患者可能表现为亚急性咳嗽,以感染后咳嗽最为常见;但是,对于多数患者,感染后咳嗽具有自限性。[5]Kwon NH, Oh MJ, Min TH, et al. Causes and clinical features of subacute cough. Chest. 2006 May;129(5):1142-7.
http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)50691-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16685003?tool=bestpractice.com
对于这些病例,进行随访观察和对症治疗(需要时)已经足够。一旦咳嗽持续超过 8 周,就应行进一步的评估。[30]Gibson P, Wang G, McGarvey L, et al. Treatment of unexplained chronic cough: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2016 Jan;149(1):27-44.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5831652
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26426314?tool=bestpractice.com
[31]American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: chronic cough. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/3158177/Narrative
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34794590?tool=bestpractice.com
现已有数个已经验证的工具可用于咳嗽评估,不过这些工具大多用于研究目的。[32]Leconte S, Ferrant D, Dory V, et al. Validated methods of cough assessment: a systematic review of the literature. Respiration. 2011;81(2):161-74.
http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/321231
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21079381?tool=bestpractice.com
查找病因和解除慢性咳嗽需要与患者不断沟通。针对个体慢性咳嗽患者的方案存在差异,可从就常见相关疾病的全面初始诊断性评估,到针对慢性咳嗽常见病因的经验性治疗,而不进行或仅进行少量的诊断工作。[9]Ojoo JC, Everett CF, Mulrennan SA, et al. Management of patients with chronic cough using a clinical protocol: a prospective observational study. Cough. 2013 Jan 24;9(1):2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565860
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347748?tool=bestpractice.com
应依据症状的类型和病程、患者的意愿和资源的可及性,来个体化地选择相应的诊治方案。采用有限的诊断性检查、治疗推定病因以及相继试用经验性治疗的性价比最高,但这些方法治愈慢性咳嗽所需的时间最长,有可能会使患者的焦虑加重。[9]Ojoo JC, Everett CF, Mulrennan SA, et al. Management of patients with chronic cough using a clinical protocol: a prospective observational study. Cough. 2013 Jan 24;9(1):2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565860
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347748?tool=bestpractice.com
[33]Lin L, Poh KL, Lim TK. Empirical treatment of chronic cough: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Proc AMIA Symp. 2001:383-7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2243434
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11825215?tool=bestpractice.com
[34]Kuzniar TJ, Morgenthaler TI, Afessa B, et al. Chronic cough from the patient's perspective. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Jan;82(1):56-60.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17285786?tool=bestpractice.com
在临床实践中,诊断与治疗常同时进行。最佳诊治方案最好能由医生和患者共同制定,医生最好能够向患者说明预期诊断和试验性治疗过程所需的时间。
病史和体格检查
获取详细病史至关重要,应包括:
发病时间及临床情况
加重因素
伴随症状
提示特应性疾病的既往病史
完整的医学、吸烟、药物和接触史
职业和家族史
已采取的措施及疗效。
病史会显著影响医生对 4 大最常见病因(上气道咳嗽综合征 [upper airway cough syndrome, UACS]、哮喘、胃食管反流病 [gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, GORD]、或非哮喘性嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎 [non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis, NAEB])的判断。
但是,细致的体格检查却并不能提示任何慢性咳嗽常见病因,但是却能有助于在早期发现包括支气管扩张症、间质性肺疾病、肿瘤性疾病或慢性感染性肺部疾病在内的次要常见病因。
尽管没有特定的病史和体格检查能够可靠地提示某个特定的慢性咳嗽病因,但却能够有助医生进一步选择诊断方法和诊断性治疗方案。
常见病因(哮喘、UACS、GORD 和 NAEB)相关的症状和体格检查结果,有助于医生进一步选择诊断性检查来证实病因。
哮喘
除了阵发性咳嗽或者咳嗽急性加重与季节、接触某种刺激物或非特异性的呼吸道刺激物(例如冷空气、香水或粉尘)相关,哮喘还可能表现为喘息、胸闷或呼吸困难。若患者既往无喘息,应考虑其他病因。[9]Ojoo JC, Everett CF, Mulrennan SA, et al. Management of patients with chronic cough using a clinical protocol: a prospective observational study. Cough. 2013 Jan 24;9(1):2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565860
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347748?tool=bestpractice.com
可能存在症状变化、咳嗽于夜间加重或者有明确的哮喘或过敏性疾病家族史。[35]McGarvey LP, Heaney LG, Lawson JT, et al. Evaluation and outcome of patients with chronic non-productive cough using a comprehensive diagnostic protocol. Thorax. 1998 Sep;53(9):738-43.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1745317
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10319055?tool=bestpractice.com
咳嗽变异型哮喘以持续咳嗽为主要症状或唯一症状,往往在夜间加重。[10]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2023 [internet publication].
https://ginasthma.org/2023-gina-main-report
[36]Côté A, Russell RJ, Boulet LP, et al. Managing Chronic Cough Due to Asthma and NAEB in Adults and Adolescents: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2020 Jul;158(1):68-96.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-3692(20)30045-3
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31972181?tool=bestpractice.com
UACS
上气道咳嗽综合征(UACS) 是一种临床综合征,其诊断有赖于临床表现(包括频繁清咽、鼻后滴流、流鼻涕、鼻塞和喷嚏),对治疗的反应好。[37]Pratter MR. Chronic upper airway cough syndrome secondary to rhinosinus diseases (previously referred to as postnasal drip syndrome): ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 suppl):63S-71.
http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)52833-X/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428694?tool=bestpractice.com
引起上气道咳嗽综合征 (UACS) 的病因包括变应性鼻炎、常年性非变应性鼻炎、感染后鼻炎、细菌性鼻窦炎、变应性真菌性鼻窦炎、解剖学异常引起的鼻炎、鼻息肉、生理性或化学刺激物引起的鼻炎、职业性鼻炎、药物性鼻炎和妊娠期鼻炎。[37]Pratter MR. Chronic upper airway cough syndrome secondary to rhinosinus diseases (previously referred to as postnasal drip syndrome): ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 suppl):63S-71.
http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)52833-X/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428694?tool=bestpractice.com
胃食管反流病 (GORD)
表现为烧心、吞咽困难、反酸以及伴随下垂姿势(slouched posture)的咳嗽。提示症状可能包括发声时咳嗽、起床时咳嗽或进食特定食物或普通饮食时咳嗽。[9]Ojoo JC, Everett CF, Mulrennan SA, et al. Management of patients with chronic cough using a clinical protocol: a prospective observational study. Cough. 2013 Jan 24;9(1):2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565860
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347748?tool=bestpractice.com
高达 75% 的反流性疾病患者无临床症状。[38]Irwin RS, French CL, Curley FJ, et al. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux. Clinical, diagnostic, and pathogenetic aspects. Chest. 1993 Nov;104(5):1511-7.
http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)42301-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8222816?tool=bestpractice.com
没有典型 GORD 症状的患者可出现 GORD 的食管外症状(慢性咳嗽、哮喘、喉炎和牙侵蚀)。[39]Chen JW, Vela MF, Peterson KA, et al. AGA clinical practice update on the diagnosis and management of extraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Jun;21(6):1414-21.e3.
https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(23)00143-X/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37061897?tool=bestpractice.com
NAEB
一般表现为慢性干咳或咳少量痰,尽管患者可能偶有喘息,但基本无明显的哮喘征象或明确的咳嗽诱因。
停用 ACEI
ACEI 引起的咳嗽在开始 ACEI 治疗后数日或数月出现。若怀疑 ACEI 是咳嗽病因,应尽可能让患者停用该药。若停药后咳嗽缓解,则可确诊,通常可在 1-4 周(最长可达 3 月)内作出诊断。[40]Dicpinigaitis PV. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 suppl):169S-73.
http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)52845-6/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428706?tool=bestpractice.com
血管紧张素受体阻断剂与慢性咳嗽并无明显相关性。
胸部 X 线片
在评估慢性咳嗽时,应尽早进行胸部 X 线检查。[31]American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: chronic cough. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/3158177/Narrative
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34794590?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然它对最常见原因不具有诊断意义,但检查发现可能让医生迅速将评估重心转向更严重的原因(如结构性肺病)。这些病因包括肺癌、肺纤维化、结核、支气管扩张症、肺炎、误吸和结节病。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 胸部 X 线检查显示一名 COPD 患者的过度充气。这是由 COPD 中的肺气肿造成的,而非引起咳嗽症状的慢性支气管炎所致。图片由 Dr M. A. Sharifabadand 和 Dr J. P. Parsons 提供,他们分别来自于 SUNY at Stony Brook School of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mineola, New York 以及 The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 胸部 X 线检查显示多发的粟粒样肺转移灶(箭头所指)。该原发肿瘤为甲状腺癌E. Dick, Student BMJ. 2001;9:10-12 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 胸部 X 线检查显示左侧肺门癌肿(箭头所指)源自:E. Dick, Student BMJ. 2000; 8: 358-360 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 胸部 X 线检查显示形成空洞的右侧肺门癌肿(箭头所指)E. Dick, Student BMJ. 2001;9:10-12 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 一名支气管肺癌患者的胸部 X 线检查显示左侧胸腔积液源自:R. Thakkar, Student BMJ. 2001;9:458 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 一名胺碘酮肺毒性患者的胸部 X 线检查显示间质纤维化引自 Dr A. Pataka and Professor P. Argyropoulou, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 胸部 X 线检查显示肺结核伴空洞形成引自 Dr M. Narita, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 一名粟粒性肺结核患者的胸部 X 线检查显示双肺多发性散在结节(其中一个被圈出)E. Dick, Student BMJ. 2001;9:10-12 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 一名支气管扩张症患者的胸部 X 线检查显示轨道征,支气管腔逐渐变细的正常层次消失引自 Dr S.M.Bhorade, University of Chicago Medical Center;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 一名支气管扩张症患者的胸部 X 线检查显示气道管腔扩张及管壁增厚引自 Dr S.M.Bhorade, University of Chicago Medical Center;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 胸部 X 线检查显示右肺门区域,右肺上叶与下叶上段阴影增加与吸入性肺炎加重相一致引自 Dr R. Kanner, University of Utah School of Medicine. [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 一名院内获得性肺炎患者的便携式胸部 X 线检查显示双肺底透亮度降低,右肺为甚引自 Dr F. W. Arnold, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine. [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 胸部 X 线检查显示右肺上叶水平裂之上早期不明确的透亮度降低,与吸入性肺炎的早期改变一致引自 Dr R. Kanner, University of Utah School of Medicine. [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: A.误吸之前移动式立位胸部 X 线;B. 误吸后1小时胸部 X 线,显示双侧弥漫性肺泡浸润,在右侧基底部更为严重引自 Dr S. Murgu and Dr H. Colt, University of California at Irvine Medical Center [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 一名结节病患者的胸部 X 线检查显示双侧肺门淋巴结肿大引自 Dr M.P.Muthiah, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Tennessee [Citation ends].
诊断性检查或尝试性治疗方案选择
胸部 X 线检查之后,基于医生对病因的评估和患者的意愿,从而决定进行诊断性检查或治疗试验二者中的一种。[31]American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: chronic cough. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/3158177/Narrative
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34794590?tool=bestpractice.com
除非病史、体格检查和胸部 X 线检查提示其他病因,否则应首先考虑 4 大常见病因(哮喘、UACS、GORD、NAEB)中的一项或多项。
例如,若病史高度提示哮喘,则肺量测定法(气道阻塞测定)和利用支气管扩张剂进行变异性检测为合适的首选检查。[25]British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. Jul 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/asthma
[26]Louis R, Satia I, Ojanguren I, et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the diagnosis of asthma in adults. Eur Respir J. 2022 Feb 15:2101585.
https://www.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01585-2021
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35169025?tool=bestpractice.com
其他检查包括呼出气一氧化氮分数和支气管激发试验(例如,乙酰甲胆碱吸入试验)。用于预测吸入皮质类固醇疗效的非侵入性检查还包括血和痰嗜酸性粒细胞计数,以及血和痰嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(eosinophilic cationic protein, ECP)检测。[36]Côté A, Russell RJ, Boulet LP, et al. Managing Chronic Cough Due to Asthma and NAEB in Adults and Adolescents: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2020 Jul;158(1):68-96.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-3692(20)30045-3
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31972181?tool=bestpractice.com
在血或痰嗜酸性粒细胞计数升高的情况下,可逆性检测呈阴性提示应考虑 NAEB 诊断。
若疑诊UACS,则应采用针对性缓解鼻窦症状、减少鼻分泌物的诊断性治疗。
建议具有典型 GORD 症状(烧心和反酸)的患者进行质子泵抑制剂(proton pump inhibitor, PPI)治疗试验。[41]Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 1;117(1):27-56.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34807007?tool=bestpractice.com
对于 PPI 尝试性治疗失败的患者,或者临床上强烈怀疑为反流相关性咳嗽时,可以根据临床医师或患者意愿,考虑进行诊断性检查(食道 pH 值监测和内镜检查)。[41]Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 1;117(1):27-56.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34807007?tool=bestpractice.com
[42]Kahrilas PJ, Altman KW, Chang AB, et al. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux in adults: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2016 Dec;150(6):1341-60.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6026249
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27614002?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有 GORD 食管外表现而无典型 GORD 症状的患者,应在开始 PPI 治疗前考虑进行针对反流的诊断性检查。[39]Chen JW, Vela MF, Peterson KA, et al. AGA clinical practice update on the diagnosis and management of extraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Jun;21(6):1414-21.e3.
