2019 年,下呼吸道感染影响了全球 4.89 亿人,并导致约 250 万人死亡。<5 岁儿童和 >70 岁的成年人是受肺炎影响最大的人群。>70 岁患者的死亡率最高。在 2019 年全球传染病死亡病例中,下呼吸道感染占比最高。[4]Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Lower respiratory infections — Level 3 cause. 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.healthdata.org/results/gbd_summaries/2019/lower-respiratory-infections-level-3-cause
[5]GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020 Oct 17;396(10258):1204-22.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30925-9/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33069326?tool=bestpractice.com
一项文献综述发现,欧洲的 CAP 年均总发病率在1.07/1000 人·年-1.2/1000 人·年,以及 1.54/1000-1.7/1000。[6]Torres A, Peetermans WE, Viegi G, et al. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review. Thorax. 2013 Nov;68(11):1057-65.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812874
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24130229?tool=bestpractice.com
CAP 发病率随年龄而上升,在年龄≥65 岁的成人中,发病率高达 14 /1000 人·年,且男性发病率似乎显著高于女性。[6]Torres A, Peetermans WE, Viegi G, et al. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review. Thorax. 2013 Nov;68(11):1057-65.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812874
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24130229?tool=bestpractice.com
这是欧洲的第五大死亡原因。[7]Alimi Y, Lim WS, Lansbury L, et al. Systematic review of respiratory viral pathogens identified in adults with community-acquired pneumonia in Europe. J Clin Virol. 2017 Oct;95:26-35.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28837859?tool=bestpractice.com
估计患者死亡率为:门诊 1%-5%,普通病房 5.7%-14%,重症监护病房则为 34%-50%(接受辅助通气的患者死亡率尤其高)。[8]Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA, et al. Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 1996 Jan 10;275(2):134-41.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8531309?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Alkhayer M, Jenkins PF, Harrison BD. The outcome of community acquired pneumonia treated on the intensive care unit. Respir Med. 1990 Jan;84(1):13-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2115190?tool=bestpractice.com
据另一项研究报告,欧洲不同国家/地区之间的 CAP 死亡率差异很大,最低不到 1%,而最高则达到 48%。[10]Welte T, Torres A, Nathwani D. Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe. Thorax. 2012 Jan;67(1):71-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20729232?tool=bestpractice.com
肺炎球菌肺炎的死亡率约为 5%,伴有相关性菌血症的成人患者死亡率较高,介于 6% 至 30% 之间。[11]Lin SH, Lai CC, Tan CK, et al. Outcomes of hospitalized patients with bacteraemic and non-bacteraemic community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Epidemiol Infect. 2011 Sep;139(9):1307-16.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20974020?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]Garcia-Vidal C, Ardanuy C, Tubau F, et al. Pneumococcal pneumonia presenting with septic shock: host- and pathogen-related factors and outcomes. Thorax. 2010 Jan;65(1):77-81.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19996337?tool=bestpractice.com