关于 AKI 发病率的报道不一,存在诊断、定义标准以及出院编码不同等混杂因素。[6]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hospitalization discharge diagnoses for kidney disease: United States, 1980-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008 Mar 28;57(12):309-12.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368005?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Ali T, Khan I, Simpson W, et al. Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a comprehensive population-based study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Apr;18(4):1292-8.
https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/18/4/1292.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17314324?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国,因 AKI 住院治疗的人数从 2000 年的 953,926 人次增加到了 2014 年的 3,959,560 人次。[8]Pavkov ME, Harding JL, Burrows NR. Trends in hospitalizations for acute kidney injury - United States, 2000-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Mar 16;67(10):289-93.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29543788?tool=bestpractice.com
在 2014 年因急性肾损伤住院的人中,有 40%的患者还同时患有糖尿病。[8]Pavkov ME, Harding JL, Burrows NR. Trends in hospitalizations for acute kidney injury - United States, 2000-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Mar 16;67(10):289-93.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6710a2.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29543788?tool=bestpractice.com
英国的年发病率范围为 172-630/百万人口,具体数值取决于特定的研究。[9]Kanagasundaram S, Ashley C, Bhojani S, et al. Renal Association clinical practice guideline acute kidney injury (AKI). August 2019 [internet publication].
https://renal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/FINAL-AKI-Guideline.pdf
住院患者中 AKI 的总发病率为 13%-22%。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. December 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng148
[10]Wang HE, Muntner P, Chertow GM, et al. Acute kidney injury and mortality in hospitalized patients. Am J Nephrol. 2012;35(4):349-55.
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/337487
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22473149?tool=bestpractice.com
在重症监护病房 (intensive care unit, ICU) 中,AKI 的发病率会更高。[11]Case J, Khan S, Khalid R, et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Res Pract. 2013;2013:479730.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ccrp/2013/479730
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23573420?tool=bestpractice.com
已制定针对 AKI 临床结局的预测评分,但成功率不一。[12]Ohnuma T, Uchino S, Toki N, et al. External validation for acute kidney injury severity scores: a multicenter retrospective study in 14 Japanese ICUs. Am J Nephrol. 2015;42(1):57-64.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26337793?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Poukkanen M, Vaara ST, Reinikainen M, et al. Predicting one-year mortality of critically ill patients with early acute kidney injury: data from the prospective multicenter FINNAKI study. Crit Care. 2015 Mar 27;19:125.
https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-015-0848-2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887685?tool=bestpractice.com
急性肾小管坏死 (Acute tubular necrosis, ATN) 为 45% AKI 患者的病因。在重症监护病房患者中,19% 的 ATN 由脓毒症导致。在其他病因中,肾前性氮质血症、梗阻、肾小球肾炎、血管炎、急性间质性肾炎、慢性肾脏病急性恶化和动脉粥样硬化栓塞性损伤占大部分。[14]Mehta R, Pascual MT, Soroko S, et al. Spectrum of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: the PICARD experience. Kidney Int. 2004 Oct;66(4):1613-21.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15458458?tool=bestpractice.com
[15]Liaño F, Pascual J. Epidemiology of acute renal failure: a prospective, multicenter, community-based study. Madrid Acute Renal Failure Study Group. Kidney Int. 1996 Sep;50(3):811-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8872955?tool=bestpractice.com
造影剂肾病的发病率不一,且据报道是 AKI 住院患者第三大常见的病因。一项针对 7500 例因冠状动脉病变行经皮介入手术患者的研究显示,在所有患者中,有 3.3% 的患者发生了AKI(急性肾损伤的定义为血清肌酐升高≥38 μmol/L (0.5mg/dL),在基线肌酐水平≥153 μmol/L (2.0 mg/dL) 的患者中,25% 发生了AKI。[16]Rihal CS, Textor SC, Grill DE, et al. Incidence and prognostic importance of acute renal failure after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2002 May 14;105(19):2259-64.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.cir.0000016043.87291.33
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12010907?tool=bestpractice.com
有 7% 的 AKI 住院患者需要接受肾脏替代治疗。[17]Liangos O, Wald R, O'Bell JW, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients: a national survey. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Jan;1(1):43-51.
https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/1/1/43.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17699189?tool=bestpractice.com
在重症监护病房中,需要进行透析的多器官功能衰竭患者的死亡率超过 50%。[14]Mehta R, Pascual MT, Soroko S, et al. Spectrum of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: the PICARD experience. Kidney Int. 2004 Oct;66(4):1613-21.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15458458?tool=bestpractice.com
[15]Liaño F, Pascual J. Epidemiology of acute renal failure: a prospective, multicenter, community-based study. Madrid Acute Renal Failure Study Group. Kidney Int. 1996 Sep;50(3):811-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8872955?tool=bestpractice.com
[17]Liangos O, Wald R, O'Bell JW, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients: a national survey. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Jan;1(1):43-51.
https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/1/1/43.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17699189?tool=bestpractice.com
肌酐轻微增高 (≥26.5 μmol/L [0.3 mg/dL]) 与住院患者的死亡风险增加、慢性肾脏病的风险增加相关,并且与进展至终末期肾衰竭的几率增加相关。