Summary
Definition
History and exam
Other diagnostic factors
- oropharyngeal candidiasis
- recurrent bacterial pneumonia
- weight loss
- longer duration of symptoms (HIV-positive patients)
- rapid onset of symptoms (HIV-negative patients)
- fever
- dry cough
- dyspnea
- fatigue
- normal chest examination
- tachycardia
- tachypnea or respiratory distress
- cyanosis
- extrapulmonary manifestations
- pleuritic chest pain
- unilateral diminished breath sounds
Risk factors
- CD4 cell count <200 cells/microliter
- immunocompromised state
- chronic corticosteroid therapy
- prior Pneumocystis pneumonia
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- chest x-ray
- arterial blood gas
- serum LDH level
- induced sputum
Investigations to consider
- high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) chest
- pulmonary function testing
- bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
- biopsy
Emerging tests
- polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- plasma S-adenosylmethionine level
- serum (1,3)-beta-D-glucan level
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Professor of Medicine
Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
PA
Disclosures
AM is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
Fellow
Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
PA
Disclosures
IK declares that he has no competing interests.
Dr Alison Morris and Dr Ioannis Konstantinidis would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Eric Nolley and Dr Matthew Gingo, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
EN and MG declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Associate Chief of Staff for Research
Cincinnati VA Medical Center
Professor of Medicine
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati
OH
Disclosures
PDW declares that he has no competing interests.
Specialist Physician and Consultant
Toga Laboratory and Kimera Consultants
Edenvale
Johannesburg
South Africa
Disclosures
DS declares that he has no competing interests.
Infectious Diseases Physician
Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine
Faculty of Health Sciences
University of Cape Town
Observatory
South Africa
Disclosures
GM declares that he has no competing interests.
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