Evaluation of dyspnea

Última revisão: 18 Aug 2025
Última atualização: 02 Sep 2025

Resumo

Diagnósticos diferenciais

comuns

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Asthma
  • Pneumonia (bacterial, viral, fungal, tuberculous)
  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
  • Croup
  • Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
  • Stable angina
  • Arrhythmias
  • Interstitial lung disease
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Noninfective pneumonitis (eosinophilic, radiation, aspiration, hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
  • Acute bronchitis
  • Laryngitis
  • Pulmonary embolism (thrombotic, air, amniotic fluid, tumor)
  • Pleural effusion
  • Pleuritis
  • Anemia
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  • Ascites
  • Shock
  • Pulmonary tumors
  • Anxiety and panic attacks
  • Normal aging, deconditioning, and obesity
Detalhes completos

Incomuns

  • Sepsis
  • Aortic dissection
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Pulmonary contusion
  • Epiglottitis
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Angioedema
  • Foreign body aspiration
  • Tracheobronchial tumors (benign or malignant)
  • Retrosternal goiter
  • Vocal cord dysfunction
  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • Hepatopulmonary syndrome
  • Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
  • Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
  • Mesothelioma
  • Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum
  • Hemothorax
  • Acquired valvular heart disease
  • Congenital heart disease
  • Cardiac drugs
  • Myocardial disease (cardiomyopathy, myocarditis)
  • Pericardial disease
  • Superior vena cava syndrome
  • Methemoglobinemia and carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Tetanus
  • Botulism
  • Phrenic nerve paralysis
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • Polio and other acute viral anterior horn infections
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Respiratory muscle deficiency
  • Paraneoplastic myasthenic syndrome
  • Thyroid disease
  • Cushing syndrome
  • Pheochromocytoma
  • Kyphoscoliosis and pectus excavatum
  • Diphtheria
Detalhes completos

Colaboradores

Autores

Tomasz J. Kuzniar, MD, PhD
Tomasz J. Kuzniar

Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine

University of Chicago

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine

NorthShore University HealthSystem

Evanston

IL

Declarações

TJK is coauthor of, and receives royalties from, two topics on sleep apnea for UpToDate.

Agradecimentos

Dr Tomasz J. Kuzniar would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Kamilla Kasibowska-Kuzniar and Dr Kaiser G. Lim, previous contributors to this topic.

Declarações

KK-K and KGL declare that they have no competing interests.

Revisores

Nicholas Maskell, MD

Senior Lecturer and Consultant Physician

North Bristol Lung Centre

Southmead Hospital

Bristol

UK

利益声明

NM declares that he has no competing interests.

Najib Rahman, BM, BCh, MA (Oxon), MRCP (UK)

MRC Training Fellow and Specialist Registrar, Respiratory Medicine

Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine

Churchill Hospital

Oxford

UK

利益声明

NR declares that he has no competing interests.

Jonathan P. Parsons, MD

Assistant Professor

Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine

Ohio State University Medical Center

Columbus

OH

利益声明

JPP declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

参考文献

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

关键文献

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: chronic dyspnea - noncardiovascular origin. 2024 [internet publication].全文

Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. May 2025 [internet publication].全文

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD: 2025 report. 2024 [internet publication].全文

Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): the Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J. 2019 Sep;543-603.全文  摘要

Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e895-1032.全文  摘要

参考文献

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
  • Evaluation of dyspnea images
  • 患者教育信息

    Anxiety

    Anxiety: questions to ask your doctor

    更多 患者教育信息
  • 医学计算器

    Community-acquired pneumonia severity index (PSI) for adults

    CURB-65 pneumonia severity score

    更多 医学计算器
  • Videos

    Nasopharyngeal airway: animated demonstration

    Oropharyngeal airway: animated demonstration

    更多 操作视频
  • padlock-locked登录或订阅即可浏览 BMJ Best Practice 临床实践完整内容

内容使用需遵循免责声明