马尔堡病毒感染是一种法定报告疾病。
纤丝病毒性疾病预防的主要方法是避免接触受感染动物媒介、污染物和人类马尔堡病毒病患者的体液,包括来自幸存者的精液和母乳,因为在患者恢复后,可能其体液具有的传染性持续数周或数月。[13]Heeney JL. Ebola: hidden reservoirs. Nature. 2015 Nov 26;527(7579):453-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26607539?tool=bestpractice.com
这包括远离因马尔堡病毒病死亡者的遗体以及进行人类遗体火化(而不是埋葬)。[69]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidance for safe handling of human remains of Ebola patients in US hospitals and mortuaries. Feb 2015 [internet publication].
http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/healthcare-us/hospitals/handling-human-remains.html
在照护纤丝病毒感染患者和处理被其血液或体液污染的废弃物时,应特别小心。推荐只有接受过个人防护用品 (personal protective equipment, PPE) 使用培训的医务人员才能照护潜在的感染患者,并由其他接受过培训的工作人员对其进行监控,以避免违反方案。[70]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidance on personal protective equipment (PPE) to be used by healthcare workers during management of patients with confirmed Ebola or persons under investigation (PUIs) for Ebola who are clinically unstable or have bleeding, vomiting, or diarrhea in US hospitals, including procedures for donning and doffing PPE. Aug 2018 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/healthcare-us/ppe/guidance.html
用肥皂和水洗手以及用酒精消毒凝胶均能破坏纤丝病毒的脂质膜,并阻断传播,但仅靠手部卫生的保护性不足,在面对所有疑似患者时,正确使用 PPE 至关重要。
一旦患者从纤丝病毒疾病中恢复,在未来就可能对同一病毒株具有免疫力,并被认为对一般人群无传染性。目前尚无证据评估精液和阴道液中持续存在的纤丝病毒是否会影响幸存者的未来生育结局。
AVI-7288 这种药物被作为马尔堡病毒病的暴露后预防治疗正在进行研究,该药物在非人类灵长类动物中显示出一定的前景。[71]Heald AE, Charleston JS, Iversen PL, et al. AVI-7288 for Marburg virus in nonhuman primates and humans. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 23;373(4):339-48.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1410345#t=article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26200980?tool=bestpractice.com