References
Key articles
Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024 Aug;67(8):1455-79.Full text Abstract
American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan ;48(suppl 1):S1-352.Full text
Dhatariya KK, Glaser NS, Codner E, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 May 14;6(1):40. Abstract
Umpierrez G, Korytkowski M. Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016 Apr;12(4):222-32. Abstract
Reference articles
1. Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024 Aug;67(8):1455-79.Full text Abstract
2. Mauvais-Jarvis F, Sobngwi E, Porcher R, et al. Ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes in patients of sub-Saharan African origin: clinical pathophysiology and natural history of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2004 Mar;53(3):645-53.Full text Abstract
3. Umpierrez GE. Ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes: time to revise the classification of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 Dec;29(12):2755-7.Full text
4. American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan ;48(suppl 1):S1-352.Full text
5. Al-Hindi B, Mohammed MA, Mangantig E, et al. Prevalence of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor-associated diabetic ketoacidosis in real-world data: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2024 Jan-Feb;64(1):9-26.e6.Full text Abstract
6. Umpierrez GE, Woo W, Hagopian WA, et al. Immunogenetic analysis suggests different pathogenesis for obese and lean African-Americans with diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. 1999 Sep;22(9):1517-23. Abstract
7. Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Kitabchi AE. Narrative review: ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Mar 7;144(5):350-7. Abstract
8. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Fisher JN, et al. Thirty years of personal experience in hyperglycemic crises: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1541-52. Abstract
9. Dhatariya KK, Glaser NS, Codner E, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 May 14;6(1):40. Abstract
10. Kovacs A, Bunduc S, Veres DS, et al. One third of cases of new-onset diabetic ketosis in adults are associated with ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024 Mar;40(3):e3743.Full text Abstract
11. Benoit SR, Zhang Y, Geiss LS, et al. Trends in diabetic ketoacidosis hospitalizations and in-hospital mortality - United States, 2000-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Mar 30;67(12):362-65.Full text Abstract
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes: national diabetes statistics report. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text
13. Nyenwe EA, Kitabchi AE. The evolution of diabetic ketoacidosis: an update of its etiology, pathogenesis and management. Metabolism. 2016 Apr;65(4):507-21. Abstract
14. Umpierrez G, Korytkowski M. Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016 Apr;12(4):222-32. Abstract
15. Vuk A, Baretic M, Osvatic MM, et al. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis associated with antipsychotic medication: literature review. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Oct;37(5):584-9. Abstract
16. Byun DJ, Braunstein R, Flynn J, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated diabetes: a single-institution experience. Diabetes Care. 2020 Dec;43(12):3106-9.Full text Abstract
17. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Sep;38(9):1687-93.Full text Abstract
18. Kum-Nji JS, Gosmanov AR, Steinberg H, et al. Hyperglycemic, high anion-gap metabolic acidosis in patients receiving SGLT-2 inhibitors for diabetes management. J Diabetes Complications. 2017 Mar;31(3):611-4 Abstract
19. Danne T, Garg S, Peters AL, et al. International consensus on risk management of diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 1 diabetes treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jun;42(6):1147-54.Full text Abstract
20. Horii T, Oikawa Y, Atsuda K, et al. On-label use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors might increase the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig. 2021 Sep;12(9):1586-93.Full text Abstract
21. Douros A, Lix LM, Fralick M, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and the risk for diabetic ketoacidosis : a multicenter cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Sep 15;173(6):417-25. Abstract
22. Hampp C, Swain RS, Horgan C, et al. Use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with type 1 diabetes and rates of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. 2020 Jan;43(1):90-7.Full text Abstract
