This page compiles our content related to HIV. For further information on diagnosis and treatment, follow the links below to our full BMJ Best Practice topics on the relevant conditions and symptoms.
Introduction
Relevant conditions
HIV infection | go to our full topic on HIV infection HIV infection is caused by a retrovirus that infects and replicates in human lymphocytes and macrophages, eroding the integrity of the human immune system over a number of years, culminating in immune deficiency and a susceptibility to a series of opportunistic and other infections as well as the development of certain malignancies. Globally, an estimated 38.4 million people were living with HIV at the end of 2021, with 1.5 million people newly infected.[3] Most people are infected through sexual contact, before birth or during delivery, during breastfeeding, or when sharing contaminated needles and syringes. |
|---|---|
HIV infection in pregnancy | go to our full topic on HIV infection in pregnancy Pregnancy in women living with HIV is complicated not only by HIV infection itself but also by the medical and psychosocial comorbidities associated with HIV. HIV infection in pregnancy poses a threat to maternal immune health and can lead to perinatal transmission of HIV in utero, intrapartum, or through breastfeeding postnatally. |
Post-exposure HIV prophylaxis | go to our full topic on Post-exposure HIV prophylaxis The administration of antiretroviral therapy to HIV-negative people who may have been occupationally or sexually exposed to HIV. Once exposed to HIV, there may be a brief period before the infection is established, during which antiretroviral therapy may successfully prevent viral replication.[4][5] |
HIV-related opportunistic infections | go to our full topic on HIV-related opportunistic infections Infections that can occur as a result of impaired cell-mediated immunity in advanced stages of HIV infection. These illnesses tend to occur most often in patients who have untreated HIV infection or who fail to respond to antiretroviral therapy. Tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, candidiasis, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, Mycobacterium avium complex, and coccidioidomycosis infections are among the HIV-related opportunistic infections often encountered in clinical practice. |
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia | go to our full topic on Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia Historically one of the most common AIDS-defining illnesses in children, adolescents, and adults in high-income countries.[6] It is an infection of the lung caused by the fungal organism Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii). Typically, it causes clinical disease in severely immunocompromised patients, such as HIV-positive patients with CD4 cell counts <200 cells/microlitre, haematopoietic cell transplant patients, solid-organ transplant patients, or patients on chronic immunosuppressive therapy. |
Pulmonary tuberculosis | go to our full topic on Pulmonary tuberculosis An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In many patients, M tuberculosis becomes dormant before it progresses to active tuberculosis. It most commonly involves the lungs and is communicable in this form, but may affect almost any organ system including the lymph nodes, central nervous system, liver, bones, genitourinary tract, and gastrointestinal tract. TB is particularly devastating in areas with high prevalence of HIV infection.[7] The WHO estimates there were 187,000 TB-related deaths among people with HIV in 2021.[8] |
Mycobacterium avium complex | go to our full topic on Mycobacterium avium complex Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), also known as Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI), consists of 2 mycobacterium species, M avium and M intracellulare. It traditionally causes 3 disease syndromes: pulmonary disease, cervical lymphadenitis, and disseminated disease. People living with HIV with a CD4 count <50 cells/microlitre are at increased risk of infection.[9] |
Toxoplasmosis | go to our full topic on Toxoplasmosis Caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Cats are the definitive hosts for the parasite. Humans are intermediate hosts, and become infected by ingesting uncooked meat infected with tissue cysts (bradyzoites), by ingestion of other food or water contaminated with oocysts, or by transplacental spread of tachyzoites.[10] Infection in humans is life-long and often asymptomatic, unless a patient becomes immunosuppressed. |
Cryptococcosis | go to our full topic on Cryptococcosis An opportunistic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus species. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus neoformans cause morbidity and mortality, especially in immunosuppressed populations. Patients with HIV and CD4 count of <100 cells/microlitre are at highest risk of infection. Cryptococcal meningitis is estimated to cause 15% of all AIDS-related deaths globally.[11] |
Cytomegalovirus infection | go to our full topic on Cytomegalovirus infection Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous beta-herpes virus that infects the majority of humans. Primary infection in individuals with normal immune function is usually asymptomatic. After primary infection, CMV establishes a state of lifelong latency in various host cells, with periodic sub-clinical re-activations that are controlled by a functioning immune system. When re-activation (or primary infection) occurs in patients with severely compromised immune function (transplant patients, or patients with AIDS with a CD4 count <50 cells/microlitre), uncontrolled CMV replication often ensues, which leads to the clinical manifestations characterised by fever, bone marrow suppression, and tissue-invasive disease.[12] |
Oral candidiasis | go to our full topic on Oral candidiasis A local infection of oral tissues by yeasts of the genus Candida, mostly C albicans. Seen most frequently in association with local and systemic immunological suppression. Although Candida are considered normal flora in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts in humans, they are capable of local infection of mucous membranes (oropharyngeal candidiasis, oesophagitis, vulvovaginitis), focal invasion (endophthalmitis, meningitis, endocarditis), and dissemination (candidaemia). |
Kaposi's sarcoma | go to our full topic on Kaposi's sarcoma One of the most common cancers arising in people with HIV. It is a low-grade vasoformative neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8, also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).[13] Lesions frequently involve mucocutaneous sites, but may become more extensive to involve the lymph nodes and visceral organs. Skin lesions evolve from an early patch, to a plaque, and later to ulcerating tumour nodules. |
Assessment of dermatological disorders in HIV | go to our full topic on Assessment of dermatological disorders in HIV In the early phases of the HIV epidemic, skin disease was frequently a presenting manifestation of the infection.[14] Cutaneous manifestations often reflect immune status and may offer insight into the long-term prognosis. The aetiologies of different diseases involving the skin and HIV vary. Some skin diseases are fairly specific to HIV. Other skin diseases may appear in non-HIV-infected populations but have altered presentations in those with HIV. |
Assessment of HIV-related mental status changes | go to our full topic on Assessment of HIV-related mental status changes Causes of altered mental status in HIV infection include both acutely presenting conditions (which often represent HIV-related opportunistic infection or associated systemic illness) and more progressive neurocognitive disease or psychological comorbidity. Neuropsychological issues may arise as a direct effect of HIV infection: for example, as part of a spectrum of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders or as a psychiatric comorbidity (e.g., depression or alcohol/substance abuse). |
Contributors
Authors
Editorial Team
BMJ Publishing Group
Disclosures
This overview has been compiled using the information in existing sub-topics.
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer