References

Key articles

World Health Organization. Clinical management and infection prevention and control for monkeypox: interim rapid response guidance, 10 June 2022. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. World Health Organization. Clinical management and infection prevention and control for monkeypox: interim rapid response guidance, 10 June 2022. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

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13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notes from the field: emergence of an mpox cluster primarily affecting persons previously vaccinated against mpox - Chicago, Illinois, March 18-June 12, 2023. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

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22. Blackburn D, Roth NM, Gold JAW, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical features of mpox in transgender and gender-diverse adults: United States, May - November 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Dec 30;71(5152):1605-9.Full text  Abstract

23. Wick JM, Pelliccione A, Lee-Rodriguez C, et al. An atypical presentation of mpox transmitted between transgender men through oral sex. Sex Transm Dis. 2023 Oct 1;50(10):685-6.Full text  Abstract

24. Kota KK, Hong J, Zelaya C, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in Mpox cases and vaccination among adult males - United States, May-December 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Apr 14;72(15):398-403.Full text  Abstract

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26. ​UK Health Security Agency. Latest update on cases of Clade Ib mpox. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Full text

27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. California confirms first clade I mpox case​. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Full text

28. World Health Organization. Disease outbreak news: mpox (monkeypox) - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mpox caused by human-to-human transmission of monkeypox virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo with spread to neighboring countries. Aug 2024 [internet publication].Full text

30. World health Organization. Second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the upsurge of mpox 2024. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Full text

31. World Health Organization. Disease outbreak news: mpox - Democratic Republic of the Congo​. Jun 2024 [internet publication].Full text

32. World Health Organization. Mpox – African region​. Aug 2024 [internet publication].Full text

33. Vakaniaki EH, Kacita C, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, et al. Sustained human outbreak of a new MPXV clade I lineage in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nat Med. 13 Jun 2024 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

34. Nzoyikorera N, Nduwimana C, Schuele L, et al. Monkeypox clade Ib virus introduction into Burundi: first findings, July to mid-August 2024. Euro Surveill. 2024 Oct;29(42):2400666.Full text  Abstract

35. World Health Organization. Mpox – Sweden​. Aug 2024 [internet publication].Full text

36. ​European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Confirmed mpox clade Ib case in Germany, risk remains low for EU/EEA. Oct 2024 [internet publication].Full text

37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. First case of clade I Mpox diagnosed in the United States. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Full text

38. Li P, Li J, Ayada I, et al. Clinical features, antiviral treatment and patient outcomes: a systematic review and comparative analysis of the previous and the 2022 mpox outbreaks. J Infect Dis. 2023 Feb 3 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emerging infectious diseases: ​mpox in children and adolescents during multicountry outbreak, 2022-2023. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical considerations for mpox in children and adolescents in the U.S. Sep 2024 [internet publication].Full text

41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical considerations for mpox in immunocompromised people. Oct 2024 [internet publication].Full text

42. O'Shea J, Filardo TD, Morris SB, et al. Interim guidance for prevention and treatment of monkeypox in persons with HIV infection: United States, August 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Aug 12;71(32):1023-8.Full text  Abstract

43. Thornhill JP, Palich R, Ghosn J, et al. Human monkeypox virus infection in women and non-binary individuals during the 2022 outbreaks: a global case series. Lancet. 2022 Dec 3;400(10367):1953-65.Full text  Abstract

44. UK Health Security Agency. Monkeypox case in England. December 2018 [internet publication].Full text

45. UK Health Security Agency. Monkeypox case confirmed in England. December 2019 [internet publication].Full text

46. World Health Organization. Monkeypox: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. July 2021 [internet publication].Full text

47. World Health Organization. Monkeypox: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. June 2022 [internet publication].Full text

48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Imported monkeypox case reported in Maryland. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC and Texas confirm monkeypox in U.S. traveler. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

50. Rao AK, Schulte J, Chen TH, et al. Monkeypox in a traveler returning from Nigeria – Dallas, Texas, July 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Apr 8;71(14):509-16.Full text  Abstract

51. World Health Organization. Disease outbreak news. Monkeypox - Singapore. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text

52. Erez N, Achdout H, Milrot E, et al. Diagnosis of imported monkeypox, Israel, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019 May;25(5):980-3.Full text  Abstract

53. Huhn GD, Bauer AM, Yorita K, et al. Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 15;41(12):1742-51.Full text  Abstract

54. World Health Organization. Monkeypox: experts give virus variants new names. August 2022 [internet publication].Full text

55. Happi C, Adetifa I, Mbala P, et al. Urgent need for a non-discriminatory and non-stigmatizing nomenclature for monkeypox virus. PLoS Biol. 2022 Aug 23;20(8):e3001769.Full text  Abstract

56. Luna N, Ramírez AL, Muñoz M, et al. Phylogenomic analysis of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) 2022 outbreak: emergence of a novel viral lineage? Travel Med Infect Dis. 2022 Jul 13;49:102402. Abstract

57. UK Health Security Agency. Monkeypox outbreak: technical briefings. Sep 2024 [internet publication].Full text

58. Woolley SD, Lester R, Devine K, et al. Clade IIb A.3 monkeypox virus: an imported lineage during a large global outbreak. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Apr;23(4):405.Full text  Abstract

59. Jolly B, Scaria V. A distinct phylogenetic cluster of monkeypox genomes suggests an early and cryptic spread of the virus. J Infect. 2023 Jan;86(1):e24-6.Full text  Abstract

60. Chmel M, Bartoš O, Kabíčková H, et al. Retrospective analysis revealed an April occurrence of monkeypox in the Czech Republic. Viruses. 2022 Aug 15;14(8):1773.Full text  Abstract

61. Sukhdeo S, Mishra S, Walmsley S. Human monkeypox: a comparison of the characteristics of the new epidemic to the endemic disease. BMC Infect Dis. 2022 Dec 12;22(1):928.Full text  Abstract

62. Hatami H, Jamshidi P, Arbabi M, et al. Demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics of human Monkeypox disease pre- and post-2022 Outbreaks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomedicines. 2023 Mar 20;11(3):957.Full text  Abstract

63. Haddad N. The presumed receptivity and susceptibility to monkeypox of European animal species. Infect Dis Now. 2022 Aug;52(5):294-8.Full text  Abstract

64. Pinto P, Costa MA, Gonçalves MFM, et al. Mpox person-to-person transmission-where have we got so far? a systematic review. Viruses. 2023 Apr 28;15(5):1074.Full text  Abstract

65. UK Health Security Agency. Research and analysis Mpox: transmission, and infectious and incubation periods. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

66. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clade I–associated mpox cases associated with sexual contact, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

67. Kibungu EM, Vakaniaki EH, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, et al. Clade I-associated mpox cases associated with sexual contact, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024 Jan;30(1):172-6.Full text  Abstract

68. Vanhamel J, Laisnez V, Liesenborghs L, et al. Understanding sexual transmission dynamics and transmission contexts of monkeypox virus: a mixed-methods study of the early outbreak in Belgium (May-June 2022). Sex Transm Infect. 2022 Nov 17 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

69. Karan A, Styczynski AR, Huang C, et al. Human monkeypox without viral prodrome or sexual exposure, California, USA, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022 Aug 16;28(10):2121-3.Full text  Abstract

70. Hernandez LE, Jadoo A, Kirsner RS. Human monkeypox virus infection in an immunocompromised man: trial with tecovirimat. Lancet. 2022 Sep 10;400(10355):e8.Full text  Abstract

71. Saunders KE, Van Horn AN, Medlin HK, et al. Monkeypox in a young infant: Florida, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Sep 23;71(38):1220-1.Full text  Abstract

72. Aguilera-Alonso D, Alonso-Cadenas JA, Roguera-Sopena M, et al. Monkeypox virus infections in children in Spain during the first months of the 2022 outbreak. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2022 Nov;6(11):e22-3.Full text  Abstract

73. Reda A, Abdelaal A, Brakat AM, et al. Monkeypox viral detection in semen specimens of confirmed cases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2022 Oct 22:e28250.Full text  Abstract

74. Palich R, Burrel S, Monsel G, et al. Viral loads in clinical samples of men with monkeypox virus infection: a French case series. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Jan;23(1):74-80.Full text  Abstract

75. Lim CK, McKenzie C, Deerain J, et al. Correlation between monkeypox viral load and infectious virus in clinical specimens. J Clin Virol. 2023 Apr;161:105421.Full text  Abstract

76. Rani I, Goyal A, Shamim MA, et al. Prevalence of mpox viral DNA in cutaneous specimens of monkeypox-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1179885.Full text  Abstract

77. World Health Organization. Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update. 27 June 2022 [internet publication].Full text

78. Sah R, Abdelaal A, Reda A, et al. Monkeypox and its possible sexual transmission: where are we now with its evidence? Pathogens. 2022 Aug 17;11(8):924.Full text  Abstract

79. Barboza JJ, León-Figueroa DA, Saldaña-Cumpa HM, et al. Virus identification for monkeypox in human seminal fluid samples: a systematic review. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023 Mar 14;8(3):173.Full text  Abstract

80. Peiró-Mestres A, Fuertes I, Camprubí-Ferrer D, et al. Frequent detection of monkeypox virus DNA in saliva, semen, and other clinical samples from 12 patients, Barcelona, Spain, May to June 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022 Jul;27(28):2200503.Full text  Abstract

81. Suñer C, Ubals M, Tarín-Vicente EJ, et al. Viral dynamics in patients with monkeypox infection: a prospective cohort study in Spain. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Dec 12 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

82. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Monkeypox multi-country outbreak: second update. October 2022 [internet publication].Full text

83. Beeson A, Styczynski A, Hutson CL, et al. Mpox respiratory transmission: the state of the evidence. Lancet Microbe. 2023 Apr;4(4):e277-83.Full text  Abstract

84. Siedner MJ, Trinidad J, Berto CG, et al. Mpox in young woman with no epidemiologic risk factors, Massachusetts, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023 Jan 25;29(4).Full text  Abstract

85. Nörz D, Pfefferle S, Brehm TT, et al. Evidence of surface contamination in hospital rooms occupied by patients infected with monkeypox, Germany, June 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022 Jun;27(26).Full text  Abstract

86. Atkinson B, Burton C, Pottage T, et al. Infection-competent monkeypox virus contamination identified in domestic settings following an imported case of monkeypox into the UK. Environ Microbiol. 2022 Oct;24(10):4561-9.Full text  Abstract

87. Morgan CN, Whitehill F, Doty JB, et al. Environmental persistence of monkeypox virus on surfaces in household of person with travel-associated infection, Dallas, Texas, USA, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022 Aug 11;28(10):1982-9.Full text  Abstract

88. Muller MP, Mishra S, McGeer A, et al. Environmental testing of surfaces in the room of a patient with mpox. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Jan 6;76(1):179-81. Abstract

89. Pfeiffer JA, Collingwood A, Rider LE, et al. High-contact object and surface contamination in a household of persons with monkeypox virus infection: Utah, June 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Aug 26;71(34):1092-4.Full text  Abstract

90. Atkinson B, Gould S, Spencer A, et al. Monkeypox virus contamination in an office-based workplace environment. J Hosp Infect. 2022 Dec;130:141-3.Full text  Abstract

91. Gould S, Atkinson B, Onianwa O, et al. Air and surface sampling for monkeypox virus in a UK hospital: an observational study. Lancet Microbe. 2022 Dec;3(12):e904-11.Full text  Abstract

92. Ramnarayan P, Mitting R, Whittaker E, et al. Neonatal monkeypox virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2022 Oct 27;387(17):1618-20.Full text  Abstract

93. Van de Perre P, Molès JP, Rollins N. Is monkeypox virus transmissible by breastfeeding? Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2022 Oct;33(10):e13861.Full text  Abstract

94. Alonso-Cadenas JA, Andina-Martínez D, García-García CJ, et al. Monkeypox disease in a breastfeeding infant. Pediatr Dermatol. 2022 Sep 30 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

95. Satapathy P, Mohanty P, Manna S, et al. Potentially asymptomatic infection of monkeypox virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Dec 6;10(12):2083.Full text  Abstract

96. Ward T, Christie R, Paton RS, et al. Transmission dynamics of monkeypox in the United Kingdom: contact tracing study. BMJ. 2022 Nov 2;379:e073153.Full text  Abstract

97. Brosius I, Van Dijck C, Coppens J, et al. Presymptomatic viral shedding in high-risk mpox contacts: a prospective cohort study. J Med Virol. 2023 May;95(5):e28769.Full text  Abstract

