References

Key articles

Bebell LM, Riley LE. Ebola virus disease and Marburg disease in pregnancy: a review and management considerations for filovirus infection. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jun;125(6):1293-8.Full text  Abstract

Fletcher TE, Brooks TJ, Beeching NJ. Ebola and other viral haemorrhagic fevers. BMJ. 2014 Aug 11;349:g5079.Full text  Abstract

World Health Organization. Clinical management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever: a pocket guide for the front-line health worker. Feb 2016 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Marburg haemorrhagic fever fact sheet. Dec 2014 [internet publication].Full text

2. World Health Organization. Marburg virus disease fact sheet. Aug 2021 [internet publication].Full text

3. Knust B, Schafer IJ, Wamala J, et al. Multidistrict outbreak of Marburg virus disease - Uganda, 2012. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(2 suppl):S119-28. Abstract

4. Bebell LM, Riley LE. Ebola virus disease and Marburg disease in pregnancy: a review and management considerations for filovirus infection. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jun;125(6):1293-8.Full text  Abstract

5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. History of Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreaks. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

6. UK Health Security Agency. Marburg virus disease: origins, reservoirs, transmission and guidelines. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

7. World Health Organization. Uganda ends Marburg virus disease outbreak. Dec 2017 [internet publication].Full text

8. World Health Organization. Marburg virus disease - the United Republic of Tanzania. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

9. World Health Organization. Marburg virus disease - Equatorial Guinea. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

10. World Health Organization. Disease outbreak news. Marburg virus disease - Ghana. September 2022 [internet publication].Full text

11. World Health Organization. Disease outbreak news. Marburg virus disease - Guinea. Aug 2021 [internet publication].Full text

12. Pavlin BI. Calculation of incubation period and serial interval from multiple outbreaks of Marburg virus disease. BMC Res Notes. 2014 Dec 13;7:906.Full text  Abstract

13. Mehedi M, Groseth A, Feldmann H, et al. Clinical aspects of Marburg hemorrhagic fever. Future Virol. 2011 Sep;6(9):1091-1106.Full text  Abstract

14. Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2011 Nov;204 Suppl 3:S810-6.Full text  Abstract

15. Kibuuka H, Berkowitz NM, Millard M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of Ebola virus and Marburg virus glycoprotein DNA vaccines assessed separately and concomitantly in healthy Ugandan adults: a phase 1b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2015 Apr 18;385(9977):1545-54.Full text  Abstract

16. Suschak JJ, Schmaljohn CS. Vaccines against Ebola virus and Marburg virus: recent advances and promising candidates. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019;15(10):2359-77.Full text  Abstract

17. World Health Organization. Marburg virus vaccine landscape. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

18. Heeney JL. Ebola: hidden reservoirs. Nature. 2015 Nov 26;527(7579):453-5. Abstract

19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Case definition for Ebola virus disease (EVD). Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

20. World Health Organization. Ebola and Marburg virus disease epidemics: preparedness, alert, control, and evaluation. Aug 2014 [internet publication].Full text

21. Fletcher TE, Brooks TJ, Beeching NJ. Ebola and other viral haemorrhagic fevers. BMJ. 2014 Aug 11;349:g5079.Full text  Abstract

22. World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control guideline for Ebola and Marburg disease. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Marburg (Marburg virus disease). Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

24. Mendelson M, Han PV, Vincent P, et al. Regional variation in travel-related illness acquired in Africa, March 1997-May 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Apr;20(4):532-41.Full text  Abstract

25. Gignoux E, Azman AS, de Smet M, et al. Effect of artesunate-amodiaquine on mortality related to Ebola virus disease. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 7;374(1):23-32.Full text  Abstract

26. World Health Organization. Case definition recommendations for Ebola or Marburg virus disease. Aug 2014 [internet publication].Full text

27. van Paassen J, Bauer MP, Arbous MS, et al. Acute liver failure, multiorgan failure, cerebral oedema, and activation of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in a case of Marburg haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Aug;12(8):635-42.Full text  Abstract

