References
Key articles
Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024 Aug;67(8):1455-79.Full text Abstract
American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan;48(suppl 1):S1-352.Full text
Dhatariya KK, Glaser NS, Codner E, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 May 14;6(1):40. Abstract
Umpierrez G, Korytkowski M. Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016 Apr;12(4):222-32. Abstract
Reference articles
1. Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024 Aug;67(8):1455-79.Full text Abstract
2. Mauvais-Jarvis F, Sobngwi E, Porcher R, et al. Ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes in patients of sub-Saharan African origin: clinical pathophysiology and natural history of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2004 Mar;53(3):645-53. Abstract
3. Umpierrez GE. Ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes: time to revise the classification of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 Dec;29(12):2755-7.Full text Abstract
4. American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan;48(suppl 1):S1-352.Full text
5. Al-Hindi B, Mohammed MA, Mangantig E, et al. Prevalence of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor-associated diabetic ketoacidosis in real-world data: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2024 Jan-Feb;64(1):9-26.e6.Full text Abstract
6. Umpierrez GE, Woo W, Hagopian WA, et al. Immunogenetic analysis suggests different pathogenesis for obese and lean African-Americans with diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. 1999 Sep;22(9):1517-23. Abstract
7. Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Kitabchi AE. Narrative review: ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Mar 7;144(5):350-7. Abstract
8. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Fisher JN, et al. Thirty years of personal experience in hyperglycemic crises: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1541-52. Abstract
9. Dhatariya KK, Glaser NS, Codner E, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 May 14;6(1):40. Abstract
10. Kovacs A, Bunduc S, Veres DS, et al. One third of cases of new-onset diabetic ketosis in adults are associated with ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024 Mar;40(3):e3743.Full text Abstract
11. Benoit SR, Zhang Y, Geiss LS, et al. Trends in diabetic ketoacidosis hospitalizations and in-hospital mortality - United States, 2000-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Mar 30;67(12):362-65.Full text Abstract
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes: national diabetes statistics report. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text
13. Nyenwe EA, Kitabchi AE. The evolution of diabetic ketoacidosis: an update of its etiology, pathogenesis and management. Metabolism. 2016 Apr;65(4):507-21. Abstract
14. Umpierrez G, Korytkowski M. Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016 Apr;12(4):222-32. Abstract
15. Vuk A, Baretic M, Osvatic MM, et al. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis associated with antipsychotic medication: literature review. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Oct;37(5):584-9. Abstract
16. Byun DJ, Braunstein R, Flynn J, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated diabetes: a single-institution experience. Diabetes Care. 2020 Dec;43(12):3106-9. Abstract
17. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Sep;38(9):1687-93.Full text Abstract
18. Kum-Nji JS, Gosmanov AR, Steinberg H, et al. Hyperglycemic, high anion-gap metabolic acidosis in patients receiving SGLT-2 inhibitors for diabetes management. J Diabetes Complications. 2017 Mar;31(3):611-4. Abstract
19. Danne T, Garg S, Peters AL, et al. International consensus on risk management of diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 1 diabetes treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jun;42(6):1147-54.Full text Abstract
20. Horii T, Oikawa Y, Atsuda K, et al. On-label use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors might increase the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig. 2021 Sep;12(9):1586-93.Full text Abstract
21. Douros A, Lix LM, Fralick M, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and the risk for diabetic ketoacidosis : a multicenter cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Sep 15;173(6):417-25. Abstract
22. Hampp C, Swain RS, Horgan C, et al. Use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with type 1 diabetes and rates of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. 2020 Jan;43(1):90-7. Abstract
23. Peters AL, McGuire DK, Danne T, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis and related events with sotagliflozin added to insulin in adults with type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of the inTandem 1 and 2 studies. Diabetes Care. 2020 Nov;43(11):2713-20. Abstract
24. Stentz FB, Umpierrez GE, Cuervo R, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises. Diabetes. 2004 Aug;53(8):2079-86. Abstract
25. Razavi Nematollahi L, Kitabchi AE, Stentz FB, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemic stress in healthy subjects. Metabolism. 2009 Apr;58(4):443-8. Abstract
