠: 1~2 g,静脉内给药,每 24 小时一次
或
头孢洛林: 600 mg,静脉内给药,每 12 小时一次
-- 和 --
左氧氟沙星: 750 mg,静脉内给药,每 24 小时一次
或
莫西沙星: 400 mg,静脉内给药,每 24 小时一次
覆盖 MRSA 的抗生素治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
对于有感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)危险因素的患者,如果存在当地已证实的危险因素,则加用其他经验性抗生素进行覆盖。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
加用覆盖更多微生物的其他合适抗生素药物,并进行培养(若条件允许,也可进行鼻部聚合酶链反应检测),以指导降级治疗或者确认是否需要继续治疗。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
如果培养物中没有发现耐药病原菌,并且患者的临床状况有所改善,则考虑在 48 小时后降级为标准抗生素治疗。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
对于感染 MRSA 的患者,建议将疗程延长为 7 天。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
第一选择
万古霉素: 15 mg/kg,静脉使用,每 12 小时一次;根据血清万古霉素水平调整剂量
或
利奈唑胺: 600 mg,静脉内给药,每 12 小时一次
覆盖假单胞菌的抗生素治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
对于有铜绿假单胞菌危险因素的患者,如果当地已证实存在危险因素,则需要加用其他经验性抗生素药物进行覆盖。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
加用覆盖更多微生物的其他合适抗生素药物,并进行培养,以指导降级治疗或者确认是否需要继续治疗。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
如果培养物中没有发现耐药病原菌,并且患者的临床状况有所改善,则考虑在 48 小时后降级为标准抗生素治疗。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
对于感染铜绿假单胞菌的患者,建议将疗程延长为 7 天。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
考虑初始的经验性治疗方案包括覆盖假单胞菌的抗生素,从而使得不联用同一类别的两种不同抗生素。
覆盖肠杆菌科细菌的抗生素治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
对于存在产超广谱 β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌感染危险因素的患者,需要加用其他经验性抗生素药物。咨询感染性疾病专科医生,获取合适的抗生素治疗方案指导。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
对于肺炎患者,如果病原菌不太常见,建议采用更长的疗程。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
抗流感病毒治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
对于流行性感冒病毒检测呈阳性的 CAP 住院患者,应在抗菌药物治疗的基础上加用抗病毒治疗(例如,奥司他韦),这与诊断之前的病程长短无关。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
第一选择
奥司他韦: 75 mg,口服,每日两次,连服 5 日
皮质类固醇
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
对于重度 CAP 患者,皮质类固醇的使用问题长期存在争议。
当前的美国胸科学会(American Thoracic Society,ATS)/美国传染病学会(Infectious Diseases Society of America,IDSA)指南通常推荐不对非重度或重度 CAP 患者使用皮质类固醇,不过它们均认同,根据拯救脓毒症运动指南,可考虑将这类药物用于难治性脓毒性休克患者,并且可视临床情况用于治疗并存疾病(例如,COPD、哮喘、自身免疫性疾病)。此推荐基于以下事实:目前并没有任何数据表明非重度 CAP 患者在死亡率或器官衰竭方面受益,仅有有限的数据支持对重度 CAP 患者使用该药。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
支持性治疗
针对特定患者群中所有患者的治疗建议
必要时实施氧疗。监测氧饱和度和吸氧浓度,旨在将 SaO₂ 维持在 92% 以上。对于单纯性肺炎患者,可以安全地提供较高的氧气浓度。 [ ] What are the effects of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation with supplemental oxygen, when compared with Venturi mask oxygen delivery, in adults with pneumonia?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.73/full展示答案 尽管经过了适当的氧治疗,呼吸衰竭患者仍需要进行紧急气道管理和(有可能)插管。对于并发通气衰竭的 COPD 患者,应根据重复测量的动脉血气水平以指导氧疗。[67]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
评估患者是否有容量缺失。如果需要,应根据当地方案给予静脉输液,对于长期疾病患者,应提供营养支持。[67]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
监测患者的体温、呼吸频率、脉搏、血压、精神状态情况,至少每日两次,对于重度肺炎和需要定期氧疗的患者,可提高监测频率。定期监测 C 反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)的水平,因为它们是肺炎进展的敏感性指标。对于进展情况不理想的患者,应重复进行胸部 X 线检查。[67]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com 如果症状在 5-7 天内消退,则不推荐常规进行胸部影像学检查随访。[18]Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573350?tool=bestpractice.com
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