对于拟诊为肺炎的患者,使用 CURB-65 评分(医院环境)或 CRB-65 评分(社区环境)并结合您的临床判断来确定疾病严重程度(并据此确定死亡风险)。该评分有助于启用适当的抗生素治疗,并确定患者是否可以在社区接受治疗或需要收治入院。
CURB-65 评分[115]Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003 May;58(5):377-82.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746657
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12728155?tool=bestpractice.com
英国胸科协会(British Thoracic Society, BTS)和英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所(National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, NICE)建议在医院环境中采用 CURB-65。该评分系统根据五个预后特征的存在与否,对患者进行分层。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
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CURB-65 肺炎严重程度评分
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符合的标准的条数越多,30 天死亡率就越高。使用 CURB-65 评分时,应始终结合您的临床判断。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
医院中 CAP 患者的 CURB-65 评分规则
CRB-65 评分[115]Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003 May;58(5):377-82.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746657
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12728155?tool=bestpractice.com
英国 BTS 和 NICE 建议在社区环境中采用 CRB-65。该评分系统根据四个预后特征的存在与否,对患者进行分层。使用 CRB-65 评分时,应始终结合您的临床判断。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
社区中 CAP 患者的 CRB-65 评分规则[115]Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003 May;58(5):377-82.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746657
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12728155?tool=bestpractice.com
肺炎严重程度指数 (Pneumonia Severity Index, PSI)[116]Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 23;336(4):243-50.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199701233360402#t=article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8995086?tool=bestpractice.com
PSI 评分可预测 30 天死亡风险;高风险患者将接受住院治疗,而那些风险最高的患者将在重症监护病房接受治疗。PSI 根据患者年龄、合并症、查体和实验室检查结果将患者分为 5 级。
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成人社区获得性肺炎严重程度指数 (pneumonia severity index, PSI)
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其主要的局限性在于,年龄和合并症等变量的分数权重偏高。在英国,BTS 和 NICE 均认为 CURB-65 评分的计算比较简单,这一点优于 PSI。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.
https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191
[65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
CAP 患者的 PSI 评分[116]Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 23;336(4):243-50.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199701233360402#t=article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8995086?tool=bestpractice.com
人口统计学
男性:分数 = 年龄(岁)
女性:分数 = 年龄(岁) - 10
居住在养老院的老人:+ 10 分
患有肝病:+ 20 分
患有肿瘤疾病:+ 30 分
患有充血性心力衰竭:+ 10 分
患有脑血管疾病:+ 10 分
患有肾功能衰竭:+ 10 分
查体结果
实验室和影像学检查发现
动脉 pH 值<7.35:+ 30 分
尿素≥10.7 mmol/L (≥30 mg/dL):+ 20 分
血清钠<130 mmol/L (<130 mEq/L):+ 20 分
葡萄糖≥13.9 mmol/L (≥250 mg/dL):+ 10 分
红细胞压积<30%:+ 10 分
PaO2 <60 mmHg(O2 饱和度 <90%):+10 分
存在胸膜腔积液:+ 10 分
得分
I 级风险:0-50 分:门诊治疗;死亡率为 0.1%
II 级风险:51-70 分:门诊治疗;死亡率为 0.6%
III 级风险:71-90 分:短期住院观察;死亡率为 2.8%
IV 级风险:91-130 分:住院治疗;死亡率为 8.2%
V 级风险:>130 分:住院治疗;死亡率为 29.2%。