一级预防
暴露于放射性造影剂可能会导致 AKI。[5]Sharfuddin AA, Weisbord SD, Palevsky PM, et al. Acute kidney injury. In: Taal MW, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, et al, eds. Brenner and Rector's the kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2012. 然而,由于人群研究未能重现相应风险,因此其关联性仍有争议。[37]Wilhelm-Leen E, Montez-Rath ME, Chertow G. Estimating the risk of radiocontrast-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Feb;28(2):653-9. https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/28/2/653.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27688297?tool=bestpractice.com [38]Brinjikji W, Demchuk AM, Murad MH, et al. Neurons over nephrons: systematic review and meta-analysis of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 2017 Jul;48(7):1862-8. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.016771 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28583996?tool=bestpractice.com [39]Ehrmann S, Quartin A, Hobbs BP, et al. Contrast-associated acute kidney injury in the critically ill: systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jun;43(6):785-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28197679?tool=bestpractice.com 在预防造影剂诱发性 AKI 方面的证据很薄弱,而且往往结论不一:
造影剂使用前后给予数小时的生理盐水输注 (1 毫升/kg/h) 可能有助于预防造影剂肾病。[54]Barrett BJ, Parfey PS. Clinical practice. Preventing nephropathy induced by contrast medium. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 26;354(4):379-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16436769?tool=bestpractice.com 但一项大型研究并未发现存在造影剂诱发性肾病风险的患者(根据现行指南的诊断标准)可以因此获益。[55]Nijssen EC, Rennenberg RJ, Nelemans PJ, et al. Prophylactic hydration to protect renal function from intravascular iodinated contrast material in patients at high risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (AMACING): a prospective, randomised, phase 3, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2017 Apr 1;389(10076):1312-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28233565?tool=bestpractice.com 英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所(National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, NICE)建议仅对风险极高的住院患者(例如已有肾脏损害)采用静脉内扩容。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. December 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng148
一些小型研究显示普罗布考、心房利钠肽和高剂量的他汀类药物降低了造影剂诱导性 AKI 的风险,但仍处于试验阶段。[56]Li G, Yin L, Liu T, et al. Role of probucol in preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury after coronary interventional procedure. Am J Cardiol. 2009 Feb 15;103(4):512-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19195512?tool=bestpractice.com [57]Brar SS, Hiremath S, Dangas G, et al. Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast induced-acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Oct;4(10):1584-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19713291?tool=bestpractice.com [58]Morikawa S, Sone T, Tsuboi H, et al. Renal protective effects and the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by atrial natriuretic peptide. [Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1122.] J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Mar 24;53(12):1040-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298916?tool=bestpractice.com
在预防造影剂诱导性损伤方面,碳酸氢钠相对盐水没有明显的优势。[59]Solomon R, Gordon P, Manoukian SV, et al. Randomized trial of bicarbonate or saline study for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Sep 4;10(9):1519-24. https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/10/9/1519.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26185263?tool=bestpractice.com [60]Weisbord SD, Gallagher M, Jneid H, et al; PRESERVE Trial Group. Outcomes after angiography with sodium bicarbonate and acetylcysteine. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 15;378(7):603-14. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1710933 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29130810?tool=bestpractice.com 一些评估造影剂暴露前给予乙酰半胱氨酸有效性的研究发现,该方法无明显获益,应该弃用。[60]Weisbord SD, Gallagher M, Jneid H, et al; PRESERVE Trial Group. Outcomes after angiography with sodium bicarbonate and acetylcysteine. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 15;378(7):603-14. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1710933 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29130810?tool=bestpractice.com [61]Anderson SM, Park ZH, Patel RV. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast media-induced nephropathy. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Jan;45(1):101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21205947?tool=bestpractice.com
心脏外科手术期间的治疗:
研究表明,行冠状动脉旁路移植手术期间,在进行非搏动性冠脉-肺分流手术复温过程中给予硝普酸钠治疗,与肾功能改善有关。[62]Kaya K, Oguz M, Akar AR, et al. The effect of sodium nitroprusside infusion on renal function during reperfusion period in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Feb;31(2):290-7. https://academic.oup.com/ejcts/article/31/2/290/454425 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174559?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项大型荟萃分析中,纳入 4605 例接受体外循环心脏手术且接受不同形式治疗的患者,结果发现非诺多泮、心房利钠肽、脑利钠肽具有肾脏保护作用,但是并没有降低患者的全因死亡率。[63]Patel NN, Rogers CA, Angelini GD, et al. Pharmacological therapies for the prevention of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Heart Fail Rev. 2011 Nov;16(6):553-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21400231?tool=bestpractice.com 根据总体证据,很难支持采取这些干预。
一项研究分析了接受择期冠状动脉旁路移植术、心脏瓣膜手术或升主动脉手术的患者围术期使用大剂量阿托伐他汀的效果,结果表明无获益。[64]Billings FT 4th, Hendricks PA, Schildcrout JS, et al. High-dose perioperative atorvastatin and acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016 Mar 1;315(9):877-88. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2492851 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26906014?tool=bestpractice.com 在类似的患者群体中,相对于随机分配到安慰剂组的患者,在随机分配到围手术期应用瑞舒伐他汀组的患者中 AKI 更为常见。[65]Zheng Z, Jayaram R, Jiang L, et al. Perioperative rosuvastatin in cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2016 May 5;374(18):1744-53. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1507750 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27144849?tool=bestpractice.com
左西孟旦是一种钙增敏剂,用于改善心排血量,似乎能够预防行心脏手术患者的 AKI。[66]Zhou C, Gong J, Chen D, et al. Levosimendan for prevention of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016 Mar;67(3):408-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26518388?tool=bestpractice.com [67]Sanfilippo F, Knight JB, Scolletta S, et al. Levosimendan for patients with severely reduced left ventricular systolic function and/or low cardiac output syndrome undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2017 Oct 19;21(1):252. https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-017-1849-0 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29047417?tool=bestpractice.com
一项荟萃分析的结果表明,对于接受冠状动脉旁路移植术的高风险患者,术前主动脉内球囊反搏支持可降低术后 AKI 的风险。[68]Wang J, Yu W, Gao M, et al. Preoperative prophylactic intraaortic balloon pump reduces the incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury and short-term death of high-risk patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a meta-analysis of 17 studies. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016 May;101(5):2007-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27045229?tool=bestpractice.com
与体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术相比,非体外循环手术可降低术后 AKI 的风险。[50]Garg AX, Devereaux PJ, Yusuf S, et al. Kidney function after off-pump or on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Jun 4;311(21):2191-8. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1877182 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24886787?tool=bestpractice.com
重症监护病房中的危重症患者:
目前尚不清楚限制静脉输液中氯化物含量的策略是否能够降低危重症患者的 AKI 发病率。[69]Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C, et al. Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA. 2012 Oct 17;308(15):1566-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23073953?tool=bestpractice.com [70]Young P, Bailey M, Beasley R, et al. Effect of a buffered crystalloid solution vs saline on acute kidney injury among patients in the intensive care unit: the SPLIT randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015 Oct 27;314(16):1701-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26444692?tool=bestpractice.com 要改变临床实践,则有必要开展更大型的随机试验以提供证据支持。[70]Young P, Bailey M, Beasley R, et al. Effect of a buffered crystalloid solution vs saline on acute kidney injury among patients in the intensive care unit: the SPLIT randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015 Oct 27;314(16):1701-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26444692?tool=bestpractice.com
重度代谢性酸中毒
一项临床试验报告,在接受碳酸氢钠输注以纠正代谢性酸中毒的 AKI 危重症患者亚群中,患者的结局有所改善,死亡率降低。[71]Jaber S, Paugam C, Futier E, et al; BICAR-ICU Study Group. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for patients with severe metabolic acidaemia in the intensive care unit (BICAR-ICU): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2018 Jul 7;392(10141):31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29910040?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,碳酸氢钠对于非特定的严重酸中毒危重症患者并无临床益处。
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