小结
定义
病史和体格检查
关键诊断因素
- 存在的危险因素
- 高血压
- 视网膜病变的体征
- 水肿
其他诊断因素
- 视力下降
- 下肢麻木
- 下肢疼痛
- 全身症状(疾病进展期)
- 足部改变
- 体位性低血压
- 皮肤改变
- 肌肉萎缩
- 苍白(肾小球滤过率下降所致)
- 出血倾向(疾病进展期)
- Kussmaul 呼吸(疾病进展期)
危险因素
- 持续高血糖
- 高血压
- 高血压和/或肾病家族史
- 肥胖
- 吸烟
- 缺乏体力活动
- 血脂异常
- 高蛋白、脂肪和钠的摄入
诊断性检查
首要检查
- 尿液分析
- 尿蛋白/肌酐比值 (ACR)
- 血肌酐水平和肾小球滤过率 (GFR) 估算
- 肾脏超声
需考虑的检查
- 白蛋白排泄率(AER)
- 腹部 CT
- 磁共振血管成像 (MRA)
- 多普勒超声
- 肾脏活检
治疗流程
1 型糖尿病合并肾病:未接受透析
2 型糖尿病合并肾病:未接受透析
接受腹膜透析或血液透析
撰稿人
作者
David J. Leehey, MD, FACP
Professor of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Loyola University Medical Center
Maywood
IL
Associate Chief of Staff for Clinical Affairs and Education
Veterans Affairs Hospital
Hines
IL
利益声明
DJL declares that he has no competing interests. DJL is an author of references cited in this topic.
Irfan Moinuddin, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
Springfield
IL
利益声明
IM declares that he has no competing interests.
同行评议者
Rajiv Agarwal, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Indiana University School of Medicine
Indianapolis
IN
利益声明
RA declares that he has no competing interests.
Merlin C. Thomas, PhD
Associate Professor
Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute
Melbourne
Australia
利益声明
MCT has received honoraria for speaking and educational sessions conducted by Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, Boehringer-Ingleheim, Abbott, Amgen, and Jansen-Cilag.
Damian Fogarty, BSc, MD, FRCP
Consultant/Senior Lecturer in Renal Medicine
Belfast City Hospital and Queen's University Belfast
Belfast City Hospital
Belfast
Northern Ireland
UK
利益声明
DF has no share options, research support, or employment with pharmaceutical companies. He has received one-time speaking fees to cover his time preparing educational talks in the broad areas of diabetic nephropathy and chronic kidney disease, promoting early recognition and evidence-based or best practice management.
鉴别诊断
- 非糖尿病性肾病
- 多发性骨髓瘤
- 肾通道梗阻
更多 鉴别诊断指南
- 接受透析的糖尿病成人患者的管理
- 糖尿病患者心血管疾病管理指南
更多 指南患者教育信息
糖尿病:如何保持健康?
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更多 医学计算器- 登录或订阅即可浏览 BMJ Best Practice 临床实践完整内容
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