This page compiles our content related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). For further information on diagnosis and treatment, follow the links below to our full BMJ Best Practice topics on the relevant conditions and symptoms.
Introduction
Relevant conditions
Suspected in patients with a history of smoking, occupational/environmental risk factors, or a personal or family history of chronic lung disease. Presents with progressive shortness of breath, wheeze, cough, and sputum production, including hemoptysis. Treatment includes smoking cessation, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids. Vaccination against viral influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae is recommended. Long-term oxygen therapy improves survival in severe COPD.
go to our full topic on Acute COPD exacerbation
Acute exacerbations of COPD range from very mild to severe and life-threatening, and are commonly triggered by bacterial or viral pathogens, pollutants, or changes in temperature and humidity. They present with an acute-onset, sustained worsening of the patient's respiratory symptoms, lung function, functional status, and quality of life.[3][4][5][6][7] Acute exacerbations tend to become more frequent and more severe as COPD progresses,[8][9] and may themselves accelerate the progression of COPD.[10] In addition to the usual therapies used for COPD, antibiotics have been found to be beneficial for the treatment of acute exacerbations,[11] and are recommended in patients suspected of having a bacterial trigger.[3]
go to our full topic on Smoking cessation
Smoking avoidance is an important part of COPD prevention and management.
go to our full topic on Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
A genetic disorder in which affected individuals lack effective activity of a specific protease inhibitor, alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT). This enzyme is responsible for neutralizing neutrophil elastase and thus preventing inflammatory tissue damage in the lungs.[12][13] AAT deficiency usually manifests as early onset emphysema in smokers. However, nonsmokers may also be affected, while some smokers may never exhibit disease.
go to our full topic on Evaluation of dyspnea
Exacerbation of COPD is a common cause of acute dyspnea. Chronic dyspnea is a feature of stable COPD. Findings from the history and physical exam, together with diagnostic tests such as spirometry and other pulmonary function tests, CXR, ABG analysis, and chest CT scan help to confirm COPD and to exclude alternate diagnoses.
go to our full topic on Evaluation of chronic cough
Cough is the usual initial symptom of COPD: frequently, a morning cough that may become constant as the disease progresses. Usually productive, and sputum quality may change with exacerbations or superimposed infection.
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BMJ Publishing Group
Disclosures
This overview has been compiled using the information in existing sub-topics.
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COPD
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