Referências

Principais artigos

Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-67.Texto completo  Resumo

Jones BE, Ramirez JA, Oren E, et al. Diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025 Jul 18.Texto completo  Resumo

Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Mar 5:ciae104.Texto completo  Resumo

Artigos de referência

1. Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, et al. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;2(1):3-16.Texto completo  Resumo

2. Masiá M, Gutiérrez F, Padilla S, et al. Clinical characterisation of pneumonia caused by atypical pathogens combining classic and novel predictors. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007 Feb;13(2):153-61.Texto completo  Resumo

3. Vaughn VM, Dickson RP, Horowitz JK, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia: a review. JAMA. 2024 Oct 15;332(15):1282-95. Resumo

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National center for health statistics: pneumonia. Jul 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

5. Jain S, Self WH, Wunderink RG, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among US adults. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 30;373(5):415-27.Texto completo  Resumo

6. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Lower respiratory infections - level 3 cause. 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

7. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020 Oct 17:396(10258):1204-22.Texto completo  Resumo

8. Rice LB. Antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive bacteria. Am J Med. 2006 Jun;119(suppl 1):S11-9. Resumo

9. Cillóniz C, Ewig S, Polverino E, et al. Microbial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia and its relation to severity. Thorax. 2011 Apr;66(4):340-6.Texto completo  Resumo

10. Cillóniz C, Ewig S, Polverino E, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in outpatients: aetiology and outcomes. Eur Respir J. 2012 Oct;40(4):931-8.Texto completo  Resumo

11. Cilloniz C, Torres A, Polverino E, et al. Community-acquired lung respiratory infections in HIV-infected patients: microbial aetiology and outcome. Eur Respir J. 2014 Jun;43(6):1698-708.Texto completo  Resumo

12. Almirall J, Boixeda R, Bolíbar I, et al. Differences in the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia according to site of care: a population-based study. Respir Med. 2007 Oct;101(10):2168-75.Texto completo  Resumo

13. GBD 2019 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2022 Dec 17;400(10369):2221-48.Texto completo  Resumo

14. Isturiz R, Grant L, Gray S, et al. Expanded analysis of 20 pneumococcal serotypes associated with radiographically confirmed community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized US adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Oct 5;73(7):1216-22.Texto completo  Resumo

15. Isturiz RE, Ramirez J, Self WH, et al. Pneumococcal epidemiology among us adults hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Vaccine. 2019 May 31;37(25):3352-61.Texto completo  Resumo

16. Lansbury L, McKeever TM, Lawrence H, et al. Pneumococcal pneumonia trends in adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia over 10 years (2013-2023) and the role of serotype 3. Thorax. 2025 Jan 17;80(2):86-96. Resumo

17. Marchello C, Dale AP, Thai TN, et al. Prevalence of atypical pathogens in patients with cough and community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2016 Nov;14(6):552-66.Texto completo  Resumo

18. Arnold FW, Summersgill JT, Ramirez JA. Role of atypical pathogens in the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2016 Dec;37(6):819-28. Resumo

19. Garin N, Marti C, Skali Lami A, et al. Atypical pathogens in adult community-acquired pneumonia and implications for empiric antibiotic treatment: a narrative review. Microorganisms. 2022 Nov 24;10(12):2326.Texto completo  Resumo

20. Tagini F, Opota O, Greub G. Chlamydia pneumoniae upsurge at tertiary hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024 Apr;30(4):810-2.Texto completo  Resumo

21. Graham FF, Finn N, White P, et al. Global perspective of legionella infection in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Feb 8;19(3):1907.Texto completo  Resumo

22. Hogerwerf L, DE Gier B, Baan B, et al. Chlamydia psittaci (psittacosis) as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2017 Nov;145(15):3096-105. Resumo

23. Spoorenberg SM, Bos WJ, van Hannen EJ, et al. Chlamydia psittaci: a relevant cause of community-acquired pneumonia in two Dutch hospitals. Neth J Med. 2016 Feb;74(2):75-81. Resumo

24. Cillóniz C, Dominedò C, Nicolini A, et al. PES pathogens in severe community-acquired pneumonia. Microorganisms. 2019 Feb 12;7(2):E49.Texto completo  Resumo

25. Prina E, Ranzani OT, Polverino E, et al. Risk factors associated with potentially antibiotic-resistant pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015 Feb;12(2):153-60. Resumo

26. Jokinen C, Heiskanen L, Juvonen H, et al. Microbial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in the adult population of 4 municipalities in eastern Finland. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Apr 15;32(8):1141-54.Texto completo  Resumo

27. Jennings LC, Anderson TP, Beynon KA, et al. Incidence and characteristics of viral community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Thorax. 2008 Jan;63(1):42-8.Texto completo  Resumo

28. Burk M, El-Kersh K, Saad M, et al. Viral infection in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev. 2016 Jun;25(140):178-88.Texto completo  Resumo

29. Malinis M, Abbo L, Vazquez JA, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia: a US perspective on the guideline gap. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2024 May 2;79(5):959-61.Texto completo  Resumo

30. Scobie HM, Johnson AG, Suthar AB, et al. Monitoring incidence of COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths, by vaccination status - 13 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4-July 17, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Sep 17;70(37):1284-90.Texto completo  Resumo

31. McLaughlin JM, Khan F, Begier E, et al. Rates of edically attended RSV among US adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Jul;9(7):ofac300.Texto completo  Resumo

32. Kim T, Huh JW, Hong SB, et al. Epidemiology and characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in critically ill adults. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Apr;10(4):ofad131.Texto completo  Resumo

33. Cillóniz C, Dominedò C, Magdaleno D, et al. Pure viral sepsis secondary to community-acquired pneumonia in adults: risk and prognostic factors. J Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 30;220(7):1166-71. Resumo

34. Wunderink RG, Waterer G. Advances in the causes and management of community acquired pneumonia in adults. BMJ. 2017 Jul 10;358:j2471. Resumo

35. Johansson N, Kalin M, Tiveljung-Lindell A, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jan 15;50(2):202-9.Texto completo  Resumo

36. Alcón A, Fàbregas N, Torres A. Pathophysiology of pneumonia. Clin Chest Med. 2005 Mar;26(1):39-46. Resumo

37. Torres A, Peetermans WE, Viegi G, et al. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review. Thorax. 2013 Nov;68(11):1057-65.Texto completo  Resumo

38. Rumbak MJ. The pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Oct;23(5):427-34. Resumo

39. Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB. Towards an ecology of the lung: new conceptual models of pulmonary microbiology and pneumonia pathogenesis. Lancet Respir Med. 2014 Mar;2(3):238-46.Texto completo  Resumo

40. Wu BG, Segal LN. The lung microbiome and its role in pneumonia. Clin Chest Med. 2018 Dec;39(4):677-89. Resumo

41. Man WH, de Steenhuijsen Piters WA, Bogaert D. The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017 May;15(5):259-70. Resumo

42. Cillóniz C, Polverino E, Ewig S, et al. Impact of age and comorbidity on cause and outcome in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2013 Sep;144(3):999-1007. Resumo

43. Polverino E, Dambrava P, Cillóniz C, et al. Nursing home-acquired pneumonia: a 10 year single-centre experience. Thorax. 2010 Apr;65(4):354-9.Texto completo  Resumo

44. Sund-Levander M, Ortqvist A, Grodzinsky E, et al. Morbidity, mortality and clinical presentation of nursing home-acquired pneumonia in a Swedish population. Scand J Infect Dis. 2003;35(5):306-10. Resumo

45. Molinos L, Clemente MG, Miranda B, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Infect. 2009 Jun;58(6):417-24. Resumo

46. Kohlhammer Y, Schwartz M, Raspe H, et al. Risk factors for community acquired pneumonia (CAP): a systematic review [in German]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2005 Feb 25;130(8):381-6. Resumo

47. Garcia-Vidal C, Ardanuy C, Tubau F, et al. Pneumococcal pneumonia presenting with septic shock: host- and pathogen-related factors and outcomes. Thorax. 2010 Jan;65(1):77-81. Resumo

48. Gordin FM, Roediger MP, Girard PM, et al. Pneumonia in HIV-infected persons: increased risk with cigarette smoking and treatment interruption. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Sep 15;178(6):630-6.Texto completo  Resumo

49. Bello S, Menéndez R, Torres A, et al. Tobacco smoking increases the risk for death from pneumococcal pneumonia. Chest. 2014 Oct;146(4):1029-37. Resumo

50. Baskaran V, Murray RL, Hunter A, et al. Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019 Jul 18;14(7):e0220204.Texto completo  Resumo

51. Almirall J, Serra-Prat M, Bolíbar I, et al. Passive smoking at home is a risk factor for community-acquired pneumonia in older adults: a population-based case-control study. BMJ Open. 2014 Jun 13;4(6):e005133.Texto completo  Resumo

52. Simou E, Britton J, Leonardi-Bee J. Alcohol and the risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018 Aug 22;8(8):e022344.Texto completo  Resumo

53. Samokhvalov AV, Irving HM, Rehm J. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2010 Dec;138(12):1789-95. Resumo

54. Cao Y, Liu C, Lin J, et al. Oral care measures for preventing nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Nov 16;11(11):CD012416.Texto completo  Resumo

55. Abramowitz J, Thakkar P, Isa A, et al. Adverse event reporting for proton pump inhibitor therapy: an overview of systematic reviews. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Oct;155(4):547-54. Resumo

56. Lambert AA, Lam JO, Paik JJ, et al. Risk of community-acquired pneumonia with outpatient proton-pump inhibitor therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 4;10(6):e0128004.Texto completo  Resumo

57. Eom CS, Jeon CY, Lim JW, et al. Use of acid-suppressive drugs and risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2011 Feb 22;183(3):310-9.Texto completo  Resumo

58. Liapikou A, Cilloniz C, Torres A, et al. Drugs that increase the risk of community-acquired pneumonia: a narrative review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018 Oct;17(10):991-1003. Resumo

59. Almirall J, Bolíbar I, Serra-Prat M, et al. New evidence of risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based study. Eur Respir J. 2008 Jun;31(6):1274-84.Texto completo  Resumo

60. Schnoor M, Klante T, Beckmann M, et al. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in German adults: the impact of children in the household. Epidemiol Infect. 2007 Nov;135(8):1389-97.Texto completo  Resumo

61. Teepe J, Grigoryan L, Verheij TJ. Determinants of community-acquired pneumonia in children and young adults in primary care. Eur Respir J. 2010 May;35(5):1113-7.Texto completo  Resumo

62. Cillóniz C, García-Vidal C, Moreno A, et al. Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in adult HIV-infected patients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2018 Jul;16(7):579-88. Resumo

63. Yende S, van der Poll T, Lee M, et al. The influence of pre-existing diabetes mellitus on the host immune response and outcome of pneumonia: analysis of two multicentre cohort studies. Thorax. 2010 Oct;65(10):870-7.Texto completo  Resumo

64. Kornum JB, Thomsen RW, Riis A, et al. Diabetes, glycemic control, and risk of hospitalization with pneumonia: a population-based case-control study. Diabetes Care. 2008 Aug;31(8):1541-5.Texto completo  Resumo

65. Kang CI, Song JH, Kim SH, et al. Risk factors and pathogenic significance of bacteremic pneumonia in adult patients with community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect. 2013 Jan;66(1):34-40. Resumo

66. From S, Targowski T. The risk factors of death in community-acquired pneumonia [in Polish]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2002 Jun;12(72):455-7. Resumo

67. Chidiac C, Che D, Pires-Cronenberger S, et al. Factors associated with hospital mortality in community-acquired legionellosis in France. Eur Respir J. 2012 Apr;39(4):963-70.Texto completo  Resumo

68. Fernández J, Navasa M, Gómez J, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis. Hepatology. 2002 Jan;35(1):140-8.Texto completo  Resumo

69. Cillóniz C, Ewig S, Polverino E, et al. Pulmonary complications of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia: incidence, predictors, and outcomes. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012 Nov;18(11):1134-42.Texto completo  Resumo

70. Edelman EJ, Gordon KS, Crothers K, et al. Association of prescribed opioids with increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia among patients with and without HIV. JAMA Intern Med. 2019 Mar 1;179(3):297-304. Resumo

71. Kobayashi M, Pilishvili T, Farrar JL, et al. Pneumococcal vaccine for adults aged ≥19 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2023 Sep 8;72(3):1-39.Texto completo  Resumo

72. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Respiratory syncytial virus infection (RSV): RSV vaccines. Jul 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

73. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations. Aug 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

74. National Institute for Health and Care Research. ​​​Pneumonia vaccine is effective in people with inflammatory diseases. Dec 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

75. Bennett JC, Deloria Knoll M, Kagucia EW, et al. Global impact of ten-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on invasive pneumococcal disease in all ages (the PSERENADE project): a global surveillance analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Apr;25(4):457-70.Texto completo  Resumo

76. Tan L, Trevas D, Falsey AR. Adult vaccine coadministration is safe, effective, and acceptable: results of a survey of the literature. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2025 Mar;19(3):e70090.Texto completo  Resumo

77. Padhani ZA, Moazzam Z, Ashraf A, et al. Vitamin C supplementation for prevention and treatment of pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 18;11:CD013134.Texto completo  Resumo

78. Public Health England. Insufficient evidence for vitamin D preventing or treating ARTIs. Jul 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

79. Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-67.Texto completo  Resumo

80. Marti C, Garin N, Grosgurin O, et al. Prediction of severe community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2012 Jul 27;16(4):R141.Texto completo  Resumo

81. Cheng GS, Crothers K, Aliberti K, et al. Immunocompromised host pneumonia: definitions and diagnostic criteria: an official American Thoracic Society workshop report. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2023 Mar;20(3):341-53.Texto completo  Resumo

82. Torres A, Barberán J, Falguera M, et al. Multidisciplinary guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia [in Spanish]. Med Clin (Barc). 2013 Mar 2;140(5):223.e1-223.e19. Resumo

83. Barbagelata E, Cillóniz C, Dominedò C, et al. Gender differences in community-acquired pneumonia. Minerva Med. 2020 Apr;111(2):153-65. Resumo

84. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria®: acute respiratory illness in immunocompetent patients. 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

85. Niederman MS. Imaging for the management of community-acquired pneumonia: what to do if the chest radiograph is clear. Chest. 2018 Mar;153(3):583-5. Resumo

86. Qaseem A, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Mustafa RA, et al. Appropriate use of point-of-care ultrasonography in patients with acute dyspnea in emergency department or inpatient settings: a clinical guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Jul;174(7):985-93.Texto completo  Resumo

87. Reissig A, Gramegna A, Aliberti S. The role of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Intern Med. 2012 Jul;23(5):391-7. Resumo

88. Llamas-Álvarez AM, Tenza-Lozano EM, Latour-Pérez J. Accuracy of lung ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pneumonia in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2017 Feb;151(2):374-82. Resumo

89. Orso D, Guglielmo N, Copetti R. Lung ultrasound in diagnosing pneumonia in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Emerg Med. 2018 Oct;25(5):312-21. Resumo

90. Gartlehner G, Wagner G, Affengruber L, et al. Point-of-care ultrasonography in patients with acute dyspnea: an evidence report for a clinical practice guideline by the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Jul;174(7):967-76.Texto completo  Resumo

91. Ye X, Xiao H, Chen B, et al. Accuracy of lung ultrasonography versus chest radiography for the diagnosis of adult community-acquired pneumonia: review of the literature and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0130066.Texto completo  Resumo

92. Jones BE, Ramirez JA, Oren E, et al. Diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025 Jul 18.Texto completo  Resumo

93. Claessens YE, Debray MP, Tubach F, et al. Early chest computed tomography scan to assist diagnosis and guide treatment decision for suspected community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Oct 15;192(8):974-82. Resumo

94. Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Mar 5:ciae104.Texto completo  Resumo

95. Del Rio-Pertuz G, Gutiérrez JF, Triana AJ, et al. Usefulness of sputum gram stain for etiologic diagnosis in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 May 10;19(1):403.Texto completo  Resumo

96. Losier A, Dela Cruz CS. New testing guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2022 Apr 1;35(2):128-32. Resumo

97. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 23;336(4):243-50.Texto completo  Resumo

98. Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003 May;58(5):377-82.Texto completo  Resumo

99. Montassier E, Javaudin F, Moustafa F, et al. Guideline-based clinical assessment versus procalcitonin-guided antibiotic use in pneumonia: a pragmatic randomized trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 Oct;74(4):580-91. Resumo

100. Womack J, Kropa J. Community-acquired pneumonia in adults: rapid evidence review. Am Fam Physician. 2022 Jun 1;105(6):625-30.Texto completo  Resumo

101. American Society for Clinical Pathology. Thirty five things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

102. Smith MD, Fee C, et al. Clinical policy: critical issues in the management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Emerg Med. 2021 Jan;77(1):e1-e57. Resumo

103. Menéndez R, Cavalcanti M, Reyes S, et al. Markers of treatment failure in hospitalised community acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 2008 May;63(5):447-52.Texto completo  Resumo

104. Woodhead M. New guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J. 2011 Dec;38(6):1250-1.Texto completo  Resumo

105. Menéndez R, Sahuquillo-Arce JM, Reyes S, et al. Cytokine activation patterns and biomarkers are influenced by microorganisms in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2012 Jun;141(6):1537-45. Resumo

106. Ugajin M, Yamaki K, Hirasawa N, et al. Predictive values of semi-quantitative procalcitonin test and common biomarkers for the clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Care. 2014 Apr;59(4):564-73.Texto completo  Resumo

107. Sundaralingam A, Banka R, Rahman NM. Management of pleural infection. Pulm Ther. 2021 Jun;7(1):59-74.Texto completo  Resumo

108. Sirvent JM, Vidaur L, Gonzalez S, et al. Microscopic examination of intracellular organisms in protected bronchoalveolar mini-lavage fluid for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2003 Feb;123(2):518-23. Resumo

109. Darie AM, Khanna N, Jahn K, et al. Fast multiplex bacterial PCR of bronchoalveolar lavage for antibiotic stewardship in hospitalised patients with pneumonia at risk of gram-negative bacterial infection (Flagship II): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 Sep;10(9):877-87. Resumo

110. Murdoch DR. How recent advances in molecular tests could impact the diagnosis of pneumonia. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2016;16(5):533-40. Resumo

111. Elnifro EM, Ashshi AM, Cooper RJ, et al. Multiplex PCR: optimization and application in diagnostic virology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000 Oct;13(4):559-70.Texto completo  Resumo

112. Trujillo-Gómez J, Tsokani S, Arango-Ferreira C, et al. Biofire FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis panel for the aetiological diagnosis of central nervous system infections: a systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Feb;44:101275.Texto completo  Resumo

113. Rajbhandari P, Goodrich N, Nabower AM, et al. Current state and practice variation in the use of Meningitis/Encephalitis (ME) FilmArray panel in children. BMC Infect Dis. 2022 Oct 31;22(1):811.Texto completo  Resumo

114. Evans SE, Jennerich AL, Azar MM, et al. Nucleic acid-based testing for noninfluenza viral pathogens in adults with suspected community-acquired pneumonia. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021 May1;203(9):1070-87.Texto completo  Resumo

115. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Resumo

116. Darden DB, Hawkins RB, Larson SD, et al. The clinical presentation and immunology of viral pneumonia and implications for management of coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Explor. 2020 Apr;2(4):e0109.Texto completo  Resumo

117. Struyf T, Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, et al. Signs and symptoms to determine if a patient presenting in primary care or hospital outpatient settings has COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 20;(5):CD013665.Texto completo  Resumo

118. Sadiq Z, Rana S, Mahfoud Z, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of chest radiograph (CXR) findings in COVID-19. Clin Imaging. 2021 Dec;80:229-38.Texto completo  Resumo

119. González-Moraleja J, Sesma P, González C, et al. What is the cost of inappropriate admission of pneumonia patients? [in Spanish]. Arch Bronconeumol. 1999 Jul-Aug;35(7):312-6. Resumo

120. España PP, Capelastegui A, Gorordo I, et al. Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for severe community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Dec 1;174(11):1249-56.Texto completo  Resumo

121. Charles PG, Wolfe R, Whitby M, et al. SMART-COP: a tool for predicting the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug 1;47(3):375-84.Texto completo  Resumo

122. Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM, Rello J, et al. Late admission to the ICU in patients with community-acquired pneumonia is associated with higher mortality. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):552-7.Texto completo  Resumo

123. Brown SM, Jones JP, Aronsky D, et al. Relationships among initial hospital triage, disease progression and mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. Respirology. 2012 Nov;17(8):1207-13.Texto completo  Resumo

124. Phua J, Ngerng WJ, Lim TK. The impact of a delay in intensive care unit admission for community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2010 Oct;36(4):826-33.Texto completo  Resumo

125. Aliberti S, Ramirez J, Cosentini R, et al. Low CURB-65 is of limited value in deciding discharge of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Med. 2011 Nov;105(11):1732-8.Texto completo  Resumo

126. Sharp AL, Jones JP, Wu I, et al. CURB-65 performance among admitted and discharged emergency department patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Acad Emerg Med. 2016 Apr;23(4):400-5. Resumo

127. Niederman M. In the clinic: community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Oct 6;151(7):ITC4-2-ITC4. Resumo

128. Halm EA, Teirstein AS. Clinical practice: management of community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2002 Dec 19;347(25):2039-45. Resumo

129. Furuya EY, Lowy FD. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the community setting. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006 Jan;4(1):36-45. Resumo

130. Lynch JP 3rd, Zhanel GG. Streptococcus pneumoniae: does antimicrobial resistance matter? Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Apr;30(2):210-38. Resumo

131. Fenoll A, Granizo JJ, Aguilar L, et al. Temporal trends of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Spain from 1979 to 2007. J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Apr;47(4):1012-20.Texto completo  Resumo

132. Dagan R, Klugman KP. Impact of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines on antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008 Dec;8(12):785-95. Resumo

133. Aspa J, Rajas O, de Castro FR. Pneumococcal antimicrobial resistance: therapeutic strategy and management in community-acquired pneumonia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Feb;9(2):229-41. Resumo

134. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. British Thoracic Society Guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2017;4(1):e000170.Texto completo  Resumo

135. Naucler P, Strålin K. Routine atypical antibiotic coverage is not necessary in hospitalised patients with non-severe community-acquired pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016 Aug;48(2):224-5. Resumo

136. Postma DF, van Werkhoven CH, Oosterheert JJ. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: rational decision making and interpretation of guidelines. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2017 May;23(3):204-10. Resumo

137. File TM Jr, Marrie TJ. Does empiric therapy for atypical pathogens improve outcomes for patients with CAP? Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2013 Mar;27(1):99-114. Resumo

138. File TM Jr, Eckburg PB, Talbot GH, et al. Macrolide therapy for community-acquired pneumonia due to atypical pathogens: outcome assessment at an early time point. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2017 Aug;50(2):247-51. Resumo

139. Eljaaly K, Alshehri S, Aljabri A, et al. Clinical failure with and without empiric atypical bacteria coverage in hospitalized adults with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2017 Jun 2;17(1):385.Texto completo  Resumo

140. Rusu A, Munteanu AC, Arbănași EM, et al. Overview of side-effects of antibacterial fluoroquinolones: new drugs versus old drugs, a step forward in the safety profile? Pharmaceutics. 2023 Mar 1;15(3):804.Texto completo  Resumo

141. Garnacho-Montero J, Barrero-García I, Gómez-Prieto MG, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: current management and future therapeutic alternatives. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2018 Sep;16(9):667-77. Resumo

142. Furukawa Y, Luo Y, Funada S, et al. Optimal duration of antibiotic treatment for community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a systematic review and duration-effect meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2023 Mar 22;13(3):e061023.Texto completo  Resumo

143. Kuijpers SME, Buis DTP, Ziesemer KA, et al. The evidence base for the optimal antibiotic treatment duration of upper and lower respiratory tract infections: an umbrella review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Jan;25(1):94-113. Resumo

144. Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Sep 1;176(9):1257-65. Resumo

145. Lee RA, Centor RM, Humphrey LL, et al. Appropriate use of short-course antibiotics in common infections: best practice advice from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Jun;174(6):822-7.Texto completo  Resumo

146. Vaughn VM, Flanders SA, Snyder A, et al. Excess antibiotic treatment duration and adverse events in patients hospitalized with pneumonia: a multihospital cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Aug 6;171(3):153-63. Resumo

147. Lan SH, Lai CC, Chang SP, et al. Five-day antibiotic treatment for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020 Dec;23:94-9.Texto completo  Resumo

148. Dinh A, Ropers J, Duran C, et al. Discontinuing β-lactam treatment after 3 days for patients with community-acquired pneumonia in non-critical care wards (PTC): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2021 Mar 27;397(10280):1195-203. Resumo

149. Chaudhuri D, Nei AM, Rochwerg B, et al. 2024 Focused update: guidelines on use of corticosteroids in sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and community-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2024 May 1;52(5):e219-33.Texto completo  Resumo

150. Smit JM, Van Der Zee PA, Stoof SCM, et al. Predicting benefit from adjuvant therapy with corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia: a data-driven analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2025 Mar;13(3):221-33. Resumo

151. Saleem N, Kulkarni A, Snow TAC, et al. Effect of corticosteroids on mortality and clinical cure in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized control trials. Chest. 2023 Mar;163(3):484-97.Texto completo  Resumo

152. Dequin PF, Meziani F, Quenot JP, et al. Hydrocortisone in severe community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2023 May 25;388(21):1931-41.Texto completo  Resumo

153. Pitre T, Abdali D, Chaudhuri D, et al. Corticosteroids in community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: a systematic review, pairwise and dose-response meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2023 Aug;38(11):2593-606.Texto completo  Resumo

154. Briel M, Spoorenberg SMC, Snijders D, et al. Corticosteroids in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Jan 18;66(3):346-54. Resumo

155. Stern A, Skalsky K, Avni T, et al. Corticosteroids for pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 13;12:CD007720.Texto completo  Resumo

156. Aliberti S, Blasi F. Clinical stability versus clinical failure in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Jun;33(3):284-91. Resumo

157. Menendez R, Torres A. Treatment failure in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2007 Oct;132(4):1348-55. Resumo

158. Póvoa P, Coelho L, Cidade JP, et al. Biomarkers in pulmonary infections: a clinical approach. Ann Intensive Care. 2024 Jul 17;14(1):113.Texto completo  Resumo

159. Schuetz P, Wirz Y, Sager R, et al. Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Oct 12;(10):CD007498.Texto completo  Resumo

160. Schuetz P, Wirz Y, Sager R, et al. Effect of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic treatment on mortality in acute respiratory infections: a patient level meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Jan;18(1):95-107. Resumo

161. Lam SW, Bauer SR, Fowler R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of procalcitonin-guidance versus usual care for antimicrobial management in critically ill patients: focus on subgroups based on antibiotic initiation, cessation, or mixed strategies. Crit Care Med. 2018 May;46(5):684-90. Resumo

162. Huang DT, Yealy DM, Filbin MR, et al. Procalcitonin-guided use of antibiotics for lower respiratory tract infection. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 19;379(3):236-49.Texto completo  Resumo

163. Smedemark SA, Aabenhus R, Llor C, et al. Biomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Oct 17;10(10):CD010130.Texto completo  Resumo

164. Schuetz P, Bolliger R, Merker M, et al. Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy algorithms for different types of acute respiratory infections based on previous trials. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2018 Jul;16(7):555-64. Resumo

165. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Valley fever: testing algorithm for coccidioidomycosis. May 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

166. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Testing algorithm for histoplasmosis​. May 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

167. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fungal diseases: fungal community-acquried pneumonias. May 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

168. Lloyd M, Karahalios A, Janus E, et al. Effectiveness of a bundled intervention including adjunctive corticosteroids on outcomes of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a stepped-wedge randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2019 Aug 1;179(8):1052-60. Resumo

169. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-51.Texto completo  Resumo

170. Colquhoun MC, Handley AJ, Evans TR. ABC of resuscitation. 5th ed. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2004.

171. Chrimes N, Higgs A, Hagberg CA, et al. Preventing unrecognised oesophageal intubation: a consensus guideline from the Project for Universal Management of Airways and international airway societies. Anaesthesia. 2022 Dec;77(12):1395-415.Texto completo  Resumo

172. Kusminsky RE. Complications of central venous catheterization. J Am Coll Surg. 2007 Apr;204(4):681-96. Resumo

173. McGee DC, Gould MK. Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 20;348(12):1123-33.Texto completo  Resumo

174. Smith RN, Nolan JP. Central venous catheters. BMJ. 2013 Nov 11;347:f6570.Texto completo  Resumo

175. Reich DL. Monitoring in anesthesia and perioperative care. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011.

176. Abbott Northwestern Hospital Internal Medicine Residency. Internal jugular central venous line. 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

177. Bishop L, Dougherty L, Bodenham A, et al. Guidelines on the insertion and management of central venous access devices in adults. Int J Lab Hematol. 2007 Aug;29(4):261-78. Resumo

178. Practice guidelines for central venous access 2020: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Central Venous Access. Anesthesiology. 2020 Jan;132(1):8-43.Texto completo  Resumo

179. Fletcher SJ, Bodenham AR. Safe placement of central venous catheters: where should the tip of the catheter lie? Br J Anaesth. 2000 Aug;85(2):188-91. Resumo

180. Gibson F, Bodenham A. Misplaced central venous catheters: applied anatomy and practical management. Br J Anaesth. 2013 Mar;110(3):333-46.Texto completo  Resumo

181. Schuster M, Nave H, Piepenbrock S, et al. The carina as a landmark in central venous catheter placement. Br J Anaesth. 2000 Aug;85(2):192-4. Resumo

182. Webster J, Osborne S, Rickard CM, et al. Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 23;(1):CD007798.Texto completo  Resumo

183. Grudzinska FS, Dosanjh DP, Parekh D, et al. Statin therapy in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Med (Lond). 2017 Oct;17(5):403-7.Texto completo  Resumo

184. Wang ST, Sun XF. Role of statins in treatment and prevention of community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2018 Feb 28;40(1):30-40. Resumo

185. Dillon C, Guarascio AJ, Covvey JR. Lefamulin: a promising new pleuromutilin antibiotic in the pipeline. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019 Jan;17(1):5-15. Resumo

186. Paukner S, Gelone SP, Arends SJR, et al. Antibacterial activity of lefamulin against pathogens most commonly causing community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2015-2016). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Mar 27;63(4):e02161-18.Texto completo  Resumo

187. Veve MP, Wagner JL. Lefamulin: review of a promising novel pleuromutilin antibiotic. Pharmacotherapy. 2018 Sep;38(9):935-46. Resumo

188. File TM Jr, Goldberg L, Das A, et al. Efficacy and safety of IV-to-oral lefamulin, a pleuromutilin antibiotic, for treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: the phase 3 LEAP 1 trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Nov 13;69(11):1856-67.Texto completo  Resumo

189. Alexander E, Goldberg L, Das AF, et al. Oral lefamulin vs moxifloxacin for early clinical response among adults with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: the LEAP 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Nov 5;322(17):1661-71. Resumo

190. Chahine EB, Sucher AJ. Lefamulin: the first systemic pleuromutilin antibiotic. Ann Pharmacother. 2020 Dec;54(12):1203-14. Resumo

191. ClinicalTrials.gov. Study to compare delafloxacin to moxifloxacin for the treatment of adults with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (DEFINE-CABP). Feb 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

192. Stets R, Popescu M, Gonong JR, et al. Omadacycline for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2019 Feb 7;380(6):517-27.Texto completo  Resumo

193. Hsu WH, Hsu CK, Lai CC. Ceftobiprole medocaril for the treatment of pneumonia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2023 Jun;21(6):551-63.Texto completo  Resumo

194. Chang SP, Lee HZ, Lai CC, et al. The efficacy and safety of nemonoxacin compared with levofloxacin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Infect Drug Resist. 2019 Feb 14;12:433-8.Texto completo  Resumo

195. Oldach D, Clark K, Schranz J, et al. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase 2 study comparing the efficacy and safety of oral solithromycin (CEM-101) to those of oral levofloxacin in the treatment of patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Jun;57(6):2526-34.Texto completo  Resumo

196. File TM Jr, Rewerska B, Vucinic-Mihailovic V, et al. SOLITAIRE-IV: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study comparing the efficacy and safety of intravenous-to-oral solithromycin to intravenous-to-oral moxifloxacin for treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Oct 15;63(8):1007-16.Texto completo  Resumo

197. Martin-Loeches I, Torres A, Nagavci B, et al. ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2023 Jun;49(6):615-32.Texto completo  Resumo

198. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

199. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

200. Carella F, Aliberti S, Stainer A, et al. Long-term outcomes in severe community-acquired pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2024 Apr;45(2):266-73. Resumo

201. Ramirez JA. Cognitive decline in pneumonia: a neglected consequence. [in spa]. Arch Bronconeumol. 2025 Apr;61(4):189-90.

202. Luna HI, Pankey G. The utility of blood culture in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Ochsner J. 2001 Apr;3(2):85-93.Texto completo  Resumo

203. Torres A, Cillóniz C, Ferrer M, et al. Bacteraemia and antibiotic-resistant pathogens in community acquired pneumonia: risk and prognosis. Eur Respir J. 2015 May;45(5):1353-63. Resumo

204. Sligl WI, Marrie TJ. Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care Clin. 2013 Jul;29(3):563-601. Resumo

205. Melzer M, Welch C. 30-day mortality in UK patients with bacteraemic community-acquired pneumonia. Infection. 2013 Oct;41(5):1005-11. Resumo

206. Jasti H, Mortensen EM, Obrosky DS, et al. Causes and risk factors for rehospitalization of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Feb 15;46(4):550-6.Texto completo  Resumo

207. Capelastegui A, España Yandiola PP, Quintana JM, et al. Predictors of short-term rehospitalization following discharge of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2009 Oct;136(4):1079-85. Resumo

208. Desai A, Aliberti S, Amati F, et al. Cardiovascular complications in community-acquired pneumonia. Microorganisms. 2022 Nov 2;10(11):2177.Texto completo  Resumo

209. Viasus D, Del Rio-Pertuz G, Simonetti AF, et al. Biomarkers for predicting short-term mortality in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2016 Mar;72(3):273-82. Resumo

210. Jiang J, Yang J, Jin Y, et al. Role of qSOFA in predicting mortality of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Oct;97(40):e12634.Texto completo  Resumo

211. Cillóniz C, Dominedò C, Ielpo A, et al. Risk and prognostic factors in very old patients with sepsis secondary to community-acquired pneumonia. J Clin Med. 2019 Jul 2;8(7):E961.Texto completo  Resumo

212. Cilloniz C, Ferrer M, Liapikou A, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2018 Mar 29;51(3):1702215.Texto completo  Resumo

213. Wee LE, Lim JT, Ho RWL, et al. Cardiac events in adults hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus vs COVID-19 or influenza. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 May 1;8(5):e2511764.Texto completo  Resumo

214. Feldman C. Cardiac complications in community-acquired pneumonia and COVID-19. Afr J Thorac Crit Care Med. 2020 May 14;26(2):10.Texto completo  Resumo

215. Corrales-Medina VF, Suh KN, Rose G, et al. Cardiac complications in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS Med. 2011 Jun;8(6):e1001048.Texto completo  Resumo

216. Becker T, Moldoveanu A, Cukierman T, et al. Clinical outcomes associated with the use of subcutaneous insulin-by-glucose sliding scales to manage hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients with pneumonia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007 Dec;78(3):392-7. Resumo

217. Ramirez J, Aliberti S, Mirsaeidi M, et al. Acute myocardial infarction in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jul 15;47(2):182-7.Texto completo  Resumo

218. Corrales-Medina VF, Serpa J, Rueda AM, et al. Acute bacterial pneumonia is associated with the occurrence of acute coronary syndromes. Medicine (Baltimore). 2009 May;88(3):154-9. Resumo

219. Light RW, Girard WM, Jenkinson SG, et al. Parapneumonic effusions. Am J Med. 1980 Oct;69(4):507-12. Resumo

220. Taryle DA, Potts DE, Sahn SA. The incidence and clinical correlates of parapneumonic effusions in pneumococcal pneumonia. Chest. 1978 Aug;74(2):170-3. Resumo

221. Menéndez R, Torres A, Zalacaín R, et al. Risk factors of treatment failure in community acquired pneumonia: implications for disease outcome. Thorax. 2004 Nov;59(11):960-5.Texto completo  Resumo

222. Tsai YF, Ku YH. Necrotizing pneumonia: a rare complication of pneumonia requiring special consideration. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2012 May;18(3):246-52. Resumo

223. Ross I, Bick S, Ayieko P, et al. Effectiveness of handwashing with soap for preventing acute respiratory infections in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2023 May 20;401(10389):1681-90.Texto completo  Resumo

Comorbidities Manager reference articles

224. US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Jan 19;325(3):265-79.Texto completo  Resumo

225. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A practical guide to help your patients quit using tobacco. [internet publication].Texto completo

226. Fiore MC, Jaén CR, Baker TB, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. Clinical practice guideline. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service; May 2008 [internet publication].Texto completo

227. United States Public Health Service Office of the Surgeon General, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. Smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo  Resumo

228. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - You can help your patients quit tobacco. May 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

229. Perret J, Yip SWS, Idrose NS, et al. Undiagnosed and 'overdiagnosed' COPD using postbronchodilator spirometry in primary healthcare settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2023 Apr;10(1):e001478.Texto completo  Resumo

230. Ezekowitz JA, O'Meara E, McDonald MA, et al. 2017 Comprehensive update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the management of heart failure. Can J Cardiol. 2017 Nov;33(11):1342-433.Texto completo  Resumo

231. Burgos J, Luján M, Larrosa MN, et al. Risk factors for respiratory failure in pneumococcal pneumonia: the importance of pneumococcal serotypes. Eur Respir J. 2014 Feb;43(2):545-53.Texto completo  Resumo

232. Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan - 2022 update. Endocr Pract. 2022 Oct;28(10):923-1049.Texto completo  Resumo

233. Su G, Iwagami M, Qin X, et al. Kidney disease and mortality in patients with respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Kidney J. 2021 Feb;14(2):602-11.Texto completo  Resumo

234. Yu Y, Liu W, Jiang HL, et al. Pneumonia is associated with increased mortality in hospitalized COPD patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respiration. 2021;100(1):64-76. Resumo

235. Fang YY, Ni JC, Wang Y, et al. Risk factors for hospital readmissions in pneumonia patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Clin Cases. 2022 Apr 26;10(12):3787-800.Texto completo  Resumo

236. Manabe T, Fujikura Y, Mizukami K, et al. Pneumonia-associated death in patients with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0213825.Texto completo  Resumo

237. Rao A, Suliman A, Vuik S, et al. Outcomes of dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of hospital administrative database studies. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016 Sep-Oct;66:198-204. Resumo

238. Foley NC, Affoo RH, Martin RE. A systematic review and meta-analysis examining pneumonia-associated mortality in dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2015;39(1-2):52-67.Texto completo  Resumo

239. Kundi H, Wadhera RK, Strom JB, et al. Association of frailty with 30-Day outcomes for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and pneumonia among elderly adults. JAMA Cardiol. 2019 Nov 1;4(11):1084-91.Texto completo  Resumo

240. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 23;336(4):243-50.Texto completo  Resumo

241. Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005 Aug 30;173(5):489-95.Texto completo  Resumo

242. Church S, Rogers E, Rockwood K, et al. A scoping review of the Clinical Frailty Scale. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Oct 7;20(1):393.Texto completo  Resumo

243. Rockwood K, Theou O. Using the clinical frailty scale in allocating scarce health care resources. Can Geriatr J. 2020 Sep;23(3):210-5.Texto completo  Resumo

244. Miller RK, Young M, Chippendale R, et al. Using the Geriatric 5Ms to teach structural and social determinants of health. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023 Dec;71(12):3967-72. Resumo

245. Molnar F, Frank CC. Optimizing geriatric care with the GERIATRIC 5Ms. Can Fam Physician. 2019 Jan;65(1):39.Texto completo  Resumo

246. Tinetti M, Huang A, Molnar F. The Geriatrics 5M's: a new way of communicating what we do. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Sep;65(9):2115.Texto completo  Resumo

247. Jamshed N, Gangavati A. Prioritizing the 5Ms in geriatric care: a holistic approach to care of the older adult. Am Fam Physician. 2024 Jun;109(6):498-500.Texto completo  Resumo

248. Canadian Geriatrics Society. Update: public launch of the geriatric 5Ms. 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

249. Cacchione PZ. Age-friendly health systems: the 4Ms framework. Clin Nurs Res. 2020 Mar;29(3):139-40.Texto completo  Resumo

250. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*. 13. Older adults: standards of care in diabetes-2026. Diabetes Care. 2026 Jan 1;49(supplement_1):S277-96.Texto completo  Resumo

251. Watson KE, Dhaliwal K, Robertshaw S, et al. Consensus recommendations for sick day medication guidance for people with diabetes, kidney, or cardiovascular disease: a modified Delphi process. Am J Kidney Dis. 2023 May;81(5):564-74.Texto completo  Resumo

252. Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024 Aug;67(8):1455-79.Texto completo  Resumo

253. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Managing sick days. May 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

254. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 6. Glycemic Goals and Hypoglycemia: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(supplement_1):S128-S145.Texto completo  Resumo

255. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(supplement_1):S181-S206.Texto completo  Resumo

256. Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022 Nov 1;45(11):2753-86.Texto completo  Resumo

257. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Sep;38(9):1687-93.Texto completo  Resumo

258. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA revises labels of SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes to include warnings about too much acid in the blood and serious urinary tract infections. March 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

259. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 13. Older Adults: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(supplement_1):S266-S282.Texto completo  Resumo

260. DeFronzo R, Fleming GA, Chen K, et al. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: current perspectives on causes and risk. Metabolism. 2016 Feb;65(2):20-9.Texto completo  Resumo

261. Cesari M, Calvani R, Marzetti E. Frailty in older persons. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017 Aug;33(3):293-303. Resumo

262. Rockwood K, British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

263. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings - a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb 18:18:249-61.Texto completo  Resumo

264. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13. Resumo

265. Anderson WG, Berlinger N, Ragland J et al. Hospital-based prognosis and goals of care discussions with seriously ill patients: a pathway to integrate a key primary palliative care process into the workflow of hospitalist physicians and their teams. Society of Hospital Medicine and The Hastings Center, 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

266. Secunda K, Wirpsa MJ, Neely KJ, et al. Use and meaning of "goals of care" in the healthcare literature: a systematic review and qualitative discourse analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2020 May;35(5):1559-66.Texto completo  Resumo

267. American College of Surgeons. Best practice guidelines: geriatric trauma management. 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

268. Boyd C, Smith CD, Masoudi FA, et al. Decision making for older adults with multiple chronic conditions: executive summary for the American Geriatrics Society guiding principles on the care of older adults with multimorbidity. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Apr;67(4):665-73. Resumo

269. Appelbaum PS. Clinical practice. Assessment of patients' competence to consent to treatment. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 1;357(18):1834-40. Resumo

270. Sulmasy LS, Bledsoe TA, ACP Ethics, Professionalism and Human Rights Committee. American College of Physicians ethics manual: seventh edition. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Jan 15;170(2_suppl):S1-32.Texto completo  Resumo

271. Barstow C, Shahan B, Roberts M. Evaluating medical decision-making capacity in practice. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Jul 1;98(1):40-6.Texto completo  Resumo

272. Dixon JD, Josyula AV, Javier NM, et al. American Geriatrics Society position statement: Making medical treatment decisions for unrepresented older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2025 May;73(5):1353-1364.Texto completo  Resumo

273. Pope TM, Bennett J, Carson SS, et al. Making medical treatment decisions for unrepresented patients in the ICU. An official American Thoracic Society/American Geriatrics Society policy statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 May 15;201(10):1182-92.Texto completo  Resumo

274. Jonsen AR, Siegler M, Winslade WJ, eds. Clinical Ethics: A Practical Approach to Ethical Decisions in Clinical Medicine. 9th ed. McGraw Hill; 2022

275. Al-Halawani R, Charlton PH, Qassem M, et al. A review of the effect of skin pigmentation on pulse oximeter accuracy. Physiol Meas. 2023 Jun 1;44(5):05TR01.Texto completo  Resumo

276. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

277. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90.Texto completo  Resumo

278. Byrne AL, Pace NL, Thomas PS, et al. Peripheral venous blood gas analysis for the diagnosis of respiratory failure, hypercarbia and metabolic disturbance in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Jun 25;(6):CD010841.Texto completo  Resumo

279. Csoma B, Vulpi MR, Dragonieri S, et al. Hypercapnia in COPD: causes, consequences, and therapy. J Clin Med. 2022 Jun 2;11(11):3180.Texto completo  Resumo

280. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Resumo

281. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.Texto completo  Resumo

282. Veenstra P, Veeger NJGM, Koppers RJH, et al. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for admitted COPD-patients. A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2022 Oct 5;17(10):e0272372.Texto completo  Resumo

283. Du Y, Zhang H, Ma Z, et al. High-flow nasal oxygen versus noninvasive ventilation in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Can Respir J. 2023 Jun 30:2023:7707010.Texto completo  Resumo

284. Xu Z, Zhu L, Zhan J, et al. The efficacy and safety of high-flow nasal cannula therapy in patients with COPD and type II respiratory failure: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Med Res. 2021 Oct 14;26(1):122.Texto completo  Resumo

285. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

286. Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, et al. Part 3: Adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2020 Oct 20;142(16 suppl 2):S366-468.Texto completo  Resumo

287. Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Hall JB. Acute asthma in adults: a review. Chest. 2004 Mar;125(3):1081-102. Resumo

288. Vasileiadis I, Alevrakis E, Ampelioti S, et al. Acid-base disturbances in patients with asthma: a literature review and comments on their pathophysiology. J Clin Med. 2019 Apr 25;8(4):563.Texto completo  Resumo

289. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. May 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

290. Rezayat T, Barjaktarevic I, Mecham I, et al. Early protocolized bedside ultrasound in shock: renal function improvements and other lessons learned. Int J Crit Care Emerg Med. 2018 Oct 6;4(2):046.Texto completo

291. Seif D, Perera P, Mailhot T, et al. Bedside ultrasound in resuscitation and the rapid ultrasound in shock protocol. Crit Care Res Pract. 2012;2012:503254.Texto completo  Resumo

292. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. The AIUM practice parameter for the performance of the Extended Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma (EFAST). J Ultrasound Med. 2023 Apr;42(4):E1-7.Texto completo  Resumo

293. American College of Emergency Physicians. Emergency ultrasound imaging criteria compendium. American College of Emergency Physicians. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Oct;48(4):487-510.Texto completo  Resumo

294. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88.Texto completo  Resumo

295. Hollenberg SM, Warner Stevenson L, Ahmad T, et al. 2019 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on risk assessment, management, and clinical trajectory of patients hospitalized with heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Oct 15;74(15):1966-2011.Texto completo  Resumo

296. Kanwar MK, Billia F, Randhawa V, et al. Heart failure related cardiogenic shock: an ISHLT consensus conference content summary. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2024 Feb;43(2):189-203.Texto completo  Resumo

297. Crone C, Fochtmann LJ, Ahmed I, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the prevention and treatment of delirium. Am J Psychiatry. 2025 Sep 1;182(9):880-4. Resumo

298. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Apr;53(4):695-9. Resumo

299. Canadian Geriatrics Society. Update: Public launch of the geriatric 5Ms. 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

300. Shenvi C, Kennedy M, Austin CA, et al. Managing delirium and agitation in the older emergency department patient: the ADEPT tool. Ann Emerg Med. 2020 Feb;75(2):136-45.Texto completo  Resumo

301. Zhang XM, Jiao J, Xie XH, et al. The Association Between Frailty and Delirium Among Hospitalized Patients: An Updated Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021 Mar;22(3):527-534.Texto completo  Resumo

302. Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):565-73.Texto completo  Resumo

303. Han JH, Wilson A, Vasilevskis EE, et al. Diagnosing delirium in older emergency department patients: validity and reliability of the delirium triage screen and the brief confusion assessment method. Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Nov;62(5):457-65. Resumo

304. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, et al. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Dec 15;113(12):941-8. Resumo

305. Wei LA, Fearing MA, Sternberg EJ, et al. The Confusion Assessment Method: a systematic review of current usage. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 May;56(5):823-30. Resumo

306. Ely EW, Margolin R, Francis J, et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Crit Care Med. 2001 Jul;29(7):1370-9. Resumo

307. Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, et al. Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool. Intensive Care Med. 2001 May;27(5):859-64. Resumo

308. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. January 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

309. Inouye SK, Bogardus ST Jr, Baker DI, et al. The Hospital Elder Life Program: a model of care to prevent cognitive and functional decline in older hospitalized patients. Hospital Elder Life Program. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 Dec;48(12):1697-706. Resumo

310. Hshieh TT, Yang T, Gartaganis SL, et al. Hospital Elder Life Program: systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018 Oct;26(10):1015-33. Resumo

311. Hshieh TT, Yue J, Oh E, et al. Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):512-20.Texto completo  Resumo

312. American College of Emergency Physicians, American Geriatrics Society, Emergency Nurses Association, et al. Geriatric emergency department guidelines. Ann Emerg Med. 2014 May;63(5):e7-25.Texto completo  Resumo

313. Mohanty S, Rosenthal RA, Russell MM, et al. Optimal perioperative management of the geriatric patient: a best practices guideline from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP and the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Coll Surg. 2016 May;222(5):930-47. Resumo

314. American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults. American Geriatrics Society abstracted clinical practice guideline for postoperative delirium in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Jan;63(1):142-50. Resumo

315. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Mar;74(3):357-72.Texto completo  Resumo

316. Gracie TJ, Caufield-Noll C, Wang NY, et al. The association of preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2021 Aug 1;133(2):314-23.Texto completo  Resumo

317. Liu CY, Gong N, Liu W. The association between preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perianesth Nurs. 2022 Feb;37(1):53-62.e1. Resumo

318. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Texto completo  Resumo

319. Peden CJ, Miller TR, Deiner SG, et al. Improving perioperative brain health: an expert consensus review of key actions for the perioperative care team. Br J Anaesth. 2021 Feb;126(2):423-432.Texto completo  Resumo

320. The 2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria® for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023 Jul;71(7):2052-81.Texto completo  Resumo

321. Nikooie R, Neufeld KJ, Oh ES, et al. Antipsychotics for treating delirium in hospitalized adults: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Oct 1;171(7):485-95.Texto completo  Resumo

322. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;(12):CD013304.Texto completo  Resumo

323. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Texto completo  Resumo

324. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 1;(3):CD007726.Texto completo  Resumo

325. Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Aug 1;70(5):e39-110.Texto completo  Resumo

326. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72. Resumo

327. Griffin M, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda J, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure: diuretic and cardiorenal effects. Circulation. 2020 Sep 15;142(11):1028-39.Texto completo  Resumo

328. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(supplement_1):S321-34.Texto completo  Resumo

329. Honarmand K, Sirimaturos M, Hirshberg EL, et al. Society of Critical Care Medicine guidelines on glycemic control for critically ill children and adults 2024. Crit Care Med. 2024 Apr 1;52(4):e161-81.Texto completo  Resumo

330. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. October 2014 [internet publication].Texto completo

331. Lim Y, Ohn JH, Jeong J, et al. Effect of the concomitant use of subcutaneous basal insulin and intravenous insulin infusion in the treatment of severe hyperglycemic patients. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2022 Jun;37(3):444-54.Texto completo  Resumo

332. Thammakosol K, Sriphrapradang C. Effectiveness and safety of early insulin glargine administration in combination with continuous intravenous insulin infusion in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023 Mar;25(3):815-22. Resumo

333. Korytkowski MT, Muniyappa R, Antinori-Lent K, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized adult patients in non-critical care settings: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jul 14;107(8):2101-28.Texto completo  Resumo

334. Grunberger G, Sherr J, Allende M, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: the use of advanced technology in the management of persons with diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2021 Jun;27(6):505-37.Texto completo  Resumo

335. Galindo RJ, Umpierrez GE, Rushakoff RJ, et al. Continuous glucose monitors and automated insulin dosing systems in the hospital consensus guideline. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 Nov;14(6):1035-64.Texto completo  Resumo

336. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(supplement_1):S146-S166.Texto completo  Resumo

337. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88.Texto completo  Resumo

338. Galindo RJ, Dhatariya K, Gomez-Peralta F, et al. Safety and efficacy of inpatient diabetes management with non-insulin agents: an overview of international practices. Curr Diab Rep. 2022 Jun;22(6):237-46.Texto completo  Resumo

339. Khunti K, Aroda VR, Bhatt DL, et al. Re-examining the widespread policy of stopping sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors during acute illness: a perspective based on the updated evidence. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022 Nov;24(11):2071-80. Resumo

340. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 Mar;2(1):1-138.Texto completo

341. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Dec;6(12):681-94. Resumo

342. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a Stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Texto completo  Resumo

343. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13.Texto completo  Resumo

344. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 Jun;47(6):e98-169.Texto completo  Resumo

345. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13.Texto completo  Resumo

346. Silverman JJ, Galanter M, Jackson-Triche M, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines for the psychiatric evaluation of adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Aug 1;172(8):798-802.Texto completo  Resumo

347. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Resumo

348. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67.Texto completo  Resumo

349. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators; Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Texto completo  Resumo

350. Yamada T, Shojima N, Noma H, et al. Glycemic control, mortality, and hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jan;43(1):1-15. Resumo

351. Yatabe T, Inoue S, Sakaguchi M, et al. The optimal target for acute glycemic control in critically ill patients: a network meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jan;43(1):16-28. Resumo

352. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8.Texto completo

353. Vue MH, Setter SM. Drug-Induced Glucose Alterations Part 1: Drug-Induced Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Spectr 1 August 2011; 24 (3): 171–7.Texto completo  Resumo

354. Wang C, Fang W, Li Z, et al. Clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced hypoglycemia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1059522.Texto completo  Resumo

355. McCall AL, Lieb DC, Gianchandani R, et al. Management of individuals with diabetes at high risk for hypoglycemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Feb 15;108(3):529-62.Texto completo  Resumo

356. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

357. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 12. Retinopathy, neuropathy, and foot care: standards of care in diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(1 suppl 1):S252-65.Texto completo  Resumo

358. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jul;34(7):1517-8.Texto completo  Resumo

359. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21. Resumo

360. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51. Resumo

361. Bauer M, Severus E, Köhler S, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders. part 2: maintenance treatment of major depressive disorder-update 2015. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;16(2):76-95. Resumo

362. Hoffelt C, Gross T. A review of significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with antidepressants and their management. Ment Health Clin. 2016 2016 Mar 8;6(1):35-41.Texto completo  Resumo

363. Van Leeuwen E, van Driel ML, Horowitz MA, et al. Approaches for discontinuation versus continuation of long-term antidepressant use for depressive and anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 15;(4):CD013495.Texto completo  Resumo

364. Qaseem A, Owens DK, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, et al. Nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments of adults in the acute phase of major depressive disorder: a living clinical guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2023 Feb;176(2):239-52.Texto completo  Resumo

365. Liamis G, Milionis H, Elisaf M. A review of drug-induced hyponatremia. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Jul;52(1):144-53. Resumo

366. Liamis G, Filippatos TD, Elisaf MS. Thiazide-associated hyponatremia in the elderly: what the clinician needs to know. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2016 Feb;13(2):175-82.Texto completo  Resumo

367. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Resumo

368. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626. Resumo

369. Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Serotonin syndrome. Ochsner J. 2013 Winter;13(4):533-40.Texto completo  Resumo

370. Chander WP, Singh N, Mukhiya GK. Serotonin syndrome in maintenance haemodialysis patients following sertraline treatment for depression. J Indian Med Assoc. 2011 Jan;109(1):36-7. Resumo

371. Voican CS, Corruble E, Naveau S, et al. Antidepressant-induced liver injury: a review for clinicians. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Apr;171(4):404-15.Texto completo  Resumo

372. Saraghi M, Golden LR, Hersh EV. Anesthetic considerations for patients on antidepressant therapy-part I. Anesth Prog. 2017 Winter;64(4):253-61.Texto completo  Resumo

373. Harbell MW, Dumitrascu C, Bettini L, et al. Anesthetic considerations for patients on psychotropic drug therapies. Neurol Int. 2021 Nov 29;13(4):640-58.Texto completo  Resumo

374. Tisdale JE, Chung MK, Campbell KB, et al. Drug-induced arrhythmias: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Oct 13;142(15):e214-233.Texto completo  Resumo

375. Siu AL, US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Bibbins-Domingo K, et al. Screening for depression in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016 Jan 26;315(4):380-7.Texto completo  Resumo

376. Halperin D, Reber G. Influence of antidepressants on hemostasis. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2007;9(1):47-59.Texto completo  Resumo

377. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):80-97.Texto completo  Resumo

378. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40.Texto completo  Resumo

379. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid J. 2016 Jun;11(6):4-7.Texto completo

380. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94. Resumo

381. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, et al. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017 Mar 6:16:17.Texto completo  Resumo

382. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7.Texto completo  Resumo

383. Lapa ME, Swabe GM, Rollman BL, et al. Assessment of depression and adherence to guideline-directed medical therapies following percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Dec 1;5(12):e2246317.Texto completo  Resumo

384. Poletti V, Pagnini F, Banfi P, et al. The role of depression on treatment adherence in patients with heart failure-a systematic review of the literature. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2022 Dec;24(12):1995-2008.Texto completo  Resumo

385. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33.Texto completo  Resumo

386. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(s7):S54-60.Texto completo  Resumo

387. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13.Texto completo  Resumo

388. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112.Texto completo  Resumo

389. Streck JM, Rigotti NA, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 May 21;(5):CD001837.Texto completo  Resumo

390. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;(6):CD013308.Texto completo  Resumo

391. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77. Resumo

392. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11. Resumo

393. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Texto completo  Resumo

394. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 28;(6):CD006103.Texto completo

395. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Management of hyperglycaemia and steroid (glucocorticosteroid) therapy. January 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

396. Koning ACAM, van der Meulen M, Schaap D, et al. Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of synthetic glucocorticoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024 May 17;109(6):e1442-51.Texto completo  Resumo

397. Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Brown ES, et al. Adverse consequences of glucocorticoid medication: psychological, cognitive, and behavioral effects. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Oct;171(10):1045-51.Texto completo  Resumo

398. Kenna HA, Poon AW, de los Angeles CP, et al. Psychiatric complications of treatment with corticosteroids: review with case report. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011 Oct;65(6):549-60.Texto completo  Resumo

399. Fardet L, Nazareth I, Whitaker HJ, et al. Severe neuropsychiatric outcomes following discontinuation of long-term glucocorticoid therapy: a cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Apr;74(4):e281-6. Resumo

400. Warrington TP, Bostwick JM. Psychiatric adverse effects of corticosteroids. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Oct;81(10):1361-7.Texto completo  Resumo

O uso deste conteúdo está sujeito ao nosso aviso legal