26. Maldonado M, Hampe CS, Gaur LK, et al. Ketosis-prone diabetes: dissection of a heterogeneous syndrome using an immunogenetic and beta-cell functional classification, prospective analysis, and clinical outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Nov;88(11):5090-8. Abstract
27. McCoy RG, Galindo RJ, Swarna KS, et al. Sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment-related factors associated with hyperglycemic crises among adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in the US from 2014 to 2020. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2123471.Full text Abstract
28. Randall L, Begovic J, Hudson M, et al. Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis in inner-city minority patients: behavioral, socioeconomic, and psychosocial factors. Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep;34(9):1891-6.Full text Abstract
29. Price HC, Ismail K; Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care. Royal College of Psychiatrists Liaison Faculty & Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS): guidelines for the management of diabetes in adults and children with psychiatric disorders in inpatient settings. Diabet Med. 2018 Aug;35(8):997-1004.Full text Abstract
30. Lindner LME, Rathmann W, Rosenbauer J. Inequalities in glycaemic control, hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis according to socio-economic status and area-level deprivation in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabet Med. 2018 Jan;35(1):12-32. Abstract
31. Hamblin PS, Topliss DJ, Chosich N, et al. Deaths associated with diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar coma. 1973-1988. Med J Aust. 1989 Oct 16;151(8):439, 441-2, 444. Abstract
32. Hurtado CR, Lemor A, Vallejo F, et al. Causes and predictors for 30-day re-admissions in adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis in the United States: a nationwide analysis, 2010-2014. Endocr Pract. 2019 Mar;25(3):242-53. Abstract
33. Everett E, Mathioudakis NN. Association of socioeconomic status and DKA readmission in adults with type 1 diabetes: analysis of the US National Readmission Database. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2019 Apr 8;7(1):e000621.Full text Abstract
34. Thomas M, Harjutsalo V, Feodoroff M, et al. The long-term incidence of hospitalization for ketoacidosis in adults with established T1D-a prospective cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jan 1;105(1):dgz003.Full text Abstract
35. Nair S, Yadav D, Pitchumoni CS. Association of diabetic ketoacidosis and acute pancreatitis: observations in 100 consecutive episodes of DKA. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Oct;95(10):2795-800. Abstract
36. Kopff B, Mucha S, Wolffenbuttel BH, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis in a patient with acromegaly. Med Sci Monit. 2001 Jan-Feb;7(1):142-7. Abstract
37. Cooppan R, Kozak GP. Hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus. An analysis of 70 patients. Arch Intern Med. 1980 Mar;140(3):370-3. Abstract
38. Rathish D, Karalliyadda S. Concurrent presentation of thyroid storm and diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review of previously reported cases. BMC Endocr Disord. 2019 May 17;19(1):49.Full text Abstract
39. Nyenwe EA, Loganathan RS, Blum S, et al. Active use of cocaine: an independent risk factor for recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis in a city hospital. Endocr Pract. 2007 Jan-Feb;13(1):22-9. Abstract
40. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA revises labels of SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes to include warnings about too much acid in the blood and serious urinary tract infections. Dec 2015 [internet publication].Full text
41. Colacci M, Fralick J, Odutayo A, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and risk of diabetic ketoacidosis among adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Diabetes. 2022 Feb;46(1):10-5.e2. Abstract
42. Chen MB, Xu RJ, Zheng QH, et al. Efficacy and safety of sotagliflozin adjuvant therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Aug 14;99(33):e20875.Full text Abstract
43. Miyoshi Y, Ogawa O, Oyama Y. Nivolumab, an anti-programmed cell death-1 antibody, induces fulminant type 1 diabetes. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2016 Jun;239(2):155-8.Full text Abstract
44. Clotman K, Janssens K, Specenier P, et al. Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor induced type 1 diabetes mellitus: mini-review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Sep 1;103(9):3144-54. Abstract
45. Akturk HK, Kahramangil D, Sarwal A, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2019 Sep;36(9):1075-81.Full text Abstract
46. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of glycaemic control in people with cancer. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
47. Acharya R, Kabadi UM. Case of diabetic ketoacidosis as an initial presentation of Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2017 Feb 23;2017:16-0123.Full text Abstract
48. Kirwan JP, Aminian A, Kashyap SR, Bet al. Bariatric surgery in obese patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016 Jun;39(6):941-8. Abstract
49. Parmar C, Appel S, Lee L, et al. Choice of bariatric surgery in patients with obesity and type 1 diabetes mellitus? an up-to-date systematic review. Obes Surg. 2022 Dec;32(12):3992-4006. Abstract
