Diabetic ketoacidosis

Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024 Aug;67(8):1455-79.Texto completo  Resumo

American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan;48(suppl 1):S1-352.Texto completo

Dhatariya KK, Glaser NS, Codner E, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 May 14;6(1):40. Resumo

Umpierrez G, Korytkowski M. Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016 Apr;12(4):222-32. Resumo

1. Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024 Aug;67(8):1455-79.Texto completo  Resumo

2. Mauvais-Jarvis F, Sobngwi E, Porcher R, et al. Ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes in patients of sub-Saharan African origin: clinical pathophysiology and natural history of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2004 Mar;53(3):645-53. Resumo

3. Umpierrez GE. Ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes: time to revise the classification of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 Dec;29(12):2755-7.Texto completo  Resumo

4. American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan;48(suppl 1):S1-352.Texto completo

5. Al-Hindi B, Mohammed MA, Mangantig E, et al. Prevalence of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor-associated diabetic ketoacidosis in real-world data: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2024 Jan-Feb;64(1):9-26.e6.Texto completo  Resumo

6. Umpierrez GE, Woo W, Hagopian WA, et al. Immunogenetic analysis suggests different pathogenesis for obese and lean African-Americans with diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. 1999 Sep;22(9):1517-23. Resumo

7. Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Kitabchi AE. Narrative review: ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Mar 7;144(5):350-7. Resumo

8. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Fisher JN, et al. Thirty years of personal experience in hyperglycemic crises: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1541-52. Resumo

9. Dhatariya KK, Glaser NS, Codner E, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 May 14;6(1):40. Resumo

10. Kovacs A, Bunduc S, Veres DS, et al. One third of cases of new-onset diabetic ketosis in adults are associated with ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024 Mar;40(3):e3743.Texto completo  Resumo

11. Benoit SR, Zhang Y, Geiss LS, et al. Trends in diabetic ketoacidosis hospitalizations and in-hospital mortality - United States, 2000-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Mar 30;67(12):362-65.Texto completo  Resumo

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes: national diabetes statistics report​. May 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

13. Nyenwe EA, Kitabchi AE. The evolution of diabetic ketoacidosis: an update of its etiology, pathogenesis and management. Metabolism. 2016 Apr;65(4):507-21. Resumo

14. Umpierrez G, Korytkowski M. Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016 Apr;12(4):222-32. Resumo

15. Vuk A, Baretic M, Osvatic MM, et al. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis associated with antipsychotic medication: literature review. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Oct;37(5):584-9. Resumo

16. Byun DJ, Braunstein R, Flynn J, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated diabetes: a single-institution experience. Diabetes Care. 2020 Dec;43(12):3106-9. Resumo

17. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Sep;38(9):1687-93.Texto completo  Resumo

18. Kum-Nji JS, Gosmanov AR, Steinberg H, et al. Hyperglycemic, high anion-gap metabolic acidosis in patients receiving SGLT-2 inhibitors for diabetes management. J Diabetes Complications. 2017 Mar;31(3):611-4. Resumo

19. Danne T, Garg S, Peters AL, et al. International consensus on risk management of diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 1 diabetes treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jun;42(6):1147-54.Texto completo  Resumo

20. Horii T, Oikawa Y, Atsuda K, et al. On-label use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors might increase the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig. 2021 Sep;12(9):1586-93.Texto completo  Resumo

21. Douros A, Lix LM, Fralick M, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and the risk for diabetic ketoacidosis : a multicenter cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Sep 15;173(6):417-25. Resumo

22. Hampp C, Swain RS, Horgan C, et al. Use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with type 1 diabetes and rates of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. 2020 Jan;43(1):90-7. Resumo

23. Peters AL, McGuire DK, Danne T, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis and related events with sotagliflozin added to insulin in adults with type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of the inTandem 1 and 2 studies. Diabetes Care. 2020 Nov;43(11):2713-20. Resumo

24. Stentz FB, Umpierrez GE, Cuervo R, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises. Diabetes. 2004 Aug;53(8):2079-86. Resumo

25. Razavi Nematollahi L, Kitabchi AE, Stentz FB, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemic stress in healthy subjects. Metabolism. 2009 Apr;58(4):443-8. Resumo

26. Maldonado M, Hampe CS, Gaur LK, et al. Ketosis-prone diabetes: dissection of a heterogeneous syndrome using an immunogenetic and beta-cell functional classification, prospective analysis, and clinical outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Nov;88(11):5090-8. Resumo

27. McCoy RG, Galindo RJ, Swarna KS, et al. Sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment-related factors associated with hyperglycemic crises among adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in the US from 2014 to 2020. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2123471.Texto completo  Resumo

28. Randall L, Begovic J, Hudson M, et al. Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis in inner-city minority patients: behavioral, socioeconomic, and psychosocial factors. Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep;34(9):1891-6.Texto completo  Resumo

29. Price HC, Ismail K; Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care. Royal College of Psychiatrists Liaison Faculty & Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS): guidelines for the management of diabetes in adults and children with psychiatric disorders in inpatient settings. Diabet Med. 2018 Aug;35(8):997-1004.Texto completo  Resumo

