常见病因
对于大部分胸部 X 线检查正常且未服用 ACE 抑制剂的非吸烟成人,慢性咳嗽由以下 4 种情况中的一个或多个引起:[2]Irwin RS, French CL, Chang AB, et al. Classification of cough as a symptom in adults and management algorithms: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2018 Jan;153(1):196-209.
http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(17)32918-5/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29080708?tool=bestpractice.com
[3]Morice AH, Millqvist E, Bieksiene K, et al. ERS guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in adults and children. Eur Respir J. 2020 Jan;55(1):1901136.
https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/55/1/1901136.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31515408?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC, et al. Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 suppl):1S-23S.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345522
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428686?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Gonlugur U, Gonlugur TE. Eosinophilic bronchitis without asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008;147(1):1-5.
http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/128580
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18446047?tool=bestpractice.com
慢性咳嗽患者的病因常不止一个。真正的特发性咳嗽毕竟少见,是一种排除性诊断。[8]Ramanuja S, Kelkar P. Habit cough. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009 Feb;102(2):91-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19230457?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Ojoo JC, Everett CF, Mulrennan SA, et al. Management of patients with chronic cough using a clinical protocol: a prospective observational study. Cough. 2013 Jan 24;9(1):2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565860
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347748?tool=bestpractice.com
部分患者存在以咳嗽为主要或唯一症状的哮喘,称为咳嗽变异型哮喘。[10]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2023 [internet publication].
https://ginasthma.org/2023-gina-main-report
通常夜间加重。[10]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2023 [internet publication].
https://ginasthma.org/2023-gina-main-report
如果没有提示其他诊断的体征或症状,一般应首选考虑上述引起大多数患者因慢性咳嗽到专科门诊就诊的最常见病因。
其他常见病因包括:
ACE 抑制剂:干咳,通常伴有咽喉瘙痒感。报告的发病率不定。[11]Bangalore S, Kumar S, Messerli FH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor associated cough: deceptive information from the Physicians' Desk Reference. Am J Med. 2010 Nov;123(11):1016-30.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.06.014
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21035591?tool=bestpractice.com
ACE 抑制剂诱发的咳嗽在女性中比男性中更常见,并且与年龄增长相关。[12]Alharbi FF, Kholod AAV, Souverein PC, et al. The impact of age and sex on the reporting of cough and angioedema with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors: a case/noncase study in VigiBase. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;31(6):676-684.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12313
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28767167?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Brugts JJ, Arima H, Remme W, et al. The incidence and clinical predictors of ACE-inhibitor induced dry cough by perindopril in 27,492 patients with vascular disease. Int J Cardiol. 2014 Oct 20;176(3):718-23.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.108
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25189490?tool=bestpractice.com
感染后咳嗽:亚急性咳嗽最常见的病因。[5]Kwon NH, Oh MJ, Min TH, et al. Causes and clinical features of subacute cough. Chest. 2006 May;129(5):1142-7.
http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)50691-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16685003?tool=bestpractice.com
感染后咳嗽典型的病史特征应促使观察等待,必要时采用对症治疗。
支气管炎:若成年人慢性咳痰病史每年持续超过 3 个月且至少连续 2 年,并可排除其他诊断,则可以考虑慢性支气管炎。[14]Braman SS. Chronic cough due to chronic bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 suppl):104S-15S.
https://www.doi.org/10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.104S
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428699?tool=bestpractice.com
慢性支气管炎是慢性阻塞性肺疾病的表现之一。诱发因素可能包括吸食尼古丁和大麻、二手尼古丁烟雾暴露和环境有毒物质暴露。[6]Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC, et al. Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 suppl):1S-23S.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345522
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428686?tool=bestpractice.com
[15]Tarlo SM, Altman KW, Oppenheimer J, et al. Occupational and environmental contributions to chronic cough in adults: chest expert panel report. Chest. 2016 Oct;150(4):894-907.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27521735?tool=bestpractice.com
百日咳杆菌:如果当地流行病学显示百日咳感染高发,建议检测百日咳杆菌。若检查结果支持百日咳,应开始有针对性的抗微生物治疗。
不太常见的病因
需要考虑的诊断包括通过刺激将信号传入迷走神经(包括位于胸壁、膈肌、食管、腹壁和外耳道的传入神经)的气道机械性和化学受体而导致咳嗽的诊断。[16]Canning BJ, Chang AB, Bolser DC, et al. Anatomy and neurophysiology of cough: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel report. Chest. 2014 Dec;146(6):1633-48.
https://www.doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-1481
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25188530?tool=bestpractice.com
因此,其他可能病因包括:
引起气道变形或刺激气道的疾病(例如,支气管扩张症、慢性化脓性肺疾病、支气管内肿瘤、肉芽肿性疾病、异物吸入)
肺实质疾病(例如,过敏性肺炎所致间质性肺疾病、职业/环境暴露、或自身免疫疾病 [如系统性红斑狼疮])。
其他疾病包括系统性疾病(类风湿性关节炎、结节病)、自身免疫性疾病(例如,系统性红斑狼疮)、或上述可刺激传入神经的疾病。
感染、蜡状物或助听器引起的外耳道刺激也可通过迷走神经耳支反射引起咳嗽。
口-咽吞咽困难引起反复的食物和液体误吸也可能导致咳嗽。对于诉有吞咽困难的咳嗽患者,应针对此类病因行进一步评估。[6]Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC, et al. Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 suppl):1S-23S.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345522
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428686?tool=bestpractice.com
Zenker 憩室可引起慢性咳嗽,伴有吞咽困难、反流、误吸和体重减轻。[17]Siddiq MA, Sood S, Strachan D. Pharyngeal pouch (Zenker's diverticulum). Postgrad Med J. 2001 Aug;77(910):506-11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1742115
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11470929?tool=bestpractice.com
还应考虑毛细支气管炎,这可能是由感染导致或可能与药物/毒素相关。对于近期在日本、韩国和中国居住的患者,应考虑弥漫性泛细支气管炎。[6]Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC, et al. Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 suppl):1S-23S.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345522
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428686?tool=bestpractice.com
在真菌或寄生虫感染流行的地方,如果已排除更常见的咳嗽病因,应进行针对这些病原体的诊断性评估。[6]Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC, et al. Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 suppl):1S-23S.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345522
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428686?tool=bestpractice.com
胸内血管缓慢扩大(例如主动脉瘤)可能引起慢性咳嗽。[18]Miller CP, Firoozan S, Woo EK, et al. Chronic cough: a herald symptom of thoracic aortic aneurysm in a patient with a bicuspid aortic valve. BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Sep 1;2014.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4158188
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25178892?tool=bestpractice.com
在完善所有检查并排除所有其他病因后,才可诊断躯体咳嗽综合征(心因性咳嗽)。[19]Vertigan AE, Murad MH, Pringsheim T, et al. Somatic cough syndrome (previously referred to as psychogenic cough) and tic cough (previously referred to as habit cough) in adults and children: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2015 Jul;148(1):24-31.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4493876
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25856777?tool=bestpractice.com
需要使用声音工作的人群(例如,教师、呼叫中心操作员、演员、歌手、教练)可能出现慢性咳嗽和声音嘶哑。[15]Tarlo SM, Altman KW, Oppenheimer J, et al. Occupational and environmental contributions to chronic cough in adults: chest expert panel report. Chest. 2016 Oct;150(4):894-907.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27521735?tool=bestpractice.com
2019 冠状病毒病(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19)可能伴有长期症状,最常见的是咳嗽、低热及乏力和/或器官功能障碍。[20]Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A'Court C, et al. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ. 2020 Aug 11;370:m3026.
https://www.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3026
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32784198?tool=bestpractice.com
尚无普遍认可的“COVID-19 急性期后综合征”或“长期 COVID”定义和时限。在英国,“持续有症状的 COVID-19”定义为持续 4-12 周的 COVID-19 体征和症状。“COVID-19 后综合征”定义为在 COVID-19 期间或之后出现并持续 12 周以上的体征和症状。[21]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. Dec 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng188
发病率、自然病程和病因学数据不断出现。请参阅“2019 冠状病毒病(COVID-19)”专题的“并发症”章节。