Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- relato de deficit neurológico focal por parte do paciente/cuidador
- início súbito e breve duração dos sintomas
Other diagnostic factors
- história de aterosclerose extracraniana
- história de doença cardíaca
- sintomas unilaterais
- disfasia
- ataxia, vertigem ou perda do equilíbrio
- perda de visão ou deficit de campo visual
- diplopia binocular
- aumento de pressão arterial (PA) na apresentação
- ausência de sintomas positivos (agitação, escotoma, espasmo)
- história familiar ou pessoal de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) prematuro, aborto espontâneo ou tromboembolismo venoso
- sopro carotídeo
Risk factors
- fibrilação atrial
- valvopatia
- estenose da carótida
- estenose intracraniana
- insuficiência cardíaca congestiva
- hipertensão
- hiperlipidemia
- diabetes mellitus
- tabagismo
- transtornos decorrentes do uso de bebidas alcoólicas
- idade avançada
- forame oval patente (FOP)
- sedentarismo
- obesidade
- hipercoagulabilidade
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- glicose sanguínea
- perfil bioquímico
- Hemograma completo
- tempo de protrombina, razão normalizada internacional (INR) e tempo de tromboplastina parcial (TTP) ativada
- eletrocardiograma (ECG)
- ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) cranioencefálica com difusão
- perfil lipídico em jejum
Investigations to consider
- tomografia computadorizada (TC) de crânio
- velocidade de hemossedimentação (VHS)
- monitoramento por Holter/telemetria
- ecocardiografia ± estudo de bolhas
- ultrassonografia Doppler das carótidas
- Angiotomografia
- angiografia por ressonância magnética (ARM)
- Doppler transcraniano
- estudos de hipercoagulabilidade
Treatment algorithm
ataque isquêmico transitório (AIT) de pequenos vasos
ataque isquêmico transitório (AIT) cardioembólico
estenose de uma artéria intracraniana principal
estenose carotídea extracraniana (com estenose carotídea ≥50%)
valva mecânica ou doença reumática cardíaca em uso de terapia anticoagulante
Contributors
Authors
Jennifer Simpson, MD

Clinical Professor
Department of Neurology
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Aurora
CO
Disclosures
JS declares that she has no competing interests.
Karen Orjuela, MSCR, FAAN
Assistant Professor
Department of Neurology
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Aurora
CO
Disclosures
KO has received research funding from the Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation and Abbott.
Acknowledgements
Dr Jennifer Simpson and Dr Karen Orjuela wish to gratefully acknowledge Dr Lucia Chen and Dr Ethan Cumbler, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
LC and EC declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Michael S. Phipps, MD, MHS
Associate Professor of Neurology and Epidemiology and Public Health
University of Maryland School of Medicine
MD
Disclosures
MSP declares that he has no competing interests.
Ronan Factora, MD
Staff Physician
Section of Geriatric Medicine
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland
OH
Disclosures
RF declares that he has no competing interests.
Tony Rudd, MD
Stroke Physician
Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
Stroke Programme Director
Royal College of Physicians
London
UK
Disclosures
TR declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, et al. 2021 Guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2021 Jul;52(7):e364-467.Full text Abstract
Turan TN, Zaidat OO, Gronseth GS, et al. Stroke prevention in symptomatic large artery intracranial atherosclerosis practice advisory: report of the AAN Guideline Subcommittee. Neurology. 2022 Mar 22;98(12):486-98.Full text Abstract
Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019 Dec;50(12):e344-418.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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