23. Peters AL, McGuire DK, Danne T, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis and related events with sotagliflozin added to insulin in adults with type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of the inTandem 1 and 2 studies. Diabetes Care. 2020 Nov;43(11):2713-20.Full text Abstract
24. Stentz FB, Umpierrez GE, Cuervo R, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises. Diabetes. 2004 Aug;53(8):2079-86.Full text Abstract
25. Razavi Nematollahi L, Kitabchi AE, Stentz FB, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemic stress in healthy subjects. Metabolism. 2009 Apr;58(4):443-8. Abstract
26. Maldonado M, Hampe CS, Gaur LK, et al. Ketosis-prone diabetes: dissection of a heterogeneous syndrome using an immunogenetic and beta-cell functional classification, prospective analysis, and clinical outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Nov;88(11):5090-8. Abstract
27. McCoy RG, Galindo RJ, Swarna KS, et al. Sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment-related factors associated with hyperglycemic crises among adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in the US from 2014 to 2020. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2123471.Full text Abstract
28. Randall L, Begovic J, Hudson M, et al. Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis in inner-city minority patients: behavioral, socioeconomic, and psychosocial factors. Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep;34(9):1891-6.Full text Abstract
29. Price HC, Ismail K, Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care. Royal College of Psychiatrists Liaison Faculty & Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS): guidelines for the management of diabetes in adults and children with psychiatric disorders in inpatient settings. Diabet Med. 2018 Aug;35(8):997-1004.Full text Abstract
30. Lindner LME, Rathmann W, Rosenbauer J. Inequalities in glycaemic control, hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis according to socio-economic status and area-level deprivation in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabet Med. 2018 Jan;35(1):12-32. Abstract
31. Hamblin PS, Topliss DJ, Chosich N, et al. Deaths associated with diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar coma. 1973-1988. Med J Aust. 1989 Oct 16;151(8):439, 441-2, 444. Abstract
32. Hurtado CR, Lemor A, Vallejo F, et al. Causes and predictors for 30-day re-admissions in adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis in the United States: a nationwide analysis, 2010-2014. Endocr Pract. 2019 Mar;25(3):242-53. Abstract
33. Everett E, Mathioudakis NN. Association of socioeconomic status and DKA readmission in adults with type 1 diabetes: analysis of the US National Readmission Database. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2019;7(1):e000621.Full text Abstract
34. Thomas M, Harjutsalo V, Feodoroff M, et al. The long-term incidence of hospitalization for ketoacidosis in adults with established T1D-a prospective cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jan 1;105(1):dgz003.Full text Abstract
35. Nair S, Yadav D, Pitchumoni CS. Association of diabetic ketoacidosis and acute pancreatitis: observations in 100 consecutive episodes of DKA. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Oct;95(10):2795-800. Abstract
36. Kopff B, Mucha S, Wolffenbuttel BH, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis in a patient with acromegaly. Med Sci Monit. 2001 Jan-Feb;7(1):142-7. Abstract
37. Cooppan R, Kozak GP. Hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus. An analysis of 70 patients. Arch Intern Med. 1980 Mar;140(3):370-3. Abstract
38. Rathish D, Karalliyadda S. Concurrent presentation of thyroid storm and diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review of previously reported cases. BMC Endocr Disord. 2019 May 17;19(1):49.Full text Abstract
39. Nyenwe EA, Loganathan RS, Blum S, et al. Active use of cocaine: an independent risk factor for recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis in a city hospital. Endocr Pract. 2007 Jan-Feb;13(1):22-9. Abstract
40. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA revises labels of SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes to include warnings about too much acid in the blood and serious urinary tract infections. December 2015 [internet publication].Full text
41. Colacci M, Fralick J, Odutayo A, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and risk of diabetic ketoacidosis among adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Diabetes. 2022 Feb;46(1):10-5.e2. Abstract
42. Chen MB, Xu RJ, Zheng QH, et al. Efficacy and safety of sotagliflozin adjuvant therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Aug 14;99(33):e20875.Full text Abstract
43. Miyoshi Y, Ogawa O, Oyama Y. Nivolumab, an anti-programmed cell death-1 antibody, induces fulminant type 1 diabetes. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2016 Jun;239(2):155-8.Full text Abstract
44. Clotman K, Janssens K, Specenier P, et al. Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor induced type 1 diabetes mellitus: mini-review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Sep 1;103(9):3144-54. Abstract
45. Akturk HK, Kahramangil D, Sarwal A, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2019 Sep;36(9):1075-81.Full text Abstract
46. Association of British Clinical Diabetologists. JBDS 17 the management of glycaemic control in people with cancer. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
47. Acharya R, Kabadi UM. Case of diabetic ketoacidosis as an initial presentation of Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2017 Feb 23;2017:16-0123.Full text Abstract
48. Kirwan JP, Aminian A, Kashyap SR, Bet al. Bariatric surgery in obese patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016 Jun;39(6):941-8.Full text Abstract
49. Parmar C, Appel S, Lee L, et al. Choice of bariatric surgery in patients with obesity and type 1 diabetes mellitus? an up-to-date systematic review. Obes Surg. 2022 Dec;32(12):3992-4006. Abstract
50. Runyan JW Jr, Zwaag RV, Joyner MB, et al. The Memphis diabetes continuing care program. Diabetes Care. 1980 Mar-Apr;3(2):382-6. Abstract
51. Vanelli M, Chiari G, Ghizzoni L, et al. Effectiveness of a prevention program for diabetes ketoacidosis in children. An 8-year study in schools and private practices. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jan;22(1):7-9. Abstract
52. Phillip M, Achenbach P, Addala A, et al. Consensus guidance for monitoring individuals with islet autoantibody-positive pre-stage 3 type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2024 Aug 1;47(8):1276-98.Full text
53. Henry RR, Dandona P, Pettus J, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes: A post hoc analysis of the effect of insulin dose adjustments on 24-hour continuously monitored mean glucose and fasting β-hydroxybutyrate levels in a phase IIa pilot study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017 Jun;19(6):814-21. Abstract
54. Goldenberg RM, Berard LD, Cheng AY, et al. SGLT2 inhibitor-associated diabetic ketoacidosis: clinical review and recommendations for prevention and diagnosis. Clin Ther. 2016 Dec;38(12):2654-64.e1. Abstract
55. Goldenberg RM, Gilbert JD, Hramiak IM, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors, their role in type 1 diabetes treatment and a risk mitigation strategy for preventing diabetic ketoacidosis: the STOP DKA protocol. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019 Oct;21(10):2192-202. Abstract
56. Tamsett Z, James S, Brown F, et al. Modifiable factors to prevent severe hypoglycaemic and diabetic ketoacidosis presentations in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2024 Sep;41(9):e15384.Full text Abstract
57. Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan-2022 Update. Endocr Pract. 2022 Oct;28(10):923-1049.Full text Abstract
58. Joseph F, Anderson L, Goenka N, et al. Starvation-induced true diabetic euglycemic ketoacidosis in severe depression. J Gen Intern Med. 2009 Jan;24(1):129-31.Full text Abstract
59. Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, et al. Efficacy and safety of dual SGLT 1/2 inhibitor sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2019 Apr 9;365:l1328.Full text Abstract
60. Li J, Zhu C, Liang J, et al. Cardiovascular benefits and safety of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with heart failure or cardiovascular risk factors: a bayesian network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Nov 17;14:1303694.Full text Abstract
61. Long B, Willis GC, Lentz S, et al. Diagnosis and management of the critically Ill adult patient with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. J Emerg Med. 2021 Oct;61(4):365-75. Abstract
62. Stoner GD. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. Am Fam Physician. 2017 Dec 1;96(11):729-36.Full text Abstract
63. Kemperman FA, Weber JA, Gorgels J, et al. The influence of ketoacids on plasma creatinine assays in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Intern Med. 2000 Dec;248(6):511-7.Full text Abstract
64. Dhatariya K. Blood ketones: measurement, interpretation, limitations, and utility in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Rev Diabet Stud. 2016 Winter;13(4):217-25. Abstract
65. Lowie BJ, Bond MC. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2023 Nov;41(4):677-86.Full text Abstract
66. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text
67. Mein SA, Schwartzstein RM, Richards JB. Sugar, sodium, and water: a recipe for disaster. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020 Aug;17(8):1016-20.Full text
68. Kamel KS, Schreiber M, Carlotti AP, et al. Approach to the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016 Dec;68(6):967-72. Abstract
69. Long B, Lentz S, Koyfman A, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: etiologies, evaluation, and management. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Jun;44:157-60. Abstract
70. Yadav D, Nair S, Norkus EP, et al. Nonspecific hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia in diabetic ketoacidosis: incidence and correlation with biochemical abnormalities. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Nov;95(11):3123-8. Abstract
71. Chandra D, Bsavaraju M, Mr R, et al. Serum amylase and lipase estimation in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Assoc Physicians India. 2022 Apr;70(4):11-2. Abstract
72. Nance JR, Mammen AL. Diagnostic evaluation of rhabdomyolysis. Muscle Nerve. 2015 Jun;51(6):793-810.Full text Abstract
73. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract
74. Nyenwe EA, Razavi LN, Kitabchi AE, et al. Acidosis: the prime determinant of depressed sensorium in diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. 2010 Aug;33(8):1837-9.Full text Abstract
75. Matz R. Hypothermia in diabetic acidosis. Hormones. 1972;3(1):36-41. Abstract
76. Calimag APP, Chlebek S, Lerma EV, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Dis Mon. 2023 Mar;69(3):101418. Abstract
77. Seheult J, Fitzpatrick G, Boran G. Lactic acidosis: an update. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017 Mar 1;55(3):322-33.Full text Abstract
78. Meyer TW, Hostetter TH. Uremia. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 27;357(13):1316-25.
79. Fasanmade OA, Odeniyi IA, Ogbera AO. Diabetic ketoacidosis: diagnosis and management. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2008 Jun;37(2):99-105. Abstract
80. Andrade OV, Ihara FO, Troster EJ. Metabolic acidosis in childhood: why, when and how to treat. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007 May;83(2 Suppl):S11-21. Abstract
81. Piva JP, Czepielewskii M, Garcia PC, et al. Current perspectives for treating children with diabetic ketoacidosis. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007 Nov;83(5 Suppl):S119-27. Abstract
82. Catahay JA, Polintan ET, Casimiro M, et al. Balanced electrolyte solutions versus isotonic saline in adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Lung. 2022 Jul-Aug;54:74-9. Abstract
83. Alghamdi NA, Major P, Chaudhuri D, et al. Saline compared to balanced crystalloid in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Explor. 2022 Jan;4(1):e0613.Full text Abstract
84. Jahangir A, Jahangir A, Siddiqui FS, et al. Normal saline versus low chloride solutions in treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review of clinical trials. Cureus. 2022 Jan;14(1):e21324.Full text Abstract
85. Liu Y, Zhang J, Xu X, et al. Comparison of balanced crystalloids versus normal saline in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 May 21;15:1367916.Full text Abstract
86. Maharjan J, Pandit S, Arne Johansson K, et al. Effectiveness of interventions for emergency care of hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024 Jan;207:111078.Full text Abstract
87. Szabó GV, Szigetváry C, Turan C, et al. Fluid resuscitation with balanced electrolyte solutions results in faster resolution of diabetic ketoacidosis than with 0.9% saline in adults - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024 Jul;40(5):e3831.Full text Abstract
88. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.Full text
89. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-51.Full text Abstract
90. Colquhoun MC, Handley AJ, Evans TR. ABC of resuscitation. 5th ed. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2004.
