| 访问我们的完整专题急性淋巴细胞白血病 是当淋巴祖细胞通过体细胞变化发生基因改变并发生不受控制的增殖时发生的恶性克隆性疾病。这种进行性克隆扩增最终会导致急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, ALL),其特征为骨髓中正常造血细胞被早期淋巴样前体细胞替代,并进一步出现各身体器官浸润。ALL 可发生于任何年龄,但超过一半的患者(53.5%)诊断时年龄不足 20 岁。[4]National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer stat facts: leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). [internet publication].
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/alyl.html
其在美国约占白血病的 11%,占所有癌症的 0.3%。[4]National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer stat facts: leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). [internet publication].
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/alyl.html
[5]Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, et al. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022 Jan;72(1):7-33.
https://www.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21708
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35020204?tool=bestpractice.com
ALL 有两种类型:B-ALL(起源于 B 细胞系祖细胞)和 T-ALL(起源于 T 细胞系祖细胞)。B-ALL 更常见。[6]Terwilliger T, Abdul-Hay M. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2017 update. Blood Cancer J. 2017 Jun 30;7(6):e577.
https://www.doi.org/10.1038/bcj.2017.53
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28665419?tool=bestpractice.com
大多数患者在初次就诊和诊断时,存在与血细胞减少相关的体征和症状(如疲劳、易瘀伤)。最初可能因淋巴结肿大而就诊。ALL 的遗传学异常包括:细胞遗传学分析检出的染色体重排(例如易位),或分子学分析检出的其他遗传学病变。细胞遗传学异常具有预后影响。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题慢性淋巴细胞性白血病 是一种惰性淋巴组织增生性疾病,其中单克隆 B 淋巴细胞(>5000 个细胞/μL [5×10⁹/L])主要见于外周血。[7]Alaggio R, Amador C, Anagnostopoulos I, et al. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: lymphoid neoplasms. Leukemia. 2022 Jul;36(7):1720-48.
https://www.doi.org/10.1038/s41375-022-01620-2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35732829?tool=bestpractice.com
这些淋巴细胞可浸润淋巴系统和造血器官,如肝、脾和骨髓。年龄超过 60 岁是一项关键危险因素。关键诊断因素包括淋巴结肿大、脾肿大、呼吸急促和疲劳。[8]Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. iwCLL guidelines for diagnosis, indications for treatment, response assessment, and supportive management of CLL. Blood. 2018 Jun 21;131(25):2745-60.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-09-806398
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29540348?tool=bestpractice.com
患者可能会在常规全血细胞计数(complete blood count, CBC)中偶然发现绝对淋巴细胞增多症;慢性淋巴细胞白血病通过 FBC 加分类计数、血涂片显示涂抹细胞,以及流式细胞术进行诊断。[8]Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. iwCLL guidelines for diagnosis, indications for treatment, response assessment, and supportive management of CLL. Blood. 2018 Jun 21;131(25):2745-60.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-09-806398
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29540348?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Jan;32(1):23-33.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.09.019
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33091559?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题急性髓系白血病 由髓系原始细胞在骨髓、外周血或髓外组织克隆性增殖引起。主要见于老年人。[10]National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer stat facts: leukemia - acute myeloid leukemia (AML). [internet publication].
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/amyl.html
常见表现有面色苍白、瘀斑和瘀点。虽然大多数患者可达到完全缓解,但高复发率仍可导致较差的总生存率。存在许多亚型,其中的急性早幼粒细胞白血病应得到特异治疗。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题慢性髓系白血病 是一种导致骨髓中髓系显著增生的造血干细胞的恶性克隆性疾病。[11]Sawyers C. Chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1999 Apr 29;340(17):1330-40.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10219069?tool=bestpractice.com
65-74 岁是发病高峰,而所有年龄段人群都可患病。[12]National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer Stat Facts: leukemia - chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). [internet publication].
https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cmyl.html
电离辐射暴露会增加慢性髓系白血病的风险。[13]Tsushima H, Iwanaga M, Miyazaki Y. Late effect of atomic bomb radiation on myeloid disorders: leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Int J Hematol. 2012 Mar;95(3):232-8.
https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s12185-012-1002-4
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22370711?tool=bestpractice.com
症状可能包括发热、寒战、周身不适、体重减轻、腹部不适和盗汗,但大约 50% 的患者无症状。[14]Jabbour E, Kantarjian H. Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2018 update on diagnosis, therapy and monitoring. Am J Hematol. 2018 Mar;93(3):442-59.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25011
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29411417?tool=bestpractice.com
几乎所有患者均会出现白细胞计数升高,大约 75% 的患者存在脾肿大。[14]Jabbour E, Kantarjian H. Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2018 update on diagnosis, therapy and monitoring. Am J Hematol. 2018 Mar;93(3):442-59.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25011
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29411417?tool=bestpractice.com
[15]Savage DG, Szydlo RM, Goldman JM. Clinical features at diagnosis in 430 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia seen at a referral centre over a 16-year period. Br J Haematol. 1997;96:111-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9012696?tool=bestpractice.com
应通过外周血或骨髓细胞中存在费城染色体和/或 BCR-ABL1 转录物证实诊断。[16]Hochhaus A, Saussele S, Rosti G, et al. Chronic myeloid leukaemia: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(suppl_4):iv41-iv51.
https://www.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx219
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28881915?tool=bestpractice.com
[17]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: chronic myeloid leukemia [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_1
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| 访问我们的完整专题原始细胞危象 急变是指慢性髓系白血病(chronic myeloid leukaemia, CML)从慢性期或加速期向急变期转变。确诊急变期的证据为:外周血或骨髓中的原始细胞百分比(WHO 标准为≥20%),或原始细胞的髓外聚集,或者骨髓活检发现原始细胞大病灶或原始细胞簇。[17]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: chronic myeloid leukemia [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_1
[18]Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, et al. The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia. Blood. 2016 May 19;127(20):2391-405.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27069254?tool=bestpractice.com
贫血、感染、异常/过度出血、骨痛和全身症状(盗汗、体重下降、发热、疲劳)是 CML 急变期的常见主诉。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题毛细胞白血病 一种 B 细胞恶性肿瘤,常见特征为疲劳症状、脾脏明显肿大,以及外周血涂片和骨髓活检可见独特的组织学表现(B 细胞有发丝状细胞质细突起)。毛细胞白血病(hairy cell leukaemia, HCL)相对罕见,发病率有显著的地域差异。中位诊断年龄为 58 岁,男性更常患病。[19]Parry-Jones N, Joshi A, Forconi F, et al. Guideline for diagnosis and management of hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) and hairy cell variant (HCL-V). Br J Haematol. 2020 Dec;191(5):730-7.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.17055
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33053222?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]Teras LR, DeSantis CE, Cerhan JR, et al. 2016 US lymphoid malignancy statistics by World Health Organization subtypes. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016 Nov 12;66(6):443-59.
https://www.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21357
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27618563?tool=bestpractice.com
HCL 常表现为腹部不适或腹胀。这是由脾肿大引起,见于大约 60%-70% 的患者。[19]Parry-Jones N, Joshi A, Forconi F, et al. Guideline for diagnosis and management of hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) and hairy cell variant (HCL-V). Br J Haematol. 2020 Dec;191(5):730-7.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.17055
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33053222?tool=bestpractice.com
[21]Hoffman MA. Clinical presentations and complications of hairy cell leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006;20:1065-1073.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990107?tool=bestpractice.com
这种疾病不可治愈。但其对于治疗高度敏感,患者可能成功存活十年甚至更久。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题全血细胞减少症评估 全血细胞减少的原因多种多样,并且儿童和成人的可能原因不同。除非基础病因已十分明显(并正得到适当管理),否则出现全血细胞减少时,总是需要由血液病医师进行检查。各类白血病可能通过减少血细胞的产生或加强破坏或隔离而导致全血细胞减少。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题中性粒细胞减少症评估 中性粒细胞是造血和免疫系统的重要成分,其数量或质量异常均会导致危及生命的感染。最有可能导致成人发生中性粒细胞减少的原因是感染、药物诱发的中性粒细胞减少或原发性/获得性骨髓疾病。在<2 岁的儿童中,最有可能的原因是免疫性中性粒细胞减少。白血病可引起获得性中性粒细胞减少,导致某些典型症状,例如反复感染。 |
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