https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(23)00143-X/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37061897?tool=bestpractice.com
尝试性治疗
应依据临床症状,选择尝试性治疗,有时可得到诊断性检查结果的支持。必须评估患者对尝试性治疗的反应,在明确病因前,如果咳嗽缓解,则可能确定病因。部分有效可能表明患者的咳嗽是由多病因引起的。在这种情况下,可在继续部分有效的治疗方案的基础上,行进一步检查和/或增加尝试性治疗。若治疗无效,则必须对疑诊病因、治疗依从性和有效性进行重新评估。有报道称,在慢性咳嗽时,经验性尝试治疗具有高度的安慰剂效应。[43]Faruqi S, Molyneux ID, Fathi H, et al. Chronic cough and esomeprazole: a double-blind placebo-controlled parallel study. Respirology. 2011 Oct;16(7):1150-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21707852?tool=bestpractice.com
经验性尝试治疗方案应按顺序进行(应首先针对最可能的病因),并依据疗效来选择下一步治疗方案。此外,若开始时疑诊多个病因,可同时开展多种尝试性治疗方案,随后一旦咳嗽被控制,就按顺序停止治疗。需要考虑到如下问题:
UACS:应进行抗组胺药加用减充血剂的试验。若对适当的治疗试验方案无效,则应行鼻窦计算机体层成像(computed tomography, CT)扫描,并转诊至耳鼻喉科(ENT),尤其是在考虑了其他病因并且认为可能性很小的情况下。
哮喘或 NAEB:根据中等水平的支持性证据,对气道炎症进行非侵入性评估(例如,呼出气一氧化氮分数 [fractional exhaled nitric oxide, FeNO]、痰和血嗜酸性粒细胞增多,以及痰和血嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白)是预测吸入皮质类固醇(inhaled corticosteroid, ICS)对咳嗽疗效的有用工具。[36]Côté A, Russell RJ, Boulet LP, et al. Managing Chronic Cough Due to Asthma and NAEB in Adults and Adolescents: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2020 Jul;158(1):68-96.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-3692(20)30045-3
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31972181?tool=bestpractice.com
如果发现嗜酸性气道炎症,则皮质类固醇可能有效。[36]Côté A, Russell RJ, Boulet LP, et al. Managing Chronic Cough Due to Asthma and NAEB in Adults and Adolescents: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2020 Jul;158(1):68-96.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-3692(20)30045-3
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31972181?tool=bestpractice.com
由于进行上述非侵入性检测的条件有限,临床实践中通常会进行经验性 ICS 试用。如果 2-4 周的 ICS 试验性治疗无效,则提示应增加 ICS 剂量,并添加白三烯受体拮抗剂试验性治疗。[36]Côté A, Russell RJ, Boulet LP, et al. Managing Chronic Cough Due to Asthma and NAEB in Adults and Adolescents: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2020 Jul;158(1):68-96.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-3692(20)30045-3
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31972181?tool=bestpractice.com
也可考虑将 β-受体激动剂与 ICS 联用。[36]Côté A, Russell RJ, Boulet LP, et al. Managing Chronic Cough Due to Asthma and NAEB in Adults and Adolescents: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2020 Jul;158(1):68-96.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-3692(20)30045-3
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31972181?tool=bestpractice.com
应重新评估治疗依从性、抗炎效果(酌情采用 FeNO 和呼气峰流速变异率进行评估),以及导致哮喘持续控制不佳的因素,如 GORD、鼻窦疾病或持续的变应原暴露。[36]Côté A, Russell RJ, Boulet LP, et al. Managing Chronic Cough Due to Asthma and NAEB in Adults and Adolescents: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2020 Jul;158(1):68-96.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-3692(20)30045-3
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31972181?tool=bestpractice.com
GORD:若对适当的治疗试验方案但无效(如使用质子泵抑制剂 8-12 周),则应进行确证试验(若之前未做),仔细评估抑酸剂的疗效和/或查找有无引起长期非酸反流的其他因素。[39]Chen JW, Vela MF, Peterson KA, et al. AGA clinical practice update on the diagnosis and management of extraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Jun;21(6):1414-21.e3.