91. Chrimes N, Higgs A, Hagberg CA, et al. Preventing unrecognised oesophageal intubation: a consensus guideline from the Project for Universal Management of Airways and international airway societies. Anaesthesia. 2022 Dec;77(12):1395-415.Full text Abstract
92. Gosmanov AR, Gosmanova EO, Dillard-Cannon E. Management of adult diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2014 Jun 30;7:255-64.Full text Abstract
93. Alnuaimi A, Mach T, Reynier P, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing outcomes between using subcutaneous insulin and continuous insulin infusion in managing adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2024 Aug 1;24(1):133.Full text Abstract
94. Ludvigsson J, Samuelsson U. Continuous insulin infusion (CSII) or modern type of multiple daily injections (MDI) in diabetic children and adolescents: a critical review on a controversial issue. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2007 Dec;5(2):666-78. Abstract
95. Mukhopadhyay A, Farrell T, Fraser RB, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs intensive conventional insulin therapy in pregnant diabetic women: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Nov;197(5):447-56. Abstract
96. Andrade-Castellanos CA, Colunga-Lozano LE, Delgado-Figueroa N, et al. Subcutaneous rapid-acting insulin analogues for diabetic ketoacidosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jan 21;(1):CD011281.Full text Abstract
97. Korytkowski MT, Muniyappa R, Antinori-Lent K, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized adult patients in non-critical care settings: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jul 14;107(8):2101-28.Full text Abstract
98. Shand JAD, Morrow P, Braatvedt G. Mortality after discharge from hospital following an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis. Acta Diabetol. 2022 Nov;59(11):1485-92. Abstract
99. McCoy RG, Herrin J, Galindo RJ, et al. All-cause mortality after hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic emergencies among U.S. adults with diabetes, 2011-2020. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023 Mar;197:110263.Full text Abstract
100. Mays JA, Jackson KL, Derby TA, et al. An evaluation of recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis, fragmentation of care, and mortality across Chicago, Illinois. Diabetes Care. 2016 Oct;39(10):1671-6.Full text Abstract
101. Gibb FW, Teoh WL, Graham J, et al. Risk of death following admission to a UK hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetologia. 2016 Oct;59(10):2082-7.Full text Abstract
102. Lacy ME, Gilsanz P, Eng CW, et al. Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis and cognitive function among older adults with type 1 diabetes: findings from the Study of Longevity in Diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020 Jun;8(1):e001173.Full text Abstract
103. Dhatariya KK, Nunney I, Higgins K, et al. National survey of the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in the UK in 2014. Diabet Med. 2016 Feb;33(2):252-60. Abstract
104. Pasquel FJ, Tsegka K, Wang H, et al. Clinical outcomes in patients with isolated or combined diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a retrospective, hospital-based cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2020 Feb;43(2):349-57.Full text Abstract
105. Hillman K. Fluid resuscitation in diabetic emergencies - a reappraisal. Intensive Care Med. 1987;13(1):4-8. Abstract
106. Morris LR, Murphy MB, Kitabchi AE. Bicarbonate therapy in severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Dec;105(6):836-40. Abstract
107. Muir AB, Quisling RG, Yang MC, et al. Cerebral edema in childhood diabetic ketoacidosis: natural history, radiographic findings, and early identification. Diabetes Care. 2004 Jul;27(7):1541-6.Full text Abstract
108. Gallo de Moraes A, Surani S. Effects of diabetic ketoacidosis in the respiratory system. World J Diabetes. 2019 Jan 15;10(1):16-22.Full text Abstract
109. Konstantinov NK, Rohrscheib M, Agaba EI, et al. Respiratory failure in diabetic ketoacidosis. World J Diabetes. 2015 Jul 25;6(8):1009-23.Full text Abstract
110. Kitabchi AE, Fisher JN. Insulin therapy of diabetic ketoacidosis: physiologic versus pharmacologic doses of insulin and their routes of administration. In: Brownlee M, ed. Handbook of diabetes mellitus. New York, NY: Garland ATPM Press; 1981:95-149.
111. Mazer M, Chen E. Is subcutaneous administration of rapid-acting insulin as effective as intravenous insulin for treating diabetic ketoacidosis? Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Feb;53(2):259-63. Abstract
112. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of diabetes: a national clinical guideline. November 2017 [internet publication].Full text
113. Elliott J, Jacques RM, Kruger J, et al. Substantial reductions in the number of diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycaemia episodes requiring emergency treatment lead to reduced costs after structured education in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2014 Jul;31(7):847-53.Full text Abstract
114. Albanese-O'Neill A, Wu M, Miller KM, et al. Poor adherence to ketone testing in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017 Apr;40(4):e38-9.Full text
115. Holt RIG, DeVries JH, Hess-Fischl A, et al. The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2021 Dec;64(12):2609-52.Full text Abstract
116. Riveline JP, Roussel R, Vicaut E, et al. Reduced rate of acute diabetes events with flash glucose monitoring is sustained for 2 years after initiation: extended outcomes from the RELIEF study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2022 Sep;24(9):611-8. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer