最后审阅: 5 Oct 2024
最后更新: 05 Mar 2020
小结
定义
病史和体格检查
诊断性检查
治疗流程
撰稿人
作者
Aidar R. Gosmanov, MD, PhD, FACE
Associate Professor of Medicine
Division of Endocrinology
Albany Medical College
Chief, Endocrinology Section
Albany VAMC
Albany
NY
利益声明
ARG declares that he has no competing interests.
Laleh Razavi Nematollahi, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland
OH
利益声明
LRN declares that she has no competing interests.
鸣谢
Dr Aidar Gosmanov and Dr Laleh Razavi Nematollahi would like to gratefully acknowledge Professor Abbas E. Kitabchi, the previous contributor to this topic.
利益声明
AEK is an author of a number of references in this topic.
同行评议者
David Jenkins, DM, FRCP
Consultant Physician
Worcestershire Royal Hospital
Worcester
UK
利益声明
DJ declares that he has no competing interests.
Udaya M. Kabadi, MD, FRCP(C), FACP, FACE
Professor of Medicine
University of Iowa
Iowa City
IA
利益声明
UMK declares that she has no competing interests.
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