98. Kubo T, Hayakawa K, Akiyama Y, et al. A case of confirmed pre-symptomatic transmission of mpox. J Infect Chemother. 2023 Oct;29(10):1008-9. Abstract

99. Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, et al. Chapter 29: Human monkeypox and other poxvirus infections of man. In: Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1988.Full text

100. Reda A, El-Qushayri AE, Shah J. Asymptomatic monkeypox infection: a call for greater control of infection and transmission. Lancet Microbe. 2023 Jan;4(1):e15-6.Full text  Abstract

101. Ferré VM, Bachelard A, Zaidi M, et al. Detection of monkeypox virus in anorectal swabs from asymptomatic men who have sex with men in a sexually transmitted infection screening program in Paris, France. Ann Intern Med. 2022 Oct;175(10):1491-2.Full text  Abstract

102. Moschese D, Pozza G, Mileto D, et al. Isolation of viable monkeypox virus from anal and urethral swabs, Italy, May to July 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022 Sep;27(36).Full text  Abstract

103. Cassir N, Cardona F, Tissot-Dupont H, et al. Observational cohort study of evolving epidemiologic, clinical, and virologic features of monkeypox in Southern France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022 Oct 14;28(12).Full text  Abstract

104. Accordini S, Cordioli M, Pomari E, et al. People with asymptomatic or unrecognised infection potentially contribute to monkeypox virus transmission. Lancet Microbe. 2023 Apr;4(4):e209.Full text

105. Rossotti R, Calzavara D, Cernuschi M, et al. Detection of asymptomatic mpox carriers among high-ri men who have sex with men: a prospective analysis. Pathogens. 2023 Jun 3;12(6):798.Full text  Abstract

106. Pitt-Kendall R, Foster C, Rayment M, et al. Retrospective testing for mpox virus in routine STI screens from men who have sex with men in England, August-October 2022. Sex Transm Infect. 2023 Aug 3:sextrans-2023-055841. Abstract

107. Hampel B, Farnham A, Lamothe-Molina PJ, et al. Low prevalence of asymptomatic mpox in populations at high risk. Lancet Microbe. 2023 Nov;4(11):e856.Full text

108. Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Skorepa C, Breuer M, et al. No evidence of asymptomatic monkeypox infection in a highly sexually active MSM population in Austria. HIV Med. 2023 Aug 31.Full text  Abstract

109. Thornhill JP, Barkati S, Walmsley S, et al. Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 countries: April–June 2022. N Engl J Med. 2022 Aug 25;387(8):679-91.Full text  Abstract

110. Okoli GN, Van Caeseele P, Askin N, et al. Comparative evaluation of the clinical presentation and epidemiology of the 2022 and previous mpox outbreaks: a rapid review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis (Lond). 2023 Jul;55(7):490-508. Abstract

111. Kwok KO, Wei WI, Tang A, et al. Estimation of local transmissibility in the early phase of monkeypox epidemic in 2022. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022 Dec;28(12):1653.e1-3.Full text  Abstract

112. Branda F, Pierini M, Mazzoli S. Monkeypox: early estimation of basic reproduction number R0 in Europe. J Med Virol. 2022 Nov 1:e28270.Full text  Abstract

113. Nolen LD, Osadebe L, Katomba J, et al. Introduction of monkeypox into a community and household: risk factors and zoonotic reservoirs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015 Aug;93(2):410-5.Full text  Abstract

114. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notes from the field: transmission of mpox to nonsexual close contacts - two U.S. jurisdictions, May 1–July 31, 2022. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

115. Delea KC, Chen TH, Lavilla K, et al. Contact tracing for mpox clade II cases associated with air travel - United States, July 2021-August 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024 Sep 5;73(35):758-62.Full text  Abstract

116. Kaler J, Hussain A, Flores G, et al. Monkeypox: a comprehensive review of transmission, pathogenesis, and manifestation. Cureus. 2022 Jul;14(7):e26531.Full text  Abstract

117. Lum FM, Torres-Ruesta A, Tay MZ, et al. Monkeypox: disease epidemiology, host immunity and clinical interventions. Nat Rev Immunol. 2022 Oct;22(10):597-613.Full text  Abstract

118. Al-Musa A, Chou J, LaBere B. The resurgence of a neglected orthopoxvirus: Immunologic and clinical aspects of monkeypox virus infections over the past six decades. Clin Immunol. 2022 Oct;243:109108.Full text  Abstract

119. World Health Organization. 2022-24 mpox (monkeypox) outbreak: global trends. Oct 2024 [internet publication].Full text

120. World Health Organization. Surveillance, case investigation and contact tracing for mpox (monkeypox): interim guidance, 20 March 2024‎. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text

121. Marshall KE, Barton M, Nichols J, et al. Health care personnel exposures to subsequently laboratory-confirmed monkeypox patients: Colorado, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Sep 23;71(38):1216-9.Full text  Abstract

122. Safir A, Safir M, Henig O, et al. Nosocomial transmission of MPOX virus to health care workers -an emerging occupational hazard: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Infect Control. 2023 Feb 2 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

123. Szkiela M, Wiszniewska M, Lipińska-Ojrzanowska A. Monkeypox (Mpox) and occupational exposure. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Mar 14;20(6):5087.Full text  Abstract

124. Ladhani SN, Aiano F, Edwards DS, et al. Very low risk of monkeypox among staff and students after exposure to a confirmed case in educational settings, England, May to July 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022 Oct;27(40).Full text  Abstract

125. Chard AN, Dalton AF, Diallo AO, et al. Risk of clade II mpox associated with intimate and nonintimate close contact among men who have sex with men and transgender adults - United States, August 2022-July 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024 Oct 10;73(40):896-902.Full text  Abstract

126. Tascini C, Geminiani M, Sbrana F, et al. Possible tattoo-transmitted monkeypox viral infection. Intern Emerg Med. 2022 Nov;17(8):2421-2.Full text  Abstract

127. Del Río García V, Palacios JG, Morcillo AM, et al. Monkeypox outbreak in a piercing and tattoo establishment in Spain. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Sep 29;22(11):1526-8.Full text  Abstract

128. Castaño-Fernández JL, Grau-Pérez M. Microblading-transmitted Monkeypox infection: fomites matter. Br J Dermatol. 2023 Mar 11[Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

129. Beaumont AL, Raphaël E, Bertin C, et al. Mpox lesions on a tattoo. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Jun;23(6):762.Full text

130. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mpox in animals and pets. Sep 2024 [internet publication].Full text

131. Huang YA, Howard-Jones AR, Durrani S, et al. Monkeypox: a clinical update for paediatricians. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022 Sep;58(9):1532-8.Full text  Abstract

132. Wendorf KA, Ng R, Stainken C, et al. Household transmission of mpox to children and adolescents, California, 2022. J Infect Dis. 2023 Oct 13:jiad448.Full text  Abstract

133. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mpox considerations for people who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Sep 2024 [internet publication].Full text

134. Dashraath P, Nielsen-Saines K, Rimoin A, et al. Monkeypox and pregnancy: virology, clinical presentation, and obstetric management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Dec;227(6):849-61.Full text  Abstract

135. D'Antonio F, Pagani G, Buca D, et al. Monkeypox infection in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2022 Sep 9:100747.Full text  Abstract

136. Schwartz DA, Pittman PR. Mpox (monkeypox) in pregnancy: viral clade differences and their associations with varying obstetrical and fetal outcomes. viruses. 2023 Jul 28;15(8):1649.Full text  Abstract

137. Sanchez Clemente N, Coles C, Paixao ES, et al. Paediatric, maternal, and congenital mpox: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2024 Apr;12(4):e572-88.Full text  Abstract

138. Schwartz DA. High rates of miscarriage and stillbirth among pregnant women with clade I mpox (monkeypox) are confirmed during 2023-2024 DR congo outbreak in South Kivu Province. Viruses. 2024 Jul 13;16(7):1123.Full text  Abstract

139. Attieh RM, Brumble L, Elwasila SM, et al. Disseminated monkeypox infection in a kidney transplant recipient: a case report. Transplant Proc. 2023 Apr;55(3):667-71.Full text  Abstract

140. Fuller R, Cederroth T, Patel G, et al. First case of rapidly fatal mpox from secondary (household) transmission in a kidney transplant recipient. Am J Transplant. 2023 Jul 28:S1600-6135(23)00594-4. Abstract

141. Pilkington V, Quinn K, Campbell L, et al. Clinical presentation of Monkeypox in people with and without HIV in the United Kingdom during the 2022 global outbreak. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2023 May 11[Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

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