This page compiles our content related to brain tumours. For further information on diagnosis and treatment, follow the links below to our full BMJ Best Practice topics on the relevant conditions and symptoms.
Introduction
Relevant conditions
Meningioma | go to our full topic on Meningioma Primary tumour of the cranial and spinal compartments. Estimates indicate that meningioma represent over 37.1% of primary brain tumours and 53.1% of all non-malignant tumours.[3] They are more common in women, and are usually benign. The incidence of meningioma increases with age in both sexes; meningioma is the most common primary brain tumour diagnosed in adults aged over 35 years.[3] Neurological deficit and progressive, focal, or general headaches (in large tumours) are common. Tumours may also produce visible bony growth. Diagnosis is confirmed by the characteristic appearance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with and without contrast enhancement. Asymptomatic lesions may be followed up with serial observation.[4] |
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Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) | go to our full topic on Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) Benign, slow-growing cerebellopontine angle tumour that grows from the superior vestibular component of the vestibulocochlear nerve. They are the third most common intracranial benign tumour in adults and represent over 80% of all cerebellopontine angle tumours.[3][5] Usually presents with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, but may be found on routine hearing examinations.[6][7] Progressive dizziness and unilateral facial numbness are also common. Neurofibromatosis type 2, a rare autosomal dominant disorder, is a strong risk factor. Diagnosis is confirmed by gadolinium-enhanced MRI.[5] |
Medulloblastoma | go to our full topic on Medulloblastoma Malignant, invasive brain tumour arising from the cerebellar vermis. The vast majority of medulloblastomas arise sporadically in the first 2 decades of life; medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumour of childhood, representing 15% to 20% of all brain tumours. Symptoms, as a result of a mass effect from the tumour or due to obstructive hydrocephalus, include morning headaches, nausea, vomiting, diplopia (a manifestation of sixth nerve palsy), and ataxia. Vomiting often relieves the headaches. Computed tomography and MRI are essential diagnostic and postoperative investigations. |
Gliomas | go to our full topic on Gliomas Primary tumour of the brain arising from glial progenitor cells. Patients may present with focal neurological deficits according to tumour location (e.g., frontal, temporal, cerebellum, brainstem) or with signs of elevated intracranial pressure. Gliomas are more common in industrial countries and in white males.[8][9] Median age at diagnosis is 65 years. Diagnosis is by cranial imaging with surgical biopsy. Prognosis can range from good for low-grade benign gliomas to poor for high-grade gliomas. |
Craniopharyngioma | go to our full topic on Craniopharyngioma Benign extra-axial non-glial epithelial tumour of the central nervous system, seen in both children and adults. Craniopharyngiomas commonly arise within the sellar/suprasellar space. Although it may present at any age, a bimodal age distribution is reported with a peak between 5 and 14 years in children and between 50 and 70 years in adults.[10][11][12][13] Craniopharyngiomas will cause mass effect symptoms, including visual loss or symptoms of intracranial hypertension.[14] Pituitary dysfunction is common; children may present with growth failure and adults with diabetes insipidus and sexual dysfunction.[15] Diagnostic evaluation includes cranial MRI, computed tomography, and full endocrine evaluation. |
Primary CNS lymphoma | go to our full topic on Primary CNS lymphoma An uncommon tumour, accounting for <1% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Median age at diagnosis is 67 years. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with NHL than women.[16] NHL is more common in white people than in black, Hispanic, or Asian people.[16] Risk factors include immunosuppression, especially HIV infection, and Epstein-Barr virus infection.[17] Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination, laboratory investigations, imaging (computed tomography/positron emission tomography), tissue biopsy, and cell markers obtained from immunohistochemical, flow cytometric, and cytogenetic testing. |
Non-functional pituitary adenoma | go to our full topic on Non-functional pituitary adenoma Clinically non-functional adenomas are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, familial isolated pituitary adenomas, and Carney complex.[18][19][20] Pituitary adenomas account for about 15% of all intracranial tumours.[21] May present with features of hormonal insufficiency. Most symptoms are longstanding and progress slowly. Diagnosis is via endocrine evaluation and cranial imaging. |
Acromegaly | go to our full topic on Acromegaly Acromegaly is due to a pituitary somatotroph adenoma in about 95% to 99% of cases. Acromegaly is a rare condition with an insidious onset, often resulting in diagnostic delay.[22][23] Pituitary somatotroph adenomas chronically secrete excessive growth hormone, which stimulates insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) production, leading to the majority of the clinical manifestations of the disease.[24] Diagnosis is based on biochemical confirmation of IGF-1 hypersecretion. |
Cushing's syndrome | go to our full topic on Cushing's syndrome Cushing's disease, which is hypercortisolism caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma, is the most common cause of Cushing's syndrome and is responsible for 70% to 80% of cases. Cushing syndrome occurs 3 times more commonly in women than in men, and Cushing's disease has a 3:1 to 5:1 female-to-male predominance.[25] Diagnosis is by demonstration of unsuppressed adrenocorticotropic hormone and subsequent cranial MRI. |
Prolactinoma | go to our full topic on Prolactinoma Benign prolactin-expressing and secreting pituitary adenoma. They are the most common type of pituitary adenoma, constituting about 50% of these tumours.[26][27] It is more frequent in women, mainly during the childbearing years.[28] Prolactinoma leads to hyperprolactinaemia, which results in hypogonadism, sexual dysfunction, and galactorrhoea. There may be symptoms of mass effect. Assessment of serum prolactin levels and cranial imaging are standard diagnostic tests.[29] |
Assessment of pituitary mass | go to our full topic on Assessment of pituitary mass Pituitary adenomas may be divided into 2 types: functional adenoma, where there is hypersecretion of hormone, and clinically non-functional adenoma (non-hormone secreting). Functional adenomas are found in acromegaly, Cushing's disease, and prolactinoma. Compression of adjacent structures may cause mass effect symptoms (e.g., visual disturbances, headaches). |
Assessment of acute headache in adults | go to our full topic on Assessment of acute headache in adults The majority of patients presenting with acute headache have a benign diagnosis, but a high index of suspicion should be maintained for life-threatening causes of headache.[30] Most brain tumours causing headaches can be seen on non-enhancing contrast computed tomography. |
Assessment of acute headache in children | go to our full topic on Assessment of acute headache in children Headaches are common in children, increasing in incidence from early childhood to adolescence. They account for 0.7% to 1.3% of all paediatric emergency visits.[31][32] Of children with brain tumours, 62% have headache prior to diagnosis, and 98% have at least one neurological symptom or abnormality on examination.[33] |
Assessment of ataxia | go to our full topic on Assessment of ataxia Ataxia can be hereditary or acquired. The list of acquired causes is extensive and includes toxic, vascular, infectious/post-infectious, neoplastic, and autoimmune aetiologies. |
Assessment of hyperprolactinaemia | go to our full topic on Assessment of hyperprolactinaemia Hyperprolactinaemia is a condition of elevated serum prolactin; it is the most common endocrine disorder of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Among women presenting with concomitant amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea, 70% are hyperprolactinaemic. |
Assessment of short stature | go to our full topic on Assessment of short stature Defined as a height that is 2 or more standard deviations below the mean for age and sex within a population (below the 2.5th percentile). Causes of short stature include those that are due to normal variation, responsible for the majority of cases, and those due to disease pathology (e.g., endocrine causes, genetic syndromes, chronic illness). |
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References
Key articles
Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021 Aug 2;23(8):1231-51.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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