50. Runyan JW Jr, Zwaag RV, Joyner MB, et al. The Memphis diabetes continuing care program. Diabetes Care. 1980 Mar-Apr;3(2):382-6. Abstract
51. Vanelli M, Chiari G, Ghizzoni L, et al. Effectiveness of a prevention program for diabetes ketoacidosis in children. An 8-year study in schools and private practices. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jan;22(1):7-9. Abstract
52. Phillip M, Achenbach P, Addala A, et al. Consensus guidance for monitoring individuals with islet autoantibody-positive pre-stage 3 type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2024 Aug 1;47(8):1276-98.Full text Abstract
53. Henry RR, Dandona P, Pettus J, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes: A post hoc analysis of the effect of insulin dose adjustments on 24-hour continuously monitored mean glucose and fasting β-hydroxybutyrate levels in a phase IIa pilot study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017 Jun;19(6):814-21. Abstract
54. Goldenberg RM, Berard LD, Cheng AY, et al. SGLT2 inhibitor-associated diabetic ketoacidosis: clinical review and recommendations for prevention and diagnosis. Clin Ther. 2016 Dec;38(12):2654-64.e1. Abstract
55. Goldenberg RM, Gilbert JD, Hramiak IM, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors, their role in type 1 diabetes treatment and a risk mitigation strategy for preventing diabetic ketoacidosis: the STOP DKA protocol. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019 Oct;21(10):2192-202. Abstract
56. Tamsett Z, James S, Brown F, et al. Modifiable factors to prevent severe hypoglycaemic and diabetic ketoacidosis presentations in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2024 Sep;41(9):e15384.Full text Abstract
57. Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan-2022 Update. Endocr Pract. 2022 Oct;28(10):923-1049.Full text Abstract
58. Joseph F, Anderson L, Goenka N, et al. Starvation-induced true diabetic euglycemic ketoacidosis in severe depression. J Gen Intern Med. 2009 Jan;24(1):129-31.Full text Abstract
59. Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, et al. Efficacy and safety of dual SGLT 1/2 inhibitor sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2019 Apr 9;365:l1328.Full text Abstract
60. Li J, Zhu C, Liang J, et al. Cardiovascular benefits and safety of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with heart failure or cardiovascular risk factors: a bayesian network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Nov 17;14:1303694.Full text Abstract
61. Long B, Willis GC, Lentz S, et al. Diagnosis and management of the critically Ill adult patient with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. J Emerg Med. 2021 Oct;61(4):365-75. Abstract
62. Stoner GD. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. Am Fam Physician. 2017 Dec 1;96(11):729-36.Full text Abstract
63. Kemperman FA, Weber JA, Gorgels J, et al. The influence of ketoacids on plasma creatinine assays in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Intern Med. 2000 Dec;248(6):511-7.Full text Abstract
64. Dhatariya K. Blood ketones: measurement, interpretation, limitations, and utility in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Rev Diabet Stud. 2016 Winter;13(4):217-25. Abstract
65. Lowie BJ, Bond MC. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2023 Nov;41(4):677-86. Abstract
66. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text
67. Mein SA, Schwartzstein RM, Richards JB. Sugar, sodium, and water: a recipe for disaster. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020 Aug;17(8):1016-20.Full text Abstract
68. Kamel KS, Schreiber M, Carlotti AP, et al. Approach to the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016 Dec;68(6):967-72. Abstract
69. Long B, Lentz S, Koyfman A, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: etiologies, evaluation, and management. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Jun;44:157-60. Abstract
70. Yadav D, Nair S, Norkus EP, et al. Nonspecific hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia in diabetic ketoacidosis: incidence and correlation with biochemical abnormalities. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Nov;95(11):3123-8. Abstract
71. Chandra D, Bsavaraju M, Mr R, et al. Serum amylase and lipase estimation in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Assoc Physicians India. 2022 Apr;70(4):11-2. Abstract
72. Nance JR, Mammen AL. Diagnostic evaluation of rhabdomyolysis. Muscle Nerve. 2015 Jun;51(6):793-810.Full text Abstract
73. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract
74. Nyenwe EA, Razavi LN, Kitabchi AE, et al. Acidosis: the prime determinant of depressed sensorium in diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. 2010 Aug;33(8):1837-9.Full text Abstract
75. Matz R. Hypothermia in diabetic acidosis. Hormones. 1972;3(1):36-41. Abstract
76. Calimag APP, Chlebek S, Lerma EV, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Dis Mon. 2023 Mar;69(3):101418. Abstract
77. Seheult J, Fitzpatrick G, Boran G. Lactic acidosis: an update. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017 Mar 1;55(3):322-33.Full text Abstract
78. Meyer TW, Hostetter TH. Uremia. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 27;357(13):1316-25. Abstract
79. Fasanmade OA, Odeniyi IA, Ogbera AO. Diabetic ketoacidosis: diagnosis and management. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2008 Jun;37(2):99-105. Abstract
80. Andrade OV, Ihara FO, Troster EJ. Metabolic acidosis in childhood: why, when and how to treat. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007 May;83(2 Suppl):S11-21. Abstract
81. Piva JP, Czepielewskii M, Garcia PC, et al. Current perspectives for treating children with diabetic ketoacidosis. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007 Nov;83(5 Suppl):S119-27. Abstract
82. Catahay JA, Polintan ET, Casimiro M, et al. Balanced electrolyte solutions versus isotonic saline in adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Lung. 2022 Jul-Aug;54:74-9. Abstract
83. Alghamdi NA, Major P, Chaudhuri D, et al. Saline compared to balanced crystalloid in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Explor. 2022 Jan;4(1):e0613.Full text Abstract
84. Liu Y, Zhang J, Xu X, et al. Comparison of balanced crystalloids versus normal saline in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 May 21;15:1367916.Full text Abstract
85. Maharjan J, Pandit S, Arne Johansson K, et al. Effectiveness of interventions for emergency care of hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024 Jan;207:111078.Full text Abstract
86. Szabó GV, Szigetváry C, Turan C, et al. Fluid resuscitation with balanced electrolyte solutions results in faster resolution of diabetic ketoacidosis than with 0.9% saline in adults - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024 Jul;40(5):e3831.Full text Abstract
87. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.Full text Abstract
88. Barski L, Golbets E, Jotkowitz A, et al. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Eur J Intern Med. 2023 Nov;117:38-44. Abstract
89. Long B, Willis GC, Lentz S, et al. Evaluation and management of the critically ill adult with diabetic ketoacidosis. J Emerg Med. 2020 Sep;59(3):371-83. Abstract
90. Gosmanov AR, Gosmanova EO, Dillard-Cannon E. Management of adult diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2014 Jun 30;7:255-64.Full text Abstract
91. Alnuaimi A, Mach T, Reynier P, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing outcomes between using subcutaneous insulin and continuous insulin infusion in managing adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2024 Aug 1;24(1):133.Full text Abstract
92. Ludvigsson J, Samuelsson U. Continuous insulin infusion (CSII) or modern type of multiple daily injections (MDI) in diabetic children and adolescents: a critical review on a controversial issue. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2007 Dec;5(2):666-78. Abstract
93. Mukhopadhyay A, Farrell T, Fraser RB, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs intensive conventional insulin therapy in pregnant diabetic women: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Nov;197(5):447-56. Abstract
94. Andrade-Castellanos CA, Colunga-Lozano LE, Delgado-Figueroa N, et al. Subcutaneous rapid-acting insulin analogues for diabetic ketoacidosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jan 21;(1):CD011281.Full text Abstract
95. Korytkowski MT, Muniyappa R, Antinori-Lent K, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized adult patients in non-critical care settings: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jul 14;107(8):2101-28.Full text Abstract
96. Shand JAD, Morrow P, Braatvedt G. Mortality after discharge from hospital following an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis. Acta Diabetol. 2022 Nov;59(11):1485-92. Abstract
97. McCoy RG, Herrin J, Galindo RJ, et al. All-cause mortality after hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic emergencies among U.S. adults with diabetes, 2011-2020. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023 Mar;197:110263.Full text Abstract
98. Mays JA, Jackson KL, Derby TA, et al. An evaluation of recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis, fragmentation of care, and mortality across Chicago, Illinois. Diabetes Care. 2016 Oct;39(10):1671-6. Abstract
99. Gibb FW, Teoh WL, Graham J, et al. Risk of death following admission to a UK hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetologia. 2016 Oct;59(10):2082-7.Full text Abstract
100. Lacy ME, Gilsanz P, Eng CW, et al. Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis and cognitive function among older adults with type 1 diabetes: findings from the Study of Longevity in Diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020 Jun;8(1):e001173.Full text Abstract
101. Dhatariya KK, Nunney I, Higgins K, et al. National survey of the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in the UK in 2014. Diabet Med. 2016 Feb;33(2):252-60. Abstract
102. Pasquel FJ, Tsegka K, Wang H, et al. Clinical outcomes in patients with isolated or combined diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a retrospective, hospital-based cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2020 Feb;43(2):349-57.Full text Abstract
103. Hillman K. Fluid resuscitation in diabetic emergencies - a reappraisal. Intensive Care Med. 1987;13(1):4-8. Abstract
104. Morris LR, Murphy MB, Kitabchi AE. Bicarbonate therapy in severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Dec;105(6):836-40. Abstract
105. Muir AB, Quisling RG, Yang MC, et al. Cerebral edema in childhood diabetic ketoacidosis: natural history, radiographic findings, and early identification. Diabetes Care. 2004 Jul;27(7):1541-6. Abstract
106. Gallo de Moraes A, Surani S. Effects of diabetic ketoacidosis in the respiratory system. World J Diabetes. 2019 Jan 15;10(1):16-22.Full text Abstract
107. Konstantinov NK, Rohrscheib M, Agaba EI, et al. Respiratory failure in diabetic ketoacidosis. World J Diabetes. 2015 Jul 25;6(8):1009-23.Full text Abstract
108. Kitabchi AE, Fisher JN. Insulin therapy of diabetic ketoacidosis: physiologic versus pharmacologic doses of insulin and their routes of administration. In: Brownlee M, ed. Handbook of diabetes mellitus. New York, NY: Garland ATPM Press; 1981:95-149.
109. Mazer M, Chen E. Is subcutaneous administration of rapid-acting insulin as effective as intravenous insulin for treating diabetic ketoacidosis? Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Feb;53(2):259-63. Abstract
110. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of diabetes: a national clinical guideline. Nov 2017 [internet publication].Full text
111. Elliott J, Jacques RM, Kruger J, et al. Substantial reductions in the number of diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycaemia episodes requiring emergency treatment lead to reduced costs after structured education in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2014 Jul;31(7):847-53.Full text Abstract
112. Albanese-O'Neill A, Wu M, Miller KM, et al. Poor adherence to ketone testing in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017 Apr;40(4):e38-9.Full text Abstract
113. Holt RIG, DeVries JH, Hess-Fischl A, et al. The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2021 Dec;64(12):2609-52.Full text Abstract
114. Riveline JP, Roussel R, Vicaut E, et al. Reduced rate of acute diabetes events with flash glucose monitoring is sustained for 2 years after initiation: extended outcomes from the RELIEF study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2022 Sep;24(9):611-8. Abstract
115. Roussel R, Riveline JP, Vicaut E, et al. Important drop in rate of acute diabetes complications in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes after initiation of flash glucose monitoring in France: the RELIEF study. Diabetes Care. 2021 Jun;44(6):1368-76.Full text Abstract
116. Allcock B, Stewart R, Jackson M. Psychosocial factors associated with repeat diabetic ketoacidosis in people living with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabet Med. 2022 Jan;39(1):e14663.Full text Abstract
Comorbidities Manager reference articles
117. Elhassan MG, Chao PW, Curiel A. The conundrum of volume status assessment: revisiting current and future tools available for physicians at the bedside. Cureus. 2021 May 26;13(5):e15253.Full text Abstract
118. Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024 Aug;67(8):1455-79.Full text Abstract
119. Stathi D, Dhatariya KK, Mustafa OG. Management of diabetes-related hyperglycaemic emergencies in advanced chronic kidney disease: Review of the literature and recommendations. Diabet Med. 2025 Feb;42(2):e15405.Full text Abstract
120. de Ruiter A, Bello A, Braam B. Fluid management in chronic kidney disease: what is too much, what is the distribution, and how to manage fluid overload in patients with chronic kidney disease? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2020 Nov;29(6):572-80.Full text Abstract
121. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88.Full text Abstract
122. Hollenberg SM, Warner Stevenson L, Ahmad T, et al. 2019 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on risk assessment, management, and clinical trajectory of patients hospitalized with heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Oct 15;74(15):1966-2011.Full text Abstract
123. Kanwar MK, Billia F, Randhawa V, et al. Heart failure related cardiogenic shock: an ISHLT consensus conference content summary. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2024 Feb;43(2):189-203.Full text Abstract
124. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 Mar;2(1):1-138.Full text
125. Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Aug 1;70(5):e39-110.Full text Abstract
126. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72. Abstract
127. Griffin M, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda J, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure: diuretic and cardiorenal effects. Circulation. 2020 Sep 15;142(11):1028-39.Full text Abstract
128. Almohareb SN, Aljammaz N, Yousif N, et al. The effect of renal function on the clinical outcomes and management of patients hospitalized with hyperglycemic crises. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1445040.Full text Abstract
129. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. March 2023 [internet publication].Full text
130. de Boer IH, Khunti K, Sadusky T, et al. Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 2022 Nov;102(5):974-989.Full text Abstract
131. Karslioglu French E, Donihi AC, Korytkowski MT. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome: review of acute decompensated diabetes in adult patients. BMJ. 2019 May 29;365:l1114.Full text Abstract
132. Zhou Y, Wang FR, Wen FF, et al. The association between sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and adverse clinical events in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Acta Cardiol. 2024 May;79(3):274-283.Full text Abstract
133. Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022 Nov 1;45(11):2753-86.Full text Abstract
134. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2025 [internet publication].Full text
135. Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, et al. Part 3: Adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2020 Oct 20;142(16 suppl 2):S366-468.Full text Abstract
136. Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Hall JB. Acute asthma in adults: a review. Chest. 2004 Mar;125(3):1081-102. Abstract
137. Vasileiadis I, Alevrakis E, Ampelioti S, et al. Acid-base disturbances in patients with asthma: a literature review and comments on their pathophysiology. J Clin Med. 2019 Apr 25;8(4):563.Full text Abstract
138. Al-Halawani R, Charlton PH, Qassem M, et al. A review of the effect of skin pigmentation on pulse oximeter accuracy. Physiol Meas. 2023 Jun 1;44(5):05TR01.Full text Abstract
139. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2025 [internet publication].Full text
140. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90.Full text Abstract
141. Saberian L, Sharif M, Aarabi M, et al. Arterial versus venous blood gas analysis comparisons, appropriateness, and alternatives in different acid/base clinical settings: a systematic review. Cureus. 2023 Jul;15(7):e41707.Full text Abstract
142. Csoma B, Vulpi MR, Dragonieri S, et al. Hypercapnia in COPD: causes, consequences, and therapy. J Clin Med. 2022 Jun 2;11(11):3180.Full text Abstract
143. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract
144. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.Full text Abstract
145. Veenstra P, Veeger NJGM, Koppers RJH, et al. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for admitted COPD-patients. A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2022 Oct 5;17(10):e0272372.Full text Abstract
146. Du Y, Zhang H, Ma Z, et al. High-flow nasal oxygen versus noninvasive ventilation in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Can Respir J. 2023 Jun 30:2023:7707010.Full text Abstract
147. Xu Z, Zhu L, Zhan J, et al. The efficacy and safety of high-flow nasal cannula therapy in patients with COPD and type II respiratory failure: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Med Res. 2021 Oct 14;26(1):122.Full text Abstract
148. Cesari M, Calvani R, Marzetti E. Frailty in older persons. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017 Aug;33(3):293-303. Abstract
149. Rockwood K, British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication].Full text
150. Rockwood K, Theou O. Using the clinical frailty scale in allocating scarce health care resources. Can Geriatr J. 2020 Sep;23(3):210-5.Full text Abstract
151. Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005 Aug 30;173(5):489-95.Full text Abstract
152. Church S, Rogers E, Rockwood K, et al. A scoping review of the Clinical Frailty Scale. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Oct 7;20(1):393.Full text Abstract
153. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings - a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb 18:18:249-61.Full text Abstract
154. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13. Abstract
155. Appelbaum PS. Clinical practice. Assessment of patients' competence to consent to treatment. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 1;357(18):1834-40. Abstract
156. American College of Surgeons. Best practice guidelines: geriatric trauma management. 2023 [internet publication].Full text
157. Sulmasy LS, Bledsoe TA; ACP Ethics, Professionalism and Human Rights Committee. American College of Physicians ethics manual: seventh edition. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Jan 15;170(2 Suppl):S1-32.Full text Abstract
158. Barstow C, Shahan B, Roberts M. Evaluating medical decision-making capacity in practice. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Jul 1;98(1):40-6.Full text Abstract
159. Boyd C, Smith CD, Masoudi FA, et al. Decision making for older adults with multiple chronic conditions: executive summary for the American Geriatrics Society guiding principles on the care of older adults with multimorbidity. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Apr;67(4):665-73. Abstract
160. Anderson WG, Berlinger N, Ragland J et al. Hospital-based prognosis and goals of care discussions with seriously ill patients: a pathway to integrate a key primary palliative care process into the workflow of hospitalist physicians and their teams. Society of Hospital Medicine and The Hastings Center, 2017 [internet publication].Full text
161. Secunda K, Wirpsa MJ, Neely KJ, et al. Use and meaning of "goals of care" in the healthcare literature: a systematic review and qualitative discourse analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2020 May;35(5):1559-66.Full text Abstract
162. Pope TM, Bennett J, Carson SS, et al. Making medical treatment decisions for unrepresented patients in the ICU. An official American Thoracic Society/American Geriatrics Society policy statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 May 15;201(10):1182-92.Full text Abstract
163. Dixon JD, Josyula AV, Javier NM, et al. American Geriatrics Society position statement: Making medical treatment decisions for unrepresented older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2025 May;73(5):1353-1364.Full text Abstract
164. Jonsen AR, Siegler M, Winslade WJ, eds. Clinical Ethics: A Practical Approach to Ethical Decisions in Clinical Medicine. 9th ed. McGraw Hill; 2022
165. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Dec;6(12):681-94. Abstract
166. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a Stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Full text Abstract
167. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13.Full text Abstract
168. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 Jun;47(6):e98-169.Full text Abstract
169. Shenvi C, Kennedy M, Austin CA, et al. Managing delirium and agitation in the older emergency department patient: the ADEPT tool. Ann Emerg Med. 2020 Feb;75(2):136-45.Full text Abstract
170. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Apr;53(4):695-9. Abstract
171. Tinetti M, Huang A, Molnar F. The Geriatrics 5M's: a new way of communicating what we do. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Sep;65(9):2115.Full text Abstract
172. Canadian Geriatrics Society. Update: Public launch of the geriatric 5Ms. 2017 [internet publication].Full text
173. Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018 Sep;46(9):e825-73.Full text Abstract
174. Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):565-73.Full text Abstract
175. Han JH, Wilson A, Vasilevskis EE, et al. Diagnosing delirium in older emergency department patients: validity and reliability of the delirium triage screen and the brief confusion assessment method. Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Nov;62(5):457-65. Abstract
176. American College of Emergency Physicians, American Geriatrics Society, Emergency Nurses Association, et al. Geriatric emergency department guidelines. Ann Emerg Med. 2014 May;63(5):e7-25.Full text Abstract
177. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, et al. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Dec 15;113(12):941-8. Abstract
178. Wei LA, Fearing MA, Sternberg EJ, et al. The Confusion Assessment Method: a systematic review of current usage. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 May;56(5):823-30. Abstract
179. Ely EW, Margolin R, Francis J, et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Crit Care Med. 2001 Jul;29(7):1370-9. Abstract
180. Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, et al. Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool. Intensive Care Med. 2001 May;27(5):859-64. Abstract
181. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. January 2023 [internet publication].Full text
182. Inouye SK, Bogardus ST Jr, Baker DI, et al. The Hospital Elder Life Program: a model of care to prevent cognitive and functional decline in older hospitalized patients. Hospital Elder Life Program. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 Dec;48(12):1697-706. Abstract
183. Hshieh TT, Yang T, Gartaganis SL, et al. Hospital Elder Life Program: systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018 Oct;26(10):1015-33. Abstract
184. Hshieh TT, Yue J, Oh E, et al. Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):512-20.Full text Abstract
185. Mohanty S, Rosenthal RA, Russell MM, et al. Optimal perioperative management of the geriatric patient: a best practices guideline from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP and the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Coll Surg. 2016 May;222(5):930-47. Abstract
186. American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults. American Geriatrics Society abstracted clinical practice guideline for postoperative delirium in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Jan;63(1):142-50. Abstract
187. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Mar;74(3):357-72.Full text Abstract
188. Inouye SK, Kosar CM, Tommet D, et al. The CAM-S: development and validation of a new scoring system for delirium severity in 2 cohorts. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Apr 15;160(8):526-33.Full text Abstract
189. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Full text Abstract
190. Peden CJ, Miller TR, Deiner SG, et al. Improving perioperative brain health: an expert consensus review of key actions for the perioperative care team. Br J Anaesth. 2021 Feb;126(2):423-432.Full text Abstract
191. The 2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria® for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023 Jul;71(7):2052-81.Full text Abstract
192. Nikooie R, Neufeld KJ, Oh ES, et al. Antipsychotics for treating delirium in hospitalized adults: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Oct 1;171(7):485-95.Full text Abstract
193. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;(12):CD013304.Full text Abstract
194. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Full text Abstract
195. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 1;(3):CD007726.Full text Abstract
196. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21. Abstract
197. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51. Abstract
198. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13.Full text Abstract
199. Silverman JJ, Galanter M, Jackson-Triche M, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines for the psychiatric evaluation of adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Aug 1;172(8):798-802.Full text Abstract
200. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract
201. Bauer M, Severus E, Köhler S, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders. part 2: maintenance treatment of major depressive disorder-update 2015. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;16(2):76-95. Abstract
202. Hoffelt C, Gross T. A review of significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with antidepressants and their management. Ment Health Clin. 2016 2016 Mar 8;6(1):35-41.Full text Abstract
203. Van Leeuwen E, van Driel ML, Horowitz MA, et al. Approaches for discontinuation versus continuation of long-term antidepressant use for depressive and anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 15;(4):CD013495.Full text Abstract
204. Qaseem A, Owens DK, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, et al. Nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments of adults in the acute phase of major depressive disorder: a living clinical guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2023 Feb;176(2):239-52.Full text Abstract
205. Liamis G, Milionis H, Elisaf M. A review of drug-induced hyponatremia. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Jul;52(1):144-53. Abstract
206. Liamis G, Filippatos TD, Elisaf MS. Thiazide-associated hyponatremia in the elderly: what the clinician needs to know. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2016 Feb;13(2):175-82.Full text Abstract
207. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Abstract
208. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626. Abstract
209. Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Serotonin syndrome. Ochsner J. 2013 Winter;13(4):533-40.Full text Abstract
210. Chander WP, Singh N, Mukhiya GK. Serotonin syndrome in maintenance haemodialysis patients following sertraline treatment for depression. J Indian Med Assoc. 2011 Jan;109(1):36-7. Abstract
211. Voican CS, Corruble E, Naveau S, et al. Antidepressant-induced liver injury: a review for clinicians. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Apr;171(4):404-15.Full text Abstract
212. Saraghi M, Golden LR, Hersh EV. Anesthetic considerations for patients on antidepressant therapy-part I. Anesth Prog. 2017 Winter;64(4):253-61.Full text Abstract
213. Harbell MW, Dumitrascu C, Bettini L, et al. Anesthetic considerations for patients on psychotropic drug therapies. Neurol Int. 2021 Nov 29;13(4):640-58.Full text Abstract
214. Tisdale JE, Chung MK, Campbell KB, et al. Drug-induced arrhythmias: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Oct 13;142(15):e214-233.Full text Abstract
215. Siu AL, US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Bibbins-Domingo K, et al. Screening for depression in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016 Jan 26;315(4):380-7.Full text Abstract
216. Halperin D, Reber G. Influence of antidepressants on hemostasis. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2007;9(1):47-59.Full text Abstract
217. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):80-97.Full text Abstract
218. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40.Full text Abstract
219. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid J. 2016 Jun;11(6):4-7.Full text
220. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94. Abstract
221. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, et al. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017 Mar 6:16:17.Full text Abstract
222. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7.Full text Abstract
223. Lapa ME, Swabe GM, Rollman BL, et al. Assessment of depression and adherence to guideline-directed medical therapies following percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Dec 1;5(12):e2246317.Full text Abstract
224. Poletti V, Pagnini F, Banfi P, et al. The role of depression on treatment adherence in patients with heart failure-a systematic review of the literature. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2022 Dec;24(12):1995-2008.Full text Abstract
225. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33.Full text Abstract
226. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(s7):S54-60.Full text Abstract
227. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13.Full text Abstract
228. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112.Full text Abstract
229. US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Jan 19;325(3):265-79.Full text Abstract
230. Fiore MC, Jaén CR, Baker TB, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. Clinical practice guideline. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service; May 2008 [internet publication].Full text
231. United States Public Health Service Office of the Surgeon General, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. Smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2020 [internet publication].Full text Abstract
232. Streck JM, Rigotti NA, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 May 21;(5):CD001837.Full text Abstract
233. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;(6):CD013308.Full text Abstract
234. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77. Abstract
235. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11. Abstract
236. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text Abstract
237. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 28;(6):CD006103.Full text
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer