| 访问我们的完整专题基底细胞癌 美国、澳大利亚及欧洲皮肤白皙的成年人最常见的恶性肿瘤。[5]Trakatelli M, Morton C, Nagore E, et al. Update of the European guidelines for basal cell carcinoma management. Eur J Dermatol. 2014 May-Jun;24(3):312-29.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24723647?tool=bestpractice.com
CRUK Cancer incidence statistics
Opens in new window 它的典型表现为珍珠样斑块和/或斑块;持久不愈的痂;小痂屑和持久不愈的创面;斑块、结节及肿瘤具有滚边,或斑块伴毛细血管扩张。[6]Lear W, Dahlke E, Murray CA. Basal cell carcinoma: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and associated risk factors. J Cutan Med Surg. 2007 Jan-Feb;11(1):19-30.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17274935?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Raasch BA, Buettner PG, Garbe C. Basal cell carcinoma: histological classification and body-site distribution. Br J Dermatol. 2006 Aug;155(2):401-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882181?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 面部结节型基底细胞癌,在本底的弥漫日光损伤伴显著的日光弹力变性来自Robert A. Schwartz医生收集的资料 [Citation ends]. 较强的危险因素包括紫外线辐射、日晒、X 线暴露、砷暴露、着色性干皮病、痣样基底细胞癌(Gorlin-Goltz)综合征,以及移植史。转移和晚期皮损不常见。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题鳞状细胞癌 从原位肿瘤(鲍恩病)到浸润性肿瘤,再到转移性疾病程度不一。患者通常出现自身担忧的新发病损或病损面积扩大,此类病变可伴压痛或瘙痒,或在某些创伤后呈现伤口迁延不愈。原位肿瘤典型表现为肉色至红色、覆盖鳞屑的薄斑块,而浸润性鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma, SCC)可表现为外生性肿瘤或溃疡。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 耳部鳞状细胞癌伴周围日光性损害来自Jessica M. Sheehan医生和Keyoumars Soltani医生收集的资料 [Citation ends]. 肿瘤易破溃出血,主要位于暴露在阳光下的皮肤区域,例如头颈部 (84%) 和上肢伸侧 (13%)。[8]Rundel RD. Promotional effects of ultraviolet radiation on human basal and squamous cell carcinoma. Photochem Photobiol. 1983 Nov;38(5):569-75.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6647566?tool=bestpractice.com
累积性紫外线暴露和免疫抑制状态是主要的危险因素。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题黑色素瘤 这种恶性肿瘤起源于皮肤、眼和中枢神经系统内产生色素的黑素细胞。 黑素瘤存在几种变型。 典型表现是新出现的或大小、形状和颜色征发生变化的深色皮损。[9]Radhi JM. Malignant melanoma arising from nevi, p53, p16, and Bcl-2: expression in benign nevus versus malignant components. J Cutan Med Surg. 1999 Oct;3(6):293-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10575157?tool=bestpractice.com
[10]Nestle FO, Kerl H. Melanoma. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo Jl, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2007:1745-69.[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 浅表播散型恶性黑素瘤来自Hobart W. Walling医生收集的资料 [Citation ends].与基底细胞癌和鳞状细胞癌不同,黑色素瘤最常见于接受强烈、间断阳光/紫外线照射的身体部位。[11]Gilchrest BA, Eller MS, Geller AC, et al. The pathogenesis of melanoma induced by ultraviolet radiation. N Engl J Med. 1999 Apr 29;340(17):1341-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10219070?tool=bestpractice.com
病变多见于男性躯干、女性腿部和足部。[12]Stanienda-Sokół K, Salwowska N, Sławińska M, et al. Primary locations of malignant melanoma lesions depending on patients’ gender and age. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017 Nov 26;18(11):3081-3086.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5773794
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29172282?tool=bestpractice.com
日光浴床和太阳灯与黑色素瘤有明确的相关性。[13]Colantonio S, Bracken MB, Beecker J. The association of indoor tanning and melanoma in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 May;70(5):847-57.e1-18.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24629998?tool=bestpractice.com
转移癌作为并发症出现的可能性很高,并且在年轻成年人中黑色素瘤是常见的肿瘤死亡的原因。[14]Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020 Jan;70(1):7-30.
https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21590
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31912902?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题卡波西肉瘤 与人疱疹病毒 8 型(human herpesvirus-8, HHV-8,又称卡波西肉瘤相关疱疹病毒 [Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, KSHV] 感染)相关的一种低级别血管形成肿瘤。[15]Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science. 1994 Dec 16;266(5192):1865-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7997879?tool=bestpractice.com
病变常累及皮肤黏膜部位,但可能会更大范围地累及淋巴结和内脏器官。 皮肤病损的演变过程为早期斑点,然后发展为斑块,最后形成溃烂的肿瘤结节。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 卡波西肉瘤,足部皮肤的紫褐色斑块(图片)由 Bruce J. Dezube 医生提供 [Citation ends]. 有四个主要亚型:典型(散发性);地方性(在撒哈拉以南非洲观察到);流行性(与艾滋病有关);医源性(与移植有关)。在 HIV 阳性患者中,早期开始抗逆转录病毒治疗(antiretroviral therapy, ART)可能是预防卡波西肉瘤的最有效措施。[16]National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: Human herpesvirus-8 disease. 2018 [internet publication].
https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/human-herpesvirus?view=full
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| 访问我们的完整专题皮肤 T 细胞淋巴瘤 一组罕见的异质性疾病,特征为仅发生在皮肤或主要发生在皮肤的 T 淋巴细胞克隆聚集。蕈样肉芽肿和它的白血病变异型,Sézary综合征是最常见的亚型。[17]Olsen EA, Whittaker S, Kim YH, et al. Clinical end points and response criteria in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a consensus statement of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas, the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium, and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 16;29(18):2598-607.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3422534
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576639?tool=bestpractice.com
此疾病有多种不同形式的表现,包括平坦的斑片、凸起的斑块、大肿块和/或明显的红皮病(密集和泛发性皮肤发红)等,因此诊断常常较为困难。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤:广泛的斑片疾病来自于克里斯蒂国家卫生局信托基金会,曼彻斯特,英国;经允许后使用 [Citation ends]. 诊断基于临床发现、皮肤活检(标本需送检进行组织学、免疫表型和分子学检测)和实验室血液检测,通常需要专业知识。[17]Olsen EA, Whittaker S, Kim YH, et al. Clinical end points and response criteria in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a consensus statement of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas, the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium, and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 16;29(18):2598-607.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3422534
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576639?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]Kempf W, Pfaltz K, Vermeer MH, et al. EORTC, ISCL, and USCLC consensus recommendations for the treatment of primary cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders: lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2011 Aug 12;118(15):4024-35.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204726
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21841159?tool=bestpractice.com
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| 访问我们的完整专题光化性角化病 皮损呈肉色、微黄色或红色,轮廓不清,形状不规则,有小片鳞屑的斑点或斑块,局限于躯体日光暴露部位(例如前额、下唇、手背、前臂、头皮无毛发部位以及耳部)。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 普通光化性角化病病来自迈阿密大学米勒医学院皮肤病学和皮肤外科学科收集的资料 [Citation ends]. 皮疹通常发生于具有长期日光暴露史的浅肤色中年或更年长的男性。有进展至浸润性鳞状细胞癌 (invasive squamous cell, SCC) 的可能。进展至鳞状细胞癌的年风险约为 0.025%-16%。[19]Marks R, Rennie G, Selwood TS. Malignant transformation of solar keratoses to squamous cell carcinoma. Lancet. 1988 Apr 9;1(8589):795-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2895318?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]Glogau RG. The risk of progression to invasive disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Jan;42(1 Pt 2):23-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10607353?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管可临床诊断,活检还是能帮助排除鳞状细胞癌。 |
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| 访问我们的完整专题晒伤 日晒伤是由于 UV 过度暴露引发的急性皮肤炎症反应。皮肤表现包括红斑和水肿,伴或不伴水疱,随后出现脱屑。症状包括疼痛和/或瘙痒。急性日晒伤是自限性疾病,通常只需要给予支持治疗。通过避免日晒、物理防护和适当使用防晒霜进行一级预防,是管理疾病的关键,因为 UV 辐射导致的细胞损伤不可逆,并且会随时间增加,使皮肤癌风险升高。 |
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