https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(23)00143-X/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37061897?tool=bestpractice.com
[41]Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 1;117(1):27-56.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34807007?tool=bestpractice.com
[42]Kahrilas PJ, Altman KW, Chang AB, et al. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux in adults: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2016 Dec;150(6):1341-60.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6026249
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27614002?tool=bestpractice.com
实验室检测
诱导痰检查是鉴别诊断的主要实验室检查方法,该方法可用于发现感染性病因。如果咳嗽带痰,则应送痰样本进行革兰染色和培养。根据病史和检查情况,可能进行以下血液检验:FBC、WBC 计数、CRP、变态反应性支气管肺曲菌病总 IgE 血液检验。
进一步诊断性评估
若全面评估之后,4 大可能病因全部被排除,则应考虑下列检查:
通过胸部高分辨率 CT 成像来明确有无支气管扩张(部分患者可能无咳痰)、异物吸入、肺纤维化或其他结构性肺病(在胸部 X 线检查上可能显示不清)。有支气管扩张症的临床表现,但无相应的放射影像学证据的患者可诊断为慢性化脓性肺疾病。[45]Chang AB, Bell SC, Byrnes CA, et al. Chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis in children and adults in Australia and New Zealand: a position statement from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Australian Lung Foundation. Med J Aust. 2010 Sep 20;193(6):356-65.
https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2010/193/6/chronic-suppurative-lung-disease-and-bronchiectasis-children-and-adults-australia
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20854242?tool=bestpractice.com
CT 扫描也可能提示存在主动脉瘤或 Zenker 憩室。对于慢性咳嗽且胸部 X 线检查结果正常的患者,胸部 CT 扫描的诊断率预计很低。[3]Morice AH, Millqvist E, Bieksiene K, et al. ERS guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in adults and children. Eur Respir J. 2020 Jan;55(1):1901136.
https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/55/1/1901136.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31515408?tool=bestpractice.com
[证据 C]d9dd6116-6875-49a7-ab0e-af1637b06657guidelineC对于胸部 X 线检查和体格检查正常的慢性咳嗽患者,胸部计算机体层成像(computed tomography, CT)扫描的检出率是多少?[3]Morice AH, Millqvist E, Bieksiene K, et al. ERS guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in adults and children. Eur Respir J. 2020 Jan;55(1):1901136.
https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/55/1/1901136.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31515408?tool=bestpractice.com
尚无高质量的证据支持使用胸部 CT 对慢性咳嗽患者进行初步评估。[31]American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: chronic cough. Nov 2021 [internet publication].
https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/3158177/Narrative
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34794590?tool=bestpractice.com
支气管镜检查用于发现支气管内病变。
鼻窦 CT 或鼻内镜检查。
24 小时食道 pH 和/或阻抗检测,以排除无症状的 GORD。
血清铁蛋白和铁,因为缺铁与慢性咳嗽相关。[46]Bucca C, Culla B, Brussino L, et al. Effect of iron supplementation in women with chronic cough and iron deficiency. Int J Clin Pract. 2012 Nov;66(11):1095-100.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23067033?tool=bestpractice.com
此外,应考虑请呼吸科和/或耳鼻喉科医生会诊。对于还存在喘鸣、喉痉挛或声带反常运动的病例,言语病理学家尽早参与是恰当的,因为针对潜在原因的治疗同样可能加速慢性咳嗽的缓解。[47]Murry T, Sapienza C. The role of voice therapy in the management of paradoxical vocal fold motion, chronic cough, and laryngospasm. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2010 Feb;43(1):73-83.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20172258?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 一名支气管扩张症患者的胸部 CT 显示左肺的印戒征引自 Dr S.M.Bhorade, University of Chicago Medical Center;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 胸部 CT 显示一名支气管扩张症患者的气道扩张、增厚以及肺野外带树芽征引自 Dr S.M.Bhorade, University of Chicago Medical Center;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 胸部 CT 显示特发性肺纤维化图片由 Dr J.C. Munson, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 提供 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 一名胺碘酮肺毒性患者的胸部 CT 显示双肺不对称分布的不透明影,于肺野外带分布。图片由 Dr A. Pataka and Professor P. Argyropoulou, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece 提供 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 胸部静脉注射造影剂增强 CT 显示左肺下叶萎陷,左下主支气管内可见一放射线无法穿透的物体,外周有气体光环包绕BMJ Case Reports 2008 (doi:10.1136/bcr.06.2008.0013). Copyright 2008 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 支气管镜检查显示支气管中段因枇杷核嵌顿而完全堵塞。引自 Dr S. Murgu and Dr H. Colt, University of California at Irvine Medical Center [Citation ends].