28. Chertow DS, Kleine C, Edwards JK, et al. Ebola virus disease in West Africa - clinical manifestations and management. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 27;371(22):2054-7.Full text  Abstract

29. Grolla A, Jones SM, Fernando L, et al. The use of a mobile laboratory unit in support of patient management and epidemiological surveillance during the 2005 Marburg outbreak in Angola. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 May;5(5):e1183.Full text  Abstract

30. Feldmann H, Geisbert TW. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Lancet. 2011 Mar 5;377(9768):849-62.Full text  Abstract

31. Roddy P, Thomas SL, Jeffs B, et al. Factors associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever: analysis of patient data from Uige, Angola. J Infect Dis. 2010 Jun 15;201(12):1909-18.Full text  Abstract

32. Leligdowicz A, Fischer WA 2nd, Uyeki TM, et al. Ebola virus disease and critical illness. Crit Care. 2016 Jul 29;20(1):217.Full text  Abstract

33. Fowler RA, Fletcher T, Fischer WA 2nd, et al. Caring for critically ill patients with Ebola virus disease. Perspectives from West Africa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 Oct 1;190(7):733-7.Full text  Abstract

34. Schieffelin JS, Shaffer JG, Goba A, et al. Clinical illness and outcomes in patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 27;371(22):2092-100.Full text  Abstract

35. Wulff H, Johnson KM. Immunoglobulin M and G responses measured by immunofluorescence in patients with Lassa or Marburg virus infections. Bull World Health Organ. 1979;57(4):631-5.Full text  Abstract

36. Deen GF, Broutet N, Xu W, et al. Ebola RNA persistence in semen of Ebola virus disease survivors - final report. N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 12;377(15):1428-37.Full text  Abstract

37. Bausch DG, Nichol ST, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, et al. Marburg hemorrhagic fever associated with multiple genetic lineages of virus. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 31;355(9):909-19.Full text  Abstract

38. Hensley LE, Wahl-Jensen V, McCormick JB, et al. Viral hemorrhagic fevers. In: Cohen J, Powderly W, Opal S, eds. Infectious Diseases. 3rd ed. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby; 2010:1231-7.

39. Hartskeerl RA, Collares-Pereira M, Ellis WA. Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011 Apr;17(4):494-501.Full text  Abstract

40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) 2022 case definition. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

41. Deen J, Dondorp AM, White NJ. Treatment of Ebola. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1673-4. Abstract

42. Clark DV, Jahrling PB, Lawler JV. Clinical management of filovirus-infected patients. Viruses. 2012 Sep;4(9):1668-86.Full text  Abstract

43. Kurosaki Y, Magassouba N, Oloniniyi OK, et al. Development and evaluation of reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay coupled with a portable device for rapid diagnosis of Ebola virus disease in Guinea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Feb 22;10(2):e0004472.Full text  Abstract

44. Uyeki TM, Mehta AK, Davey RT Jr, et al. Clinical management of Ebola virus disease in the United States and Europe. N Engl J Med. 2016 Feb 18;374(7):636-46.Full text  Abstract

45. World Health Organization. Clinical management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever: a pocket guide for the front-line health worker. Feb 2016 [internet publication].Full text

46. Fletcher T, Fowler RA, Beeching NJ. Understanding organ dysfunction in Ebola virus disease. Intensive Care Med. 2014 Dec;40(12):1936-9. Abstract

47. Kreuels B, Wichmann D, Emmerich P, et al. A case of severe Ebola virus infection complicated by gram-negative septicemia. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec 18;371(25):2394-401.Full text  Abstract

48. Lyon GM, Mehta AK, Varkey JB, et al; Emory Serious Communicable Diseases Unit. Clinical care of two patients with Ebola virus disease in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec 18;371(25):2402-9.Full text  Abstract

49. Wolf T, Kann G, Becker S, et al. Severe Ebola virus disease with vascular leakage and multiorgan failure: treatment of a patient in intensive care. Lancet. 2015 Apr 11;385(9976):1428-35. Abstract

50. Connor MJ Jr, Kraft C, Mehta AK, et al. Successful delivery of RRT in Ebola virus disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Jan;26(1):31-7.Full text  Abstract

51. WHO Ebola Response Team. Ebola virus disease in West Africa - the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1481-95.Full text  Abstract

52. Eriksson CO, Uyeki TM, Christian MD, et al. Care of the child with Ebola virus disease. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015 Feb;16(2):97-103. Abstract

53. Trehan I, Kelly T, Marsh RH, et al. Moving towards a more aggressive and comprehensive model of care for children with Ebola. J Pediatr. 2016 Mar;170:28-33.e1-7.Full text  Abstract

54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidance for screening and caring for pregnant women with Ebola virus disease for healthcare providers in US hospitals. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

55. Nordenstedt H, Bah EI, de la Vega MA, et al. Ebola virus in breast milk in an Ebola virus-positive mother with twin babies, Guinea, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Apr;22(4):759-60.Full text  Abstract

56. Bausch DG, Towner JS, Dowell SF, et al. Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites. J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 15;196 Suppl 2:S142-7.Full text  Abstract

57. Bower H, Johnson S, Bangura MS, et al. Effects of mother's illness and breastfeeding on risk of Ebola virus disease in a cohort of very young children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Apr 8;10(4):e0004622.Full text  Abstract

58. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Care of a neonate born to a mother who is confirmed to have Ebola, is a person under investigation, or has been exposed to Ebola. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

59. Chertow DS, Uyeki TM, DuPont HL. Loperamide therapy for voluminous diarrhea in Ebola virus disease. J Infect Dis. 2015 Apr 1;211(7):1036-7.Full text  Abstract

60. World Health Organization. Marburg virus therapeutics landscape. Feb 2023 [internet publication]​.Full text

61. Henwood PC, Bebell LM, Roshania R, et al. Ebola virus disease and pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study of patients managed at 5 Ebola treatment units in West Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jul 15;65(2):292-9.Full text  Abstract

62. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). Nubia: first newborn to survive Ebola. Dec 2015 [internet publication].Full text

63. Borchert M, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Colebunders R, et al. Short communication: a cluster of Marburg virus disease involving an infant. Trop Med Int Health. 2002 Oct;7(10):902-6.Full text  Abstract

64. Scott JT, Sesay FR, Massaquoi TA, et al. Post-Ebola syndrome, Sierra Leone. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Apr;22(4):641-6.Full text  Abstract

65. Mattia JG, Vandy MJ, Chang JC, et al. Early clinical sequelae of Ebola virus disease in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 Mar;16(3):331-8.Full text  Abstract

66. Billioux BJ, Smith B, Nath A. Neurological complications of Ebola virus infection. Neurotherapeutics. 2016 Jul;13(3):461-70.Full text  Abstract

67. Epstein L, Wong KK, Kallen AJ, et al. Post-Ebola signs and symptoms in U.S. survivors. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 17;373(25):2484-6.Full text  Abstract

68. Rabelo I, Lee V, Fallah MP, et al. Psychological distress among Ebola survivors discharged from an Ebola treatment unit in Monrovia, Liberia - a qualitative study. Front Public Health. 2016;4:142.Full text  Abstract

69. Qureshi AI, Chughtai M, Loua TO, et al. Study of Ebola virus disease survivors in Guinea. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Oct 1;61(7):1035-42.Full text  Abstract

70. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ebola (Ebola virus disease): transmission. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

71. Fowler R, Mishra S, Chan AK. The crucial importance of long-term follow-up for Ebola virus survivors. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 Sep;16(9):987-9.Full text  Abstract

72. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidance for safe handling of human remains of Ebola patients in US hospitals and mortuaries. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

73. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Personal protective equipment (PPE). Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

74. Heald AE, Charleston JS, Iversen PL, et al. AVI-7288 for Marburg virus in nonhuman primates and humans. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 23;373(4):339-48.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer