| 访问我们的完整专题成人 2 型糖尿病 常见疾病的特点是胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素相对不足。大多数患者无症状,通过筛查而被诊断出(异常的空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白和/或口服葡萄糖耐量试验)。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(suppl 1):S1-284.
https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/46/Supplement_1
强危险因素包括高龄、超重/肥胖、身体活动不足、既往妊娠期糖尿病、糖尿病前期、非白人血统、糖尿病家族史或多囊卵巢综合征。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(suppl 1):S1-284.
https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/46/Supplement_1
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| 访问我们的完整专题1 型糖尿病 特征是胰岛素的绝对缺乏。通常是由遗传易感个体自身免疫性胰腺 β 细胞遭破坏所引起。[2]Norris JM, Johnson RK, Stene LC. Type 1 diabetes-early life origins and changing epidemiology. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Mar;8(3):226-38.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7332108
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31999944?tool=bestpractice.com
1 型糖尿病可出现在任何年龄段,但在 10-14 岁儿童中发病率最高。[2]Norris JM, Johnson RK, Stene LC. Type 1 diabetes-early life origins and changing epidemiology. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Mar;8(3):226-38.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7332108
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31999944?tool=bestpractice.com
患者通常表现为数天及数周的多饮、多尿、体重减轻以及乏力。 有些患者可以表现为糖尿病酮症酸中毒。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题儿童 2 型糖尿病 肥胖(导致胰岛素抵抗)是儿童 2 型糖尿病的主要原因。青少年(10-19 岁)中 2 型糖尿病的发病率在不断增加。[3]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report. Jun 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html
通常伴随黑棘皮症(90%-95%的患者)。[4]Brickman WJ, Huang J, Silverman BL, et al. Acanthosis nigricans identifies youth at high risk for metabolic abnormalities. J Pediatr. 2010 Jan;156(1):87-92.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19796772?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题妊娠期糖尿病(GDM) GDM 发生在妊娠期间并根据血糖水平升高进行诊断,尽管精确的诊断标准仍存在争议。GDM 的危险因素包括高龄产妇(>40 岁)、肥胖、妊娠期糖尿病个人史或既往妊娠胎儿为巨大儿、多囊卵巢综合征、非白人血统和 2 型糖尿病家族史。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(suppl 1):S1-284.
https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/46/Supplement_1
[5]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. December 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3
[6]Plows JF, Stanley JL, Baker PN, et al. The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Oct 26;19(11):3342.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6274679
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30373146?tool=bestpractice.com
后续妊娠复发 GDM 或进展为 2 型糖尿病的风险较高。 |
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糖尿病酮症酸中毒 (DKA) | DKA 和高渗性高血糖状态是代谢性急症。DKA 的特点是绝对胰岛素缺乏症,是 1 型糖尿病最常见的急性高血糖并发症。[7]Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, et al. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jul;32(7):1335-43.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699725
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19564476?tool=bestpractice.com
有效的治疗方法包括纠正容量不足、生酮作用、高血糖、电解质紊乱和合并诱发事件(例如感染),同时密切监测。 |
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高渗性高血糖状态 | 严重高血糖、高渗和容量不足,但不出现严重酮症酸中毒。[7]Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, et al. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jul;32(7):1335-43.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699725
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19564476?tool=bestpractice.com
最常见于2型糖尿病老年患者,死亡率高。 治疗手段包括纠正体液不足和电解质紊乱以及静脉注射胰岛素。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题糖尿病心血管病 心血管疾病是糖尿病患者死亡的首要原因。 糖尿病患者的卒中风险高达非糖尿病患者的 4 倍,心肌梗死后死亡的可能性是非糖尿病患者的两倍。[8]Bittersohl G. Occupational medicine monitoring of workers exposed to benzene. [in German]. Z Gesamte Hyg. 1989 Jan;35(1):28-30.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2646834?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Chen R, Ovbiagele B, Feng W. Diabetes and stroke: epidemiology, pathophysiology, pharmaceuticals and outcomes. Am J Med Sci. 2016;351(4):380-6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5298897
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27079344?tool=bestpractice.com
纠正心血管危险因素(例如高血压和血脂异常)是重要的长期治疗问题。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(suppl 1):S1-284.
https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/46/Supplement_1
[10]Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022 Nov 1;45(11):2753-86.
https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/45/11/2753/147671/Management-of-Hyperglycemia-in-Type-2-Diabetes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36148880?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题糖尿病性肾脏疾病 定义为在糖尿病长期病程中出现白蛋白尿(尿白蛋白排泄量增加的定义为 ≥3.4 mg/mmol [30 mg/g])以及肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate, GFR)进行性降低(1 型糖尿病病程 >10 年时出现;2 型糖尿病诊断时即可能出现),并且通常伴有视网膜病。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(suppl 1):S1-284.
https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/46/Supplement_1
在疾病到晚期之前,可能没有症状。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题糖尿病神经病变 糖尿病中最常见的慢性并发症,会影响神经系统的不同部位,可出现多种临床表现。[11]Pop-Busui R, Boulton AJ, Feldman EL, et al. Diabetic Neuropathy: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017 Jan;40(1):136-154.
https://www.doi.org/10.2337/dc16-2042
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27999003?tool=bestpractice.com
周围神经病变可能表现为疼痛、感觉缺失或压力点无痛性溃疡,尽管多数患者无症状。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题糖尿病足部并发症 包括糖尿病足溃疡(即糖尿病患者的一种皮肤破损,至少累及表皮和部分真皮,见于足踝以下/远端)和糖尿病足感染(即在糖尿病足患者中发生的任何软组织或骨感染,包括骨髓炎)。溃疡的预防和/或愈合有助于预防感染,从而最大限度降低截肢风险。[12]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. Oct 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng19
[13]Boulton AJ, Armstrong DG, Kirsner RS, et al; American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and management of diabetic foot complications. 2018 [internet publication].
https://professional.diabetes.org/sites/professional.diabetes.org/files/media/foot_complications_monograph.pdf
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| 访问我们的完整专题糖尿病视网膜病变 高血糖血管损伤和神经退行性改变的慢性进行性视网膜表现。其患病率随糖尿病持续时间增加而升高。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(suppl 1):S1-284.
https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/46/Supplement_1
威胁视力的征象包括黄斑水肿、视网膜或视盘新生血管和玻璃体出血。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题住院患者的血糖管理 是指在已有糖尿病或新发高血糖的住院患者中,在急性疾病情况下识别和治疗高血糖。急性内科或外科疾病期间发生高血糖不是生理状况或良性状况,而是临床结局较差和死亡率增加的标志。[14]Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, et al. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Mar;87(3):978-82.
http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/87/3/978
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889147?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题代谢综合征 一组常见的异常,包括胰岛素抵抗、糖耐量减低、腹型肥胖、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平低、高甘油三酯血症、高血压。[15]National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002 Dec 17;106(25):3143-421.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12485966?tool=bestpractice.com
[16]Obunai K, Jani S, Dangas GD. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of the metabolic syndrome. Med Clin North Am. 2007 Nov;91(6):1169-84.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964915?tool=bestpractice.com
诊断代谢综合征的主要作用在于,通过低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇水平以外的其他因素识别出存在心血管疾病高风险的人群。然而,在心血管风险方面,代谢综合征这一诊断是否能够比其各个组成因素提供更有用的信息仍存在很大争议。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题尿崩症 (DI) 以多饮、多尿和不适当的低渗(稀释)尿为特征。中枢性 DI 是由于精氨酸加压素(arginine vasopressin, AVP)的合成或释放存在缺陷。[17]Garrahy A, Moran C, Thompson CJ. Diagnosis and management of central diabetes insipidus in adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2019 Jan;90(1):23-30.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/cen.13866
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30269342?tool=bestpractice.com
肾源性DI是由于肾脏对AVP不敏感。[18]Kavanagh C, Uy NS. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2019 Feb;66(1):227-234.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2018.09.006
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30454745?tool=bestpractice.com
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