Pulmonary tuberculosis

References

Key articles

Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Oct;63(7):e147-95.Full text  Abstract

Lewinsohn DM, Leonard MK, LoBue PA, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 15;64(2):e1-33.Full text  Abstract

World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Nahid P, Mase SR, Migliori GB, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. An official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Nov 15;200(10):e93-142.Full text  Abstract

World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: drug-susceptible tuberculosis treatment. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Uthman OA, Okwundu C, Gbenga K, et al. Optimal timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation for HIV-infected adults with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Jul 7;163(1):32-9. Abstract

World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Tuberculosis Trials Consortium. Rifapentine and isoniazid once a week versus rifampicin and isoniazid twice a week for treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-negative patients: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2002 Aug 17;360(9332):528-34. Abstract

American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Controlling tuberculosis in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Nov 1;172(9):1169-227.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Latent TB infection in the United States – published estimates. Jan 2022 [internet publication].Full text

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2021. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

3. Schildknecht KR, Pratt RH, Feng PI, et al. Tuberculosis - United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Mar 24;72(12):297-303.Full text  Abstract

4. World Health Organization. Health topics: tuberculosis [internet publication].Full text

5. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2022. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

6. Dye C. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Lancet. 2006 Mar 18;367(9514):938-40. Abstract

7. GBD 2019 Tuberculosis Collaborators. Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990-2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Feb;22(2):222-41.Full text  Abstract

8. Lienhardt C. From exposure to disease: the role of environmental factors in susceptibility to an development of tuberculosis. Epidemiol Rev. 2001 Jul;23(2):288-301. Abstract

9. Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Oct;63(7):e147-95.Full text  Abstract

10. Lin HH, Ezzati M, Murray M. Tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2007 Jan;4(1):e20.Full text  Abstract

11. Marks SM, Taylor Z, Qualls NL, et al. Outcomes of contact investigations of infectious tuberculosis patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Dec;162(6):2033-8.Full text  Abstract

12. Lewinsohn DM, Leonard MK, LoBue PA, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 15;64(2):e1-33.Full text  Abstract

13. Zuber PL, McKenna MT, Binkin NJ, et al. Long-term risk of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States. JAMA. 1997 Jul 23-30;278(4):304-7. Abstract

14. Markowitz N, Hansen NI, Hopewell PC, et al. Incidence of tuberculosis in the United States among HIV-infected persons. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Jan 15;126(2):123-32. Abstract

15. Toossi Z, Mayanja-Kizza H, Hirsch CS, et al. Impact of tuberculosis on HIV-1 activity in dually infected patients. Clin Exp Immunol. 2001 Feb;123(2):233-8.Full text  Abstract

16. Daley CL, Small PM, Schechter GF, et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with human immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jan 23;326(4):231-5. Abstract

17. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1989 Mar 2;320(9):545-50. Abstract

18. Jick SS, Lieberman ES, Rahman MU, et al. Glucocorticoid use, other associated factors, and the risk of tuberculosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Feb 15;55(1):19-26. Abstract

19. Wallis RS, Broder MS, Wong JY, et al. Granulomatous infections due to tumor necrosis factor blockade: correction. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 15;39(8):1254-5. Abstract

20. Kamboj M, Sepkowitz KA. The risk of tuberculosis in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 1;42(11):1592-5. Abstract

21. American Thoracic Society. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Apr;161(4 Pt 2):S221-47.Full text  Abstract

22. International Union Against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis. Efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis: five years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. Bull World Health Organ. 1982;60(4):555-64. Abstract

23. Li M, Chen T, Hua Z, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2021 Oct 30;13(1):127.Full text  Abstract

24. Cantwell MF, McKenna MT, McCray E, et al. Tuberculosis and race/ethnicity in the United States, impact of socioeconomic status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Apr;157(4 Pt 1):1016-20.Full text  Abstract

25. Wang EY, Arrazola RA, Mathema B, et al. The impact of smoking on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2020 Feb 1;24(2):170-5. Abstract

26. Colditz GA, Berkey CS, Mosteller F, et al. The efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination of newborns and infants in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analyses of the published literature. Pediatrics. 1995 Jul;96(1 Pt 1):29-35. Abstract

27. Mangtani P, Abubakar I, Ariti C, et al. Protection by BCG vaccine against tuberculosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;58(4):470-80.Full text  Abstract

28. Katelaris AL, Jackson C, Southern J, et al. Effectiveness of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in adults: a cross-sectional analysis of a UK-based cohort. J Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 1;221(1):146-55.Full text  Abstract

29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - tuberculosis. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - perspectives: testing travelers for mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated guidelines for the use of nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Jan 16;58(1):7-10.Full text  Abstract

32. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis: rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

33. Zifodya JS, Kreniske JS, Schiller I, et al. Xpert Ultra versus Xpert MTB/RIF for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults with presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Feb 22;(2):CD009593.Full text  Abstract

34. Shapiro AE, Ross JM, Yao M, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert Ultra assays for screening for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults, irrespective of signs or symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 23;(3):CD013694.Full text  Abstract

35. Pillay S, Steingart KR, Davies GR, et al. Xpert MTB/XDR for detection of pulmonary tuberculosis and resistance to isoniazid, fluoroquinolones, ethionamide, and amikacin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 18;(5):CD014841.Full text  Abstract

36. Haraka F, Kakolwa M, Schumacher SG, et al. Impact of the diagnostic test Xpert MTB/RIF on patient outcomes for tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 6;(5):CD012972.Full text  Abstract

37. Kay AW, Ness T, Verkuijl SE, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay for tuberculosis disease and rifampicin resistance in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Sep 6;(9):CD013359.Full text  Abstract

38. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

39. Bjerrum S, Schiller I, Dendukuri N, et al. Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay for detecting active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 21;(10):CD011420.Full text  Abstract

40. Nathavitharana RR, Lederer P, Chaplin M, et al. Impact of diagnostic strategies for tuberculosis using lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay in people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Aug 20;(8):CD014641.Full text  Abstract

41. Laursen LL, Dahl VN, Wejse C. Stool testing for pulmonary TB diagnosis in adults. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2022 Jun 1;26(6):516-23. Abstract

42. Behr MA, Warren SA, Salamon H, et al. Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients smear-negative for acid-fast bacilli. Lancet. 1999 Feb 6;353(9151):444-9. Abstract

43. Metcalfe JZ, Everett CK, Steingart KR, et al. Interferon-γ release assays for active pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis in adults in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2011 Nov 15;204 (suppl 4):S1120-9.Full text  Abstract

44. Nolt D, Starke JR. Tuberculosis infection in children and adolescents: testing and treatment. Pediatrics. 2021 Dec 1;148(6):e2021054663.Full text  Abstract

45. Pai M, Zwerling A, Menzies D. Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Aug 5;149(3):177-84. Abstract

46. Mazurek GH, Jereb J, Vernon A, et al; IGRA Expert Committee; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated guidelines for using Interferon Gamma Release Assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection - United States, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Jun 25;59(RR-5):1-25.Full text  Abstract

47. Doherty SD, Van Voorhees A, Lebwohl MG, et al. National Psoriasis Foundation consensus statement on screening for latent tuberculosis infection in patients with psoriasis treated with systemic and biologic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 Aug;59(2):209-17. Abstract

48. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis: tests for TB infection. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

49. Miller LG, Asch SM, Yu EI, et al. A population-based survey of tuberculosis symptoms: how atypical are atypical presentations. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Feb;30(2):293-9. Abstract

50. Geng E, Kreiswirth B, Burzynski J, et al. Clinical and radiographic correlates of primary and reactivation tuberculosis, a molecular epidemiology study. JAMA. 2005 Jun 8;293(22):2740-5. Abstract

51. Jones BE, Ryu R, Yang Z, et al. Chest radiographic findings in patients with tuberculosis with recent or remote infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Oct;156(4 Pt 1):1270-3.Full text  Abstract

52. Global Laboratory Initiative. Mycobacteriology laboratory manual. Apr 2014 [internet publication].Full text

53. Garay SM. Pulmonary tuberculosis. In: Rom WM, Garay SM, eds. Tuberculosis. 2nd ed. New York: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2003:345-94.

54. Pai M, Menzies D. Interferon-release assays: what is their role in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 1;44(1):74-7. Abstract

55. Dewan PK, Grinsdale J, Kawamura LM. Low sensitivity of a whole-blood interferon-gamma release assay for detection of active tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 1;44(1):69-73. Abstract

56. Biscione F, Cecchini D, Ambrosioni J, et al. Nocardiosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection [in Spanish]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2005 Aug-Sep;23(7):419-23. Abstract

57. Yildiz O, Doganay M. Actinomycoses and Nocardia pulmonary infections. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2006 May;12(3):228-34. Abstract

58. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tuberculosis (TB) (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) 2009 case definition. 2009 [internet publication].Full text

59. World Health Organization. Definitions and reporting framework for tuberculosis - 2013 revision (updated December 2014 and January 2020). Jan 2020 [internet publication].Full text

60. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Latent tuberculosis infection in adults: screening. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

61. Sosa LE, Njie GJ, Lobato MN, et al. Tuberculosis screening, testing, and treatment of U.S. health care personnel: recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 May 17;68(19):439-43.Full text  Abstract

62. Vonasek B, Ness T, Takwoingi Y, et al. Screening tests for active pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jun 28;6:CD013693.Full text  Abstract

63. Van't Hoog A, Viney K, Biermann O, et al. Symptom- and chest-radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-negative adults and adults with unknown HIV status. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Mar 23;3:CD010890.Full text  Abstract

64. National Tuberculosis Controllers Association. Testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in the United States: clinical recommendations. Feb 2021 [internet publication].Full text

65. Field SK, Escalante P, Fisher DA, et al; CHEST Expert Cough Panel. Cough due to TB and other chronic infections: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2018 Feb;153(2):467-97.Full text  Abstract

66. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 2: screening: systematic screening for tuberculosis disease. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text

67. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 1: prevention: tuberculosis preventive treatment. Mar 2020 [internet publication].Full text

68. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

69. Sterling TR, Njie G, Zenner D, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020 Feb 14;69(1):1-11.Full text  Abstract

70. Borisov AS, Bamrah Morris S, Njie GJ, et al. Update of recommendations for use of once-weekly isoniazid-rifapentine regimen to treat latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Jun 29;67(25):723-6.Full text  Abstract

71. Sterling TR, Villarino ME, Borisov AS, et al. Three months of rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med. 2011 Dec 8;365(23):2155-66. Abstract

72. Belknap R, Holland D, Feng PJ, et al; TB Trials Consortium iAdhere Study Team. Self-administered versus directly observed once-weekly isoniazid and rifapentine treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Nov 21;167(10):689-97. Abstract

73. Villarino ME, Scott NA, Weis SE; International Maternal Pediatric and Adolescents AIDS Clinical Trials Group; Tuberculosis Trials Consortium. Treatment for preventing tuberculosis in children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial of a 3-month, 12-dose regimen of a combination of rifapentine and isoniazid. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Mar;169(3):247-55. Abstract

74. Menzies D, Adjobimey M, Ruslami R, et al. Four months of rifampin or nine months of isoniazid for latent tuberculosis in adults. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 2;379(5):440-53.Full text  Abstract

75. Diallo T, Adjobimey M, Ruslami R, et al. Safety and side effects of rifampin versus isoniazid in children. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 2;379(5):454-63.Full text  Abstract

76. Nahid P, Mase SR, Migliori GB, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. An official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Nov 15;200(10):e93-142.Full text  Abstract

77. Karumbi J, Garner P. Directly observed therapy for treating tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 May 29;2015(5):CD003343.Full text  Abstract

78. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: drug-susceptible tuberculosis treatment. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

79. Jasmer RM, Seaman CB, Gonzalez L, et al. Tuberculosis treatment outcomes: directly observed therapy compared with self administered therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Sep 1;170(5):561-6.Full text  Abstract

80. Mangan JM, Woodruff RS, Winston CA, et al. Recommendations for Use of Video Directly Observed Therapy During Tuberculosis Treatment - United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Mar 24;72(12):313-316.Full text  Abstract

81. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: tuberculosis care and support. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text

82. Carr W, Kurbatova E, Starks A, et al. Interim guidance: 4-month rifapentine-moxifloxacin regimen for the treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis - United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Feb 25;71(8):285-9.Full text  Abstract

83. Dorman SE, Nahid P, Kurbatova EV, et al. Four-month rifapentine regimens with or without moxifloxacin for tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2021 May 6;384(18):1705-18.Full text  Abstract

84. Critchley JA, Orton LC, Pearson F. Adjunctive steroid therapy for managing pulmonary tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 12;2014(11):CD011370.Full text  Abstract

85. Gopalan N, Santhanakrishnan RK, Palaniappan AN, et al. Daily vs intermittent antituberculosis therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with HIV: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Apr 1;178(4):485-93. Abstract

86. World Health Organization. Rapid advice: antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents. Nov 2009 [internet publication].Full text

87. Severe P, Juste MA, Ambroise A, et al. Early versus standard antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected adults in Haiti. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 15;363(3):257-65.Full text  Abstract

88. Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 25;362(8):697-706.Full text  Abstract

89. Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, et al. Integration of antiretroviral therapy with tuberculosis treatment. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 20;365(16):1492-501.Full text  Abstract

90. Havlir DV, Kendall MA, Ive P, et al; AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5221. Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection and tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 20;365(16):1482-91.Full text  Abstract

91. Uthman OA, Okwundu C, Gbenga K, et al. Optimal timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation for HIV-infected adults with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Jul 7;163(1):32-9. Abstract

92. Manosuthi W, Kiertiburanakul S, Phoorisri T, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients receiving antituberculous and antiretroviral therapy. J Infect. 2006 Dec;53(6):357-63. Abstract

93. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA updates warnings for oral and injectable fluoroquinolone antibiotics due to disabling side effects. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text

94. US Food & Drug Administration. FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. Jul 2018 [internet publication].Full text

95. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

96. World Health Organization. WHO announces updated definitions of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text

97. Conradie F, Diacon AH, Ngubane N, et al. Treatment of highly drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 5;382(10):893-902.Full text  Abstract

98. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Provisional CDC guidance for the use of pretomanid as part of a regimen [bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid (BPaL)] to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis disease. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

99. Tuberculosis Trials Consortium. Rifapentine and isoniazid once a week versus rifampicin and isoniazid twice a week for treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-negative patients: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2002 Aug 17;360(9332):528-34. Abstract

100. Swindells S, Ramchandani R, Gupta A, et al. One month of rifapentine plus isoniazid to prevent HIV-related tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Mar 14;380(11):1001-11.Full text  Abstract

101. Esmail A, Oelofse S, Lombard C, et al. An all-oral 6-month regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial (the NExT study). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 May 15;205(10):1214-27. Abstract

102. Paton NI, Cousins C, Suresh C, et al. Treatment strategy for rifampin-susceptible tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2023 Mar 9;388(10):873-87.Full text  Abstract

103. Tait DR, Hatherill M, Van Der Meeren O, et al. Final analysis of a trial of M72/AS01E vaccine to prevent tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 19;381(25):2429-39. Abstract

104. World Health Organization. Vaccines and immunization: investigational vaccine candidate M72/AS01E. Jun 2020 [internet publication].Full text

105. Canadian Thoracic Society. Canadian tuberculosis standards, 8th edition. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

106. Anyama N, Bracebridge S, Black C, et al. What happens to people diagnosed with tuberculosis? A population-based cohort. Epidemiol Infect. 2007 Oct;135(7):1069-76. Abstract

107. Fielder JF, Chaulk CP, Dalvi M, et al. A high tuberculosis case-fatality rate in a setting of effective tuberculosis control: implications for acceptable treatment success rates. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002 Dec;6(12):1114-7. Abstract

108. Penner C, Roberts D, Kunimoto D, et al. Tuberculosis as a primary cause of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Mar;151(3 Pt 1):867-72. Abstract

109. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Controlling tuberculosis in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Nov 1;172(9):1169-227.Full text  Abstract

110. Narita M, Ashkin D, Hollender ES, et al. Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis following antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jul;158(1):157-61.Full text  Abstract

111. Cheng V, Ho P, Lee R, et al. Clinical spectrum of paradoxical deterioration during antituberculosis therapy in non-HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002 Nov;21(11):803-9. Abstract

112. Santiago S, Tobias J, Williams AJ. A reappraisal of the causes of hemoptysis. Arch Intern Med. 1991 Dec;151(12):2449-51. Abstract

113. Johnston H, Reisz G. Changing spectrum of hemoptysis. Underlying causes in 148 patients undergoing diagnostic flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Arch Intern Med. 1989 Jul;149(7):1666-8. Abstract

114. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis and air travel: guidelines for prevention and control. 2008 [internet publication].Full text

115. Abubakar I, Fernandez de la Hoz K. WHO publishes the third edition of guidelines for the prevention and control of air-travel-associated tuberculosis. Euro Surveill. 2008 Jun 5;13(23):18898.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer