监测
在医院内
对于所有未按照预期出现改善的患者,与高年资同事进行病情讨论。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果患者接受治疗 3 天后未能实现预期的好转,考虑复查胸部 X 线、C 反应蛋白、白细胞计数,并进一步采样以进行微生物学检查。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
考虑转诊至呼吸科医生处。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
Practical tip
患者病情改善不如预期的主要原因包括:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
诊断错误或存在并发症(例如肺栓塞、支气管癌、支气管扩张症)
一种或多种超出所选抗生素覆盖范围的意外病原体(例如“非典型”病原体、对常规抗生素耐药的病原体 [如氨苄西林耐药性流感嗜血杆菌])
抗生素无效或导致过敏反应(例如口服抗生素吸收不良、剂量不足、抗生素超敏反应)
局部(例如支气管扩张症、支气管阻塞、误吸)或全身(例如 HIV 感染、骨髓瘤)防御能力受损
局部(例如肺炎旁胸腔积液、脓胸、肺脓肿)或远处(例如转移性感染、败血症、静脉置管部位静脉炎)CAP 并发症
暴发性感染
预期的改善速度过快(例如在老年患者中)。
对于对 β-内酰胺类抗生素无应答或怀疑非典型或病毒性病原体感染的重度 CAP 患者,采集痰或其他呼吸道样本进行聚合酶链反应(或其他抗原检测)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
考虑进行初始病毒性和非典型病原体血清学检查并予以复查。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
在社区中
建议患者(及其照护者)在症状快速或显著加重、症状在 3 天内无任何改善或患者全身极度不适时寻求医疗建议。[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191
大约 10% 的在社区接受治疗的患者对抗生素治疗无应答,需要住院治疗。[142]Niederman M. In the clinic: community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Oct 6;151(7):ITC42-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19805767?tool=bestpractice.com
将任何正在接受抗生素治疗且出现中度或重度感染特征的患者紧急收治入院。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
出院和随访
对于恢复良好的 CAP 患者,无需在出院前复查胸部 X 线。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
安排患者在第 6 周左右到其全科医生处或医院诊所进行随访。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于以下患者(无论是否收治入院),应在大约 6 周后于恢复期复查胸部 X 线:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
症状或体征持续存在
存在较高潜在恶性肿瘤风险(尤其是吸烟者和年龄 >50 岁的人群)。
对于治疗完成后第 6 周左右仍持续存在体征、症状和影像学异常的患者,考虑支气管镜检查。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
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