| 访问我们的完整专题脑膜瘤 颅内及椎管内原发性肿瘤。据估计,脑膜瘤占原发性脑肿瘤 37.1% 以上,占所有非恶性肿瘤的 53.1%。[3]Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Truitt G, et al. CBTRUS statistical Report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2011-2015. Neuro Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;20(suppl_4):iv1-iv86.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/30445539
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30445539?tool=bestpractice.com
脑膜瘤在女性较为多发,通常为良性。神经功能障碍以及进展性、局灶性或者全面头痛(大体积肿瘤)常见。肿瘤亦可导致可见的骨性生长。诊断依靠强化或非强化的磁共振成像 (MRI) 显示的特征性表现。对于无症状的病灶,可以童年过连续观察进行随访。[4]Sughrue ME, Rutkowski MJ, Aranda D, et al. Treatment decision making based on the published natural history and growth rate of small meningiomas. J Neurosurg. 2010;113:1036-42.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20433281?tool=bestpractice.com
症状性脑膜瘤的治疗方式通常为手术切除,但部分病例中主要治疗为放射疗法。[5]Whittle IR, Smith C, Navoo P, et al. Meningiomas. Lancet. 2004;363:1535-43.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15135603?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Marcus HJ, Price SJ, Wilby M, et al. Radiotherapy as an adjuvant in the management of intracranial meningiomas: are we practising evidence-based medicine? Br J Neurosurg. 2008;22:520-28.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803079?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题听神经瘤(前庭神经鞘瘤) 生长缓慢的良性桥小脑角区肿瘤,起源于前庭耳蜗神经的前庭上部。通常表现为单侧感音神经性听力损失,但也可在常规听力检查中发现。[7]Tos M, Charabi S, Thomsen J. Clinical experience with vestibular schwannomas: epidemiology, symptomatology, diagnosis, and surgical results. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1998;255:1-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9592666?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Jones KD. Summary: vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) consensus development conference. Neurosurgery. 1993;32:878-879.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8492871?tool=bestpractice.com
进展性头晕和单侧面部麻木也是常见的症状。神经纤维瘤病 2 型是一种少见的常染色体显性遗传疾病,是一种强有力的危险因素。增强磁共振可确诊。[9]Tsao MN, Sahgal A, Xu W, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma: International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society (ISRS) Practice Guideline. J Radiosurg SBRT. 2017;5(1):5-24.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5675503
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29296459?tool=bestpractice.com
可对患者进行观察随访,立体定向放疗、放射外科治疗或正规的手术切除是根治性治疗方法。[10]Smouha EE, Yoo M, Mohr K, et al. Conservative management of acoustic neuroma: a meta-analysis and proposed treatment algorithm. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:450-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15744156?tool=bestpractice.com
[11]Arthurs BJ, Fairbanks RK, Demakas JJ, et al. A review of treatment modalities for vestibular schwannoma. Neurosurg Rev. 2011;34:265-77.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21305333?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]Wolbers JG, Dallenga AH, Mendez Romero A, et al. What intervention is best practice for vestibular schwannomas? A systematic review of controlled studies. 2013;3:pii: e001345.
http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/3/2/e001345.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23435793?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题髓母细胞瘤 起源于小脑蚓部的恶性侵袭性脑肿瘤。绝大多数髓母细胞瘤散发于 20 岁以下人群;髓母细胞瘤是儿童期最常见的恶性脑肿瘤。症状由肿瘤的占位效应或阻塞性脑积水引起,包括晨起头痛、恶心、呕吐、复视(为第 6 对脑神经麻痹的表现)和共济失调。呕吐通常可以缓解头痛。计算机体层成像和 MRI 是患者术前诊断及术后评估的重要手段。首要治疗是根据风险分层进行手术切除,辅以术后化疗及放疗。[13]Pizer B, Clifford S. Medulloblastoma: new insights into biology and treatment. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2008;93:137-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18809691?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题脑星形细胞瘤 起源于星形胶质细胞(构成血脑屏障的一种必需成分)的原发性脑部肿瘤。患者可出现不同部位(例如额叶、颞叶、小脑、脑干)的局灶性神经功能缺损或颅内压增高体征。脑星形胶质细胞瘤更常见于工业化国家和白人男性。[14]Wrensch M, Minn Y, Chew T, et al. Epidemiology of primary brain tumors: current concepts and review of the literature. Neuro Oncol. 2002;4:278-99.
http://neuro-oncology.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/4/278.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12356358?tool=bestpractice.com
[15]Surawicz TS, McCarthy BJ, Kupelian V, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of primary brain and CNS tumors: results from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, 1990-1994. Neuro Oncol. 1999 Jan;1(1):14-25.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1919458/pdf/11554386.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11554386?tool=bestpractice.com
诊断主要依靠颅脑影像学检查及手术活检。治疗方式主要依据肿瘤的不同分级行手术、放疗及化疗。预后范围可从良好到差,低级别良性肿瘤的预后良好,而高级别星形细胞瘤的预后差。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题颅咽管瘤 中枢神经系统的良性轴外非胶质细胞上皮性肿瘤,儿童及成人均可发生。颅咽管瘤最常起源于鞍区或鞍上区。虽然该病可发生于任何年龄,但据报道,其发病年龄呈双峰分布,分别在儿童的 5-14 岁、成人的 50-70 岁。[16]Haupt R, Magnani C, Pavanello M, et al. Epidemiological aspects of craniopharyngioma. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006;19(suppl 1):289-293.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700303?tool=bestpractice.com
[17]Nielsen EH, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Poulsgaard L, et al. Incidence of craniopharyngioma in Denmark (n = 189) and estimated world incidence of craniopharyngioma in children and adults. J Neurooncol. 2011 Sep;104(3):755-63.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21336771?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]Zacharia BE, Bruce SS, Goldstein H, et al. Incidence, treatment and survival of patients with craniopharyngioma in the surveillance, epidemiology and end results program. Neuro Oncol. 2012 Aug;14(8):1070-8.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408265
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22735773?tool=bestpractice.com
[19]Lithgow K, Pohl U, Karavitaki N. Craniopharyngiomas. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al., eds. Endotext. South Dartmouth, MA: MDText.com, Inc.; 2019.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538819
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30888745?tool=bestpractice.com
颅咽管瘤可以引起包括视力丧失、颅内压增高症状在内的占位效应症状。[20]Erfurth EM. Endocrine aspects and sequel in patients with craniopharyngioma. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2015;28:19-26.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25514328?tool=bestpractice.com
垂体功能障碍常见;儿童可能表现为生长不足,成人表现为尿崩症及性功能障碍。[21]Müller HL. Childhood craniopharyngioma. Pituitary. 2013;16:56-67.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22678820?tool=bestpractice.com
诊断性评估包括头颅 MRI、计算机体层成像和全面的内分泌功能评估。首要治疗是手术切除,对特定病例辅以术后放疗。[22]Karavitaki N, Cudlip S, Adams CB, et al. Craniopharyngiomas. Endocr Rev. 2006 Jun;27(4):371-97.
https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/27/4/371/2355225
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543382?tool=bestpractice.com
[21]Müller HL. Childhood craniopharyngioma. Pituitary. 2013;16:56-67.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22678820?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题原发性 CNS 淋巴瘤 一种不常见的肿瘤,在所有非霍奇金淋巴瘤中的占比 <1%。危险因素包括免疫抑制(尤其是 HIV 感染)以及 EB 病毒感染。[23]MacMahon EM, Glass JD, Hayward SD, et al. Epstein-Barr virus in AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. Lancet. 1991;338:969-73.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1681341?tool=bestpractice.com
诊断依据是头颅计算机体层成像和临床病史,并结合腰椎穿刺和脑脊液分析。对于所有临床情况允许的患者,都应以化疗作为一线治疗。大剂量甲氨蝶呤是首选主干化疗药物,可联用或不联用全脑放疗。一些治疗中心将甲氨蝶呤联合阿糖胞苷作为标准疗法。[24]Ferreri AJ. How I treat primary CNS lymphoma. Blood. 2011;118:510-22.
http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/118/3/510.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21613254?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题无功能垂体腺瘤 临床无功能性腺瘤与多发性内分泌肿瘤 1 型、家族性单发性垂体腺瘤和卡尼复合征相关。[25]Levy A. Molecular and trophic mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2008 Mar;37(1):23-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226729?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Daly AF, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Ciccarelli A, et al. Clinical characterization of familial isolated pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Sep;91(9):3316-23.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16787992?tool=bestpractice.com
[27]Beckers A, Daly AF. The clinical, pathological, and genetic features of familial isolated pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 Oct;157(4):371-82.
http://www.eje-online.org/content/157/4/371.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17893250?tool=bestpractice.com
可能出现激素缺乏的特征。多数症状长期存在且发展缓慢。诊断主要通过内分泌评估以及颅脑影像学检查。治疗手段包括连续的影像学观察、手术切除以及放疗。[28]Molitch ME. Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors and pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008; 37:151-71.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226735?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题肢端肥大症 约 95%-99% 的肢端肥大症病例是由垂体生长激素细胞腺瘤所致。垂体生长激素细胞腺瘤长期分泌过多的生长激素,刺激产生胰岛素样生长因子 1(insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1),从而引起该病的大多数临床表现。[29]Melmed S. Medical progress: acromegaly. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 14;355(24):2558-73.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17167139?tool=bestpractice.com
诊断主要依据通过生化检查证实 IGF-1 高分泌。治疗包括手术切除和/或应用生长抑素类似物。[30]Ben-Shlomo A, Melmed S. Acromegaly. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:101-122.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697616/?tool=pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226732?tool=bestpractice.com
[31]Espinosa de los Monteros AL, Carrasco CA, Albarrán AA, et al. The role of primary pharmacological therapy in acromegaly. Pituitary. 2014;17(suppl 1):4-10.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3906545
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24166706?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题库欣综合征 库欣病是由分泌促肾上腺皮质激素的垂体腺瘤引起的皮质醇增多症,库欣病是库欣综合征的最常见病因,大多数病例归因于此。依据促肾上腺皮质激素不受抑制的证据以及随后的头颅 MRI 进行诊断。一线治疗通常是经蝶骨手术切除。[32]Pivonello R, De Leo M, Cozzolino A, et al. The treatment of Cushing's disease. Endocr Rev. 2015 Aug;36(4):385-486.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523083
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26067718?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题催乳素瘤 产生泌乳素的良性分泌性垂体腺瘤。女性多发,育龄期多见。[33]Gillam MP, Molitch ME, Lombardi G, et al. Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas. Endocr Rev. 2006;27:485-534.
http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/5/485
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16705142?tool=bestpractice.com
催乳素瘤可导致高催乳素血症,进而引起性腺功能减退症、性功能障碍和乳溢症。可能会出现占位效应引起的症状。标准的诊断性检查是评估血清催乳素水平并进行头颅影像学检查。[34]Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/96/2/273/2709487
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21296991?tool=bestpractice.com
无论男女,初始治疗为多巴胺激动剂药物治疗,仅对顽固性病例采用手术切除。[34]Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/96/2/273/2709487
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21296991?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题垂体肿块评估 垂体腺瘤可分为两种类型:功能性腺瘤(激素分泌过多)以及临床无功能性腺瘤(无激素分泌)。功能性腺瘤可见于肢端肥大症、库欣病及催乳素瘤患者。对邻近结构的压迫可导致占位效应症状(例如视觉障碍、头痛)。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题成人急性头痛的评估 大多数存在急性头痛患者的诊断为良性,但也应该对头痛危及生命的原因保持高度警惕。[35]Ramirez-Lassepas M, Espinosa CE, Cicero JJ, et al. Predictors of intracranial pathologic findings in patients who seek emergency care because of headache. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:1506-09.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9400360?tool=bestpractice.com
大多数引起头痛的脑肿瘤都可通过非造影剂增强的计算机体层成像观察到。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题儿童急性头痛的评估 头痛在儿童中常见,从儿童早期至青少年期发病率逐渐增高。头痛占据所有儿童急诊科就诊病例的 0.7%-1.3%。[36]Kan L, Nagelberg J, Maytal J. Headaches in a pediatric emergency department: etiology, imaging, and treatment. Headache. 2000;40:25-29.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10759899?tool=bestpractice.com
[37]Burton LJ, Quinn B, Pratt-Cheney JL, et al. Headache etiology in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1997;13:1-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9061724?tool=bestpractice.com
在儿童脑肿瘤患者中,62% 的患者在诊断前有头痛,98% 的患者会有至少一项的神经系统症状或者临床检查异常。[38]The Childhood Brain Tumor Consortium. The epidemiology of headache among children with brain tumor: headache in children with brain tumors. J Neurooncol. 1991;10:31-46.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2022972?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题共济失调评估 共济失调可分为先天性共济失调或后天性共济失调。后天性病因很多,包括毒性、血管性、感染性/感染后、肿瘤性和自身免疫性病因。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题高催乳素血症的评估 高催乳素血症是一种表现为血清催乳素升高的疾病,它是下丘脑-垂体轴最常发生的内分泌紊乱。闭经合并乳溢症的女性中有 70% 有高催乳素血症。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题身材矮小的评估 定义为身高低于某一特定人群中年龄和性别相应身高平均值两个标准差或以上(低于第 2.5 百分位数)。身材矮小的原因包括正常变异(多数病例)和病理原因(例如内分泌病因、遗传性综合征、慢性病)。 |
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