病史和体格检查
关键诊断因素
常见
咳嗽伴痰增多
下呼吸道感染症状(如咳嗽)常见于 CAP 患者。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
咳嗽是 CAP 患者最常见的症状之一。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com 咳嗽通常伴有黏液脓性痰。
存在黏液脓性痰与细菌性肺炎相关。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com 少量或水样痰与非典型病原体相关。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
老年患者可能不会出现咳嗽,更可能表现为非特异性症状(例如意识模糊),且可能无发热。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
呼吸困难
呼吸困难常见于 CAP 患者。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
相对于 CAP 放射学诊断金标准,呼吸急促是社区中最有用的预测性 CAP 症状之一(此外还有发热、呼吸过速、胸膜炎性胸痛和胸部查体见新发/局灶性体征)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
胸膜炎性胸痛
胸膜炎性胸痛常见于 CAP 患者,在此类患者中的发生率达到 30%。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults [110]Marrie TJ. Community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Apr;18(4):501-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8038304?tool=bestpractice.com
相较于 CAP 放射学诊断金标准,胸膜炎性胸痛是社区中预测 CAP 最有用的症状之一(此外还有发热、呼吸困难/呼吸急促和胸部查体见新发/局灶性体征)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
寒颤或者盗汗
寒战或盗汗常见于 CAP 患者,但在老年患者中较为少见。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191
发热
发热常见于 CAP 患者,但老年患者可能无发热。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
相较于 CAP 放射学诊断金标准,发热(>38ºC [>100ºF])是社区中最有用的 CAP 预测性症状之一(此外还有呼吸困难/呼吸急促、胸膜炎性胸痛和胸部查体见新发/局灶性体征)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
老年人可能无发热。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
听诊异常
新发局灶性胸部体征是 CAP 患者查体时的常见发现。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
可能闻及湿罗音、呼吸音减弱、叩诊浊音和哮鸣音。
相对于 CAP 放射学诊断金标准,呼吸急促是社区中最有用的预测性 CAP 症状之一(此外还有发热、呼吸困难、胸膜炎性胸痛和胸部查体见新发/局灶性体征)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
意识模糊
意识模糊常见于老年 CAP 患者。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
老年 CAP 患者通常表现为非特异性症状(如意识模糊或基础疾病加重),可能无发热。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [64]Hoare Z, Lim WS. Pneumonia: update on diagnosis and management. BMJ. 2006 May 6;332(7549):1077-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1458569 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675815?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
CAP 的非典型表现(无明显胸部体征)可能包括意识模糊,例如在军团菌肺炎中,患者可能表现为全身不适、腹泻和意识模糊。[73]Stein PD, Afzal A, Henry JW, et al. Fever in acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2000 Jan;117(1):39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10631196?tool=bestpractice.com
存在的危险因素
采集病史时应涵盖以下危险因素,以帮助评估罹患 CAP 的可能性。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
(*表示属于 CAP 的强危险因素。)
年龄 ≥65 岁*
CAP 发病率随着年龄增长而显著上升。高龄与更高的 CAP 死亡率相关。[10]Welte T, Torres A, Nathwani D. Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe. Thorax. 2012 Jan;67(1):71-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20729232?tool=bestpractice.com
居住在养老院*
据报告,居住在养老院的人群由肺炎导致的死亡率达 55%。[83]Mehr DR, Zweig SC, Kruse RL, et al. Mortality from lower respiratory infection in nursing home residents: a pilot prospective community-based study. J Fam Pract. 1998 Oct;47(4):298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9789516?tool=bestpractice.com [84]Norman DC. Pneumonia in the elderly: empiric antimicrobial therapy. Geriatrics. 1991 Dec;46(12):26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1743528?tool=bestpractice.com
居住在养老院的人群发生吸入性肺炎的风险也有所增加。[85]Vergis EN, Brennen C, Wagener M, et al. Pneumonia in long-term care: a prospective case-control study of risk factors and impact on survival. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Oct 22;161(19):2378-81. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/649245 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11606155?tool=bestpractice.com
与儿童接触*
经常与儿童接触可导致 CAP 风险升高。[49]Almirall J, Bolíbar I, Serra-Prat M, et al. New evidence of risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based study. Eur Respir J. 2008 Jun;31(6):1274-84. http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/31/6/1274.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216057?tool=bestpractice.com
呼吸系统慢性疾病:
COPD*、哮喘和支气管炎患者 CAP 风险增加 2-4 倍[6]Torres A, Peetermans WE, Viegi G, et al. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review. Thorax. 2013 Nov;68(11):1057-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812874 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24130229?tool=bestpractice.com
COPD 是 CAP 患者死亡的独立危险因素。[37]Molinos L, Clemente MG, Miranda B, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Infect. 2009 Jun;58(6):417-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19329187?tool=bestpractice.com
其他慢性合并症:
慢性心脏疾病[6]Torres A, Peetermans WE, Viegi G, et al. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review. Thorax. 2013 Nov;68(11):1057-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812874 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24130229?tool=bestpractice.com [37]Molinos L, Clemente MG, Miranda B, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Infect. 2009 Jun;58(6):417-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19329187?tool=bestpractice.com
糖尿病[6]Torres A, Peetermans WE, Viegi G, et al. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review. Thorax. 2013 Nov;68(11):1057-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812874 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24130229?tool=bestpractice.com [37]Molinos L, Clemente MG, Miranda B, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Infect. 2009 Jun;58(6):417-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19329187?tool=bestpractice.com – 糖尿病患者罹患重症肺炎链球菌性菌血症的风险更高。[54]Kang CI, Song JH, Kim SH, et al. Risk factors and pathogenic significance of bacteremic pneumonia in adult patients with community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect. 2013 Jan;66(1):34-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22922634?tool=bestpractice.com
饮酒/酒精滥用*
饮酒或大量饮酒的人与不饮酒或少量饮酒的人相比,罹患 CAP 的风险高 83%(相对危险度为 1.83)。[43]Simou E, Britton J, Leonardi-Bee J. Alcohol and the risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018 Aug 22;8(8):e022344. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6112384 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30135186?tool=bestpractice.com 酒精每日摄入量每增加 10-20 g,CAP 风险增加 8%。[43]Simou E, Britton J, Leonardi-Bee J. Alcohol and the risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018 Aug 22;8(8):e022344. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6112384 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30135186?tool=bestpractice.com
吸烟*
吸烟是发生 CAP 的独立危险因素。[41]Baskaran V, Murray RL, Hunter A, et al. Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019 Jul 18;14(7):e0220204. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6638981 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31318967?tool=bestpractice.com
在家中被动吸烟也是 65 岁或以上人群罹患 CAP 的危险因素。[42]Almirall J, Serra-Prat M, Bolíbar I, et al. Passive smoking at home is a risk factor for community-acquired pneumonia in older adults: a population-based case-control study. BMJ Open. 2014 Jun 13;4(6):e005133. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4067857 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24928592?tool=bestpractice.com [41]Baskaran V, Murray RL, Hunter A, et al. Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019 Jul 18;14(7):e0220204. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6638981 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31318967?tool=bestpractice.com
口腔卫生不佳
不良口腔卫生(尤其是出现牙齿感觉异常和佩戴假牙者)可导致成人发生 CAP 的风险增加。[87]Rodriguez F, Bolíbar I, Serra-Prat M, et al. Poor oral health as risk factor for community-acquired pneumonia. J Pulm Respir Med. 2014 Sep 26;4(5):1000203. https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/poor-oral-health-as-risk-factor-for-communityacquired-pneumonia-2161-105X.1000203.pdf
质子泵抑制剂
与 CAP 的发生相关。[46]Abramowitz J, Thakkar P, Isa A, et al. Adverse event reporting for proton pump inhibitor therapy: an overview of systematic reviews. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Oct;155(4):547-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27188706?tool=bestpractice.com
H2 受体拮抗剂
与 CAP 的发生相关。[48]Eom CS, Jeon CY, Lim JW, et al. Use of acid-suppressive drugs and risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2011 Feb 22;183(3):310-9. http://www.cmaj.ca/content/183/3/310.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21173070?tool=bestpractice.com
阿片类处方药
具有免疫抑制作用的阿片类药物与 CAP 尤为相关。[59]Edelman EJ, Gordon KS, Crothers K, et al. Association of prescribed opioids with increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia among patients with and without HIV. JAMA Intern Med. 2019 Mar 1;179(3):297-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30615036?tool=bestpractice.com
其他诊断因素
常见
肌痛
已有 CAP 患者出现肌痛等非特异性症状的相关报告。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
老年 CAP 患者多表现为非特异性症状以及已有疾病恶化。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
不适感
已有 CAP 患者出现周身不适等非特异性症状的相关报告。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
老年 CAP 患者多表现为非特异性症状以及已有疾病恶化。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
厌食
已有 CAP 患者出现厌食等非特异性症状的相关报告。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
老年 CAP 患者多表现为非特异性症状以及已有疾病恶化。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
昏睡
已有 CAP 患者出现昏睡等非特异性症状的相关报告。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
老年 CAP 患者多表现为非特异性症状以及已有疾病恶化。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
已有疾病恶化
老年患者多表现为非特异性症状以及已有疾病恶化。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
不常见
咽痛
CAP 的非典型表现(无明显胸部体征)可包括咽痛。
支原体肺炎年轻成人患者可表现为咽痛、头痛、恶心、腹痛和腹泻[73]Stein PD, Afzal A, Henry JW, et al. Fever in acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2000 Jan;117(1):39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10631196?tool=bestpractice.com
头痛
CAP 的非典型表现(无明显胸部体征)可包括头痛。
支原体肺炎年轻成人患者可表现为咽痛、头痛、恶心、腹痛和腹泻[73]Stein PD, Afzal A, Henry JW, et al. Fever in acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2000 Jan;117(1):39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10631196?tool=bestpractice.com
恶心
CAP 的非典型表现(无明显胸部体征)可包括恶心。
支原体肺炎年轻成人患者可表现为咽痛、头痛、恶心、腹痛和腹泻[73]Stein PD, Afzal A, Henry JW, et al. Fever in acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2000 Jan;117(1):39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10631196?tool=bestpractice.com
腹痛
CAP 的非典型表现(无明显胸部体征)可包括腹痛。
支原体肺炎年轻成人患者可表现为咽痛、头痛、恶心、腹痛和腹泻[73]Stein PD, Afzal A, Henry JW, et al. Fever in acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2000 Jan;117(1):39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10631196?tool=bestpractice.com
腹泻
CAP 的非典型表现(无明显胸部体征)可包括腹泻。
支原体肺炎年轻成人患者可表现为咽痛、头痛、恶心、腹痛和腹泻[73]Stein PD, Afzal A, Henry JW, et al. Fever in acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2000 Jan;117(1):39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10631196?tool=bestpractice.com
军团菌肺炎患者可表现为全身不适、腹泻和意识模糊[73]Stein PD, Afzal A, Henry JW, et al. Fever in acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2000 Jan;117(1):39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10631196?tool=bestpractice.com
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