30. Lindner LME, Rathmann W, Rosenbauer J. Inequalities in glycaemic control, hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis according to socio-economic status and area-level deprivation in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabet Med. 2018 Jan;35(1):12-32. Resumo

31. Hamblin PS, Topliss DJ, Chosich N, et al. Deaths associated with diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar coma. 1973-1988. Med J Aust. 1989 Oct 16;151(8):439, 441-2, 444. Resumo

32. Hurtado CR, Lemor A, Vallejo F, et al. Causes and predictors for 30-day re-admissions in adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis in the United States: a nationwide analysis, 2010-2014. Endocr Pract. 2019 Mar;25(3):242-53. Resumo

33. Everett E, Mathioudakis NN. Association of socioeconomic status and DKA readmission in adults with type 1 diabetes: analysis of the US National Readmission Database. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2019 Apr 8;7(1):e000621.Texto completo  Resumo

34. Thomas M, Harjutsalo V, Feodoroff M, et al. The long-term incidence of hospitalization for ketoacidosis in adults with established T1D-a prospective cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jan 1;105(1):dgz003.Texto completo  Resumo

35. Nair S, Yadav D, Pitchumoni CS. Association of diabetic ketoacidosis and acute pancreatitis: observations in 100 consecutive episodes of DKA. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Oct;95(10):2795-800. Resumo

36. Kopff B, Mucha S, Wolffenbuttel BH, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis in a patient with acromegaly. Med Sci Monit. 2001 Jan-Feb;7(1):142-7. Resumo

37. Cooppan R, Kozak GP. Hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus. An analysis of 70 patients. Arch Intern Med. 1980 Mar;140(3):370-3. Resumo

38. Rathish D, Karalliyadda S. Concurrent presentation of thyroid storm and diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review of previously reported cases. BMC Endocr Disord. 2019 May 17;19(1):49.Texto completo  Resumo

39. Nyenwe EA, Loganathan RS, Blum S, et al. Active use of cocaine: an independent risk factor for recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis in a city hospital. Endocr Pract. 2007 Jan-Feb;13(1):22-9. Resumo

40. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA revises labels of SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes to include warnings about too much acid in the blood and serious urinary tract infections. Dec 2015 [internet publication].Texto completo

41. Colacci M, Fralick J, Odutayo A, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and risk of diabetic ketoacidosis among adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Diabetes. 2022 Feb;46(1):10-5.e2. Resumo

42. Chen MB, Xu RJ, Zheng QH, et al. Efficacy and safety of sotagliflozin adjuvant therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Aug 14;99(33):e20875.Texto completo  Resumo

43. Miyoshi Y, Ogawa O, Oyama Y. Nivolumab, an anti-programmed cell death-1 antibody, induces fulminant type 1 diabetes. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2016 Jun;239(2):155-8.Texto completo  Resumo

44. Clotman K, Janssens K, Specenier P, et al. Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor induced type 1 diabetes mellitus: mini-review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Sep 1;103(9):3144-54. Resumo

45. Akturk HK, Kahramangil D, Sarwal A, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2019 Sep;36(9):1075-81.Texto completo  Resumo

46. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of glycaemic control in people with cancer. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

47. Acharya R, Kabadi UM. Case of diabetic ketoacidosis as an initial presentation of Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2017 Feb 23;2017:16-0123.Texto completo  Resumo

48. Kirwan JP, Aminian A, Kashyap SR, Bet al. Bariatric surgery in obese patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016 Jun;39(6):941-8. Resumo

49. Parmar C, Appel S, Lee L, et al. Choice of bariatric surgery in patients with obesity and type 1 diabetes mellitus? an up-to-date systematic review. Obes Surg. 2022 Dec;32(12):3992-4006. Resumo

50. Runyan JW Jr, Zwaag RV, Joyner MB, et al. The Memphis diabetes continuing care program. Diabetes Care. 1980 Mar-Apr;3(2):382-6. Resumo

51. Vanelli M, Chiari G, Ghizzoni L, et al. Effectiveness of a prevention program for diabetes ketoacidosis in children. An 8-year study in schools and private practices. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jan;22(1):7-9. Resumo

52. Phillip M, Achenbach P, Addala A, et al. Consensus guidance for monitoring individuals with islet autoantibody-positive pre-stage 3 type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2024 Aug 1;47(8):1276-98.Texto completo  Resumo

53. Henry RR, Dandona P, Pettus J, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes: A post hoc analysis of the effect of insulin dose adjustments on 24-hour continuously monitored mean glucose and fasting β-hydroxybutyrate levels in a phase IIa pilot study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017 Jun;19(6):814-21. Resumo

54. Goldenberg RM, Berard LD, Cheng AY, et al. SGLT2 inhibitor-associated diabetic ketoacidosis: clinical review and recommendations for prevention and diagnosis. Clin Ther. 2016 Dec;38(12):2654-64.e1. Resumo

55. Goldenberg RM, Gilbert JD, Hramiak IM, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors, their role in type 1 diabetes treatment and a risk mitigation strategy for preventing diabetic ketoacidosis: the STOP DKA protocol. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019 Oct;21(10):2192-202. Resumo

56. Tamsett Z, James S, Brown F, et al. Modifiable factors to prevent severe hypoglycaemic and diabetic ketoacidosis presentations in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2024 Sep;41(9):e15384.Texto completo  Resumo

57. Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan-2022 Update. Endocr Pract. 2022 Oct;28(10):923-1049.Texto completo  Resumo

58. Joseph F, Anderson L, Goenka N, et al. Starvation-induced true diabetic euglycemic ketoacidosis in severe depression. J Gen Intern Med. 2009 Jan;24(1):129-31.Texto completo  Resumo

59. Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, et al. Efficacy and safety of dual SGLT 1/2 inhibitor sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2019 Apr 9;365:l1328.Texto completo  Resumo

60. Li J, Zhu C, Liang J, et al. Cardiovascular benefits and safety of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with heart failure or cardiovascular risk factors: a bayesian network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Nov 17;14:1303694.Texto completo  Resumo

61. Long B, Willis GC, Lentz S, et al. Diagnosis and management of the critically Ill adult patient with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. J Emerg Med. 2021 Oct;61(4):365-75. Resumo

62. Stoner GD. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. Am Fam Physician. 2017 Dec 1;96(11):729-36.Texto completo  Resumo

63. Kemperman FA, Weber JA, Gorgels J, et al. The influence of ketoacids on plasma creatinine assays in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Intern Med. 2000 Dec;248(6):511-7.Texto completo  Resumo

64. Dhatariya K. Blood ketones: measurement, interpretation, limitations, and utility in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Rev Diabet Stud. 2016 Winter;13(4):217-25. Resumo

65. Lowie BJ, Bond MC. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2023 Nov;41(4):677-86. Resumo

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67. Mein SA, Schwartzstein RM, Richards JB. Sugar, sodium, and water: a recipe for disaster. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020 Aug;17(8):1016-20.Texto completo  Resumo

68. Kamel KS, Schreiber M, Carlotti AP, et al. Approach to the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016 Dec;68(6):967-72. Resumo

69. Long B, Lentz S, Koyfman A, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: etiologies, evaluation, and management. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Jun;44:157-60. Resumo

70. Yadav D, Nair S, Norkus EP, et al. Nonspecific hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia in diabetic ketoacidosis: incidence and correlation with biochemical abnormalities. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Nov;95(11):3123-8. Resumo

71. Chandra D, Bsavaraju M, Mr R, et al. Serum amylase and lipase estimation in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Assoc Physicians India. 2022 Apr;70(4):11-2. Resumo

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74. Nyenwe EA, Razavi LN, Kitabchi AE, et al. Acidosis: the prime determinant of depressed sensorium in diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. 2010 Aug;33(8):1837-9.Texto completo  Resumo

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80. Andrade OV, Ihara FO, Troster EJ. Metabolic acidosis in childhood: why, when and how to treat. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007 May;83(2 Suppl):S11-21. Resumo

81. Piva JP, Czepielewskii M, Garcia PC, et al. Current perspectives for treating children with diabetic ketoacidosis. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007 Nov;83(5 Suppl):S119-27. Resumo

82. Catahay JA, Polintan ET, Casimiro M, et al. Balanced electrolyte solutions versus isotonic saline in adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Lung. 2022 Jul-Aug;54:74-9. Resumo

83. Alghamdi NA, Major P, Chaudhuri D, et al. Saline compared to balanced crystalloid in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Explor. 2022 Jan;4(1):e0613.Texto completo  Resumo

84. Liu Y, Zhang J, Xu X, et al. Comparison of balanced crystalloids versus normal saline in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 May 21;15:1367916.Texto completo  Resumo

85. Maharjan J, Pandit S, Arne Johansson K, et al. Effectiveness of interventions for emergency care of hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024 Jan;207:111078.Texto completo  Resumo

86. Szabó GV, Szigetváry C, Turan C, et al. Fluid resuscitation with balanced electrolyte solutions results in faster resolution of diabetic ketoacidosis than with 0.9% saline in adults - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024 Jul;40(5):e3831.Texto completo  Resumo

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89. Long B, Willis GC, Lentz S, et al. Evaluation and management of the critically ill adult with diabetic ketoacidosis. J Emerg Med. 2020 Sep;59(3):371-83. Resumo

90. Gosmanov AR, Gosmanova EO, Dillard-Cannon E. Management of adult diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2014 Jun 30;7:255-64.Texto completo  Resumo

91. Alnuaimi A, Mach T, Reynier P, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing outcomes between using subcutaneous insulin and continuous insulin infusion in managing adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2024 Aug 1;24(1):133.Texto completo  Resumo

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109. Mazer M, Chen E. Is subcutaneous administration of rapid-acting insulin as effective as intravenous insulin for treating diabetic ketoacidosis? Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Feb;53(2):259-63. Resumo

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119. Stathi D, Dhatariya KK, Mustafa OG. Management of diabetes-related hyperglycaemic emergencies in advanced chronic kidney disease: Review of the literature and recommendations. Diabet Med. 2025 Feb;42(2):e15405.Texto completo  Resumo

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