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Last reviewed: 9 Apr 2025
Last updated: 24 Oct 2024

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • cough
  • fever
  • anorexia
  • weight loss
  • malaise

Other diagnostic factors

  • night sweats
  • pleuritic chest pain
  • hemoptysis
  • psychological symptoms
  • abnormal chest auscultation
  • asymptomatic
  • dyspnea
  • clubbing
  • erythema nodosum and erythema induratum

Risk factors

  • exposure to infection
  • birth in an endemic country
  • HIV infection
  • immunosuppressive medications
  • malignancy
  • silicosis
  • end-stage renal disease
  • apical fibrosis
  • intravenous drug use
  • malnutrition
  • alcoholism
  • diabetes
  • high-risk congregate settings
  • low socioeconomic status or black/Hispanic/Native-American ancestry
  • age
  • tobacco smoking

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • chest x-ray
  • sputum acid-fast bacilli smear
  • sputum culture
  • CBC (complete blood count)
  • nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)

Tests to consider

  • gastric aspirate
  • bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage
  • stool testing
  • empiric treatment
  • drug susceptibility testing
  • genotyping
  • HIV test
  • lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan (LF-LAM) assay
  • CT of chest
  • tuberculin skin testing
  • interferon-gamma release assays
  • TB antigen-based skin tests (TBSTs)

Treatment algorithm

Contributors

Authors

David J. Horne, MD, MPH
David J. Horne

Associate Professor

Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine

Department of Medicine

University of Washington

Seattle

WA

Disclosures

DJH declares that he has no competing interests.

Masahiro Narita, MD
Masahiro Narita

Professor of Medicine

Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine

Department of Medicine

University of Washington

Seattle

WA

Disclosures

MN declares that he has no competing interests. MN is the author of a reference cited in this topic.

Peer reviewers

Fayez Kheir, MD, MSc

Assistant Professor of Medicine

Harvard Medical School

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care

Massachusetts General Hospital

Boston

MA

Disclosures

FK declares that he has no competing interests.

William Burman, MD

Professor

Division of Infectious Diseases

University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center

Denver

CO

Disclosures

WB declares that he has no competing interests.

Ian Campbell, MD (Lond), FRCP (Edin & Lond)

Consultant Chest Physician

Llandough Hospital

Llandough

Penarth

South Wales

Disclosures

IC declares that he has no competing interests.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Oct;63(7):e147-95.Full text  Abstract

Lewinsohn DM, Leonard MK, LoBue PA, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 15;64(2):e1-33.Full text  Abstract

World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Nahid P, Mase SR, Migliori GB, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. An official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Nov 15;200(10):e93-142.Full text  Abstract

World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: drug-susceptible tuberculosis treatment. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Uthman OA, Okwundu C, Gbenga K, et al. Optimal timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation for HIV-infected adults with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Jul 7;163(1):32-9. Abstract

World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Tuberculosis Trials Consortium. Rifapentine and isoniazid once a week versus rifampicin and isoniazid twice a week for treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-negative patients: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2002 Aug 17;360(9332):528-34. Abstract

American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Controlling tuberculosis in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Nov 1;172(9):1169-227.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available here.

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