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Depresión en adultos

Last reviewed: 13 Sep 2025
Last updated: 19 Mar 2025

Summary

Definição

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • presencia de factores de riesgo
  • estado de ánimo deprimido
  • anhedonia
  • deterioro funcional
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • cambios en el peso
  • cambios en la libido
  • alteración del sueño
  • cambios en movimiento
  • baja energía
  • sentimiento de culpa excesivo
  • mala concentración
  • ideación suicida
  • síntomas somáticos
  • exclusión del trastorno bipolar
  • exclusión de toxicomanía/efectos secundarios de medicamentos
  • exclusión de enfermedad médica
  • exclusión de esquizofrenia
Full details

Risk factors

  • estado posnatal
  • antecedentes familiares o personales de trastorno depresivo o suicidio
  • antecedentes de un trastorno de ansiedad o síntomas de ansiedad
  • experiencias adversas en la infancia
  • demencia
  • uso de corticosteroides
  • uso de interferón
  • uso de anticonceptivos orales
  • afecciones médicas coexistentes
  • sexo femenino
  • consumo de sustancias comórbidas
  • trastornos de la personalidad
  • antecedentes de victimización violenta
  • obesidad
  • edad avanzada (≥65 años)
  • estado civil separado/divorciado
Full details

Diagnostic investigations

1st investigations to order

  • diagnóstico clínico
  • perfil metabólico
  • hemograma completo (HC)
  • pruebas de función tiroidea
  • cuestionario sobre la salud del paciente-2 (Patient Health Questionnaire-2, PHQ-2)
  • Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
  • escala de depresión posnatal de Edimburgo (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale)
  • escala de depresión geriátrica (Geriatric Depression Scale)
  • escala de Cornell para la depresión en demencia (Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia)
Full details

Investigations to consider

  • cortisol libre de 24 horas
  • vitamina B12
  • ácido fólico
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

con riesgo de daño a sí mismo o a otros (psicótico, suicida, retraso psicomotor grave que impide las actividades de la vida diaria, catatonia o agitación grave): no embarazada

con riesgo de daño a sí mismo o a otros (psicótico, suicida, retraso psicomotor grave que impide las actividades de la vida diaria, catatonia o agitación grave): embarazada

depresión más grave (puntuación PHQ ≥16): no embarazada

depresión menos grave (PHQ <16): no embarazadas

depresión resistente al tratamiento o depresión refractaria

embarazadas

ONGOING

sensible al tratamiento

episodio recurrente

Contributors

Authors

Dean F. MacKinnon, MD

Associate Professor

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

The Johns Hopkins Hospital

Baltimore

MD

Disclosures

DFM declares that he has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

Dr Dean F. MacKinnon would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Roger S. McIntyre, Dr Tonya Fancher, and Dr Richard Kravitz, the previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

RSM has received research funds from Stanley Medical Research Institute and National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD). RSM is on the advisory board for AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, France Foundation, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Ortho, Solvay/Wyeth, Eli Lilly, Organon, Lundbeck, Biovail, Pfizer, Shire, and Schering-Plough. RSM is on the Speakers Bureau for Janssen-Ortho, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Biovail, and Wyeth. RSM has received research grants from Eli Lilly, Janssen-Ortho, Shire, and AstraZeneca. RSM has received travel funds from Bristol-Myers Squibb. TF declares that she has no competing interests. RK has received research grants from Pfizer on non-depression-related topics.

Peer reviewers

Christopher Dowrick, BA MBChB MSc MD

Emeritus Professor

University of Liverpool

UK

Disclosures

CD has been reimbursed by Novartis for participating in an educational event.

Erin K. Ferenchick, MD

Center for Family and Community Medicine

Columbia University Medical Center

Upper Manhattan

NY

Disclosures

EKF declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

American College of Physicians. Nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments of adults in the acute phase of major depressive disorder: a living clinical guideline from the American College of Physicians. Feb 2023 [internet publication]..Full text

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
  • Differentials

    • Trastorno adaptativo con estado de ánimo deprimido
    • Trastornos depresivos asociados con medicamentos/sustancias o enfermedades médicas, y otros trastornos depresivos
    • Trastorno bipolar
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • WHO Clinical descriptions and diagnostic requirements for ICD-11 mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders (CDDR)
    • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders
    More Guidelines
  • Patient information

    Depresión en adultos: ¿qué es?

    Depresión en adultos: ¿qué tratamientos funcionan?

    More Patient information
  • Calculators

    escala de depresión geriátrica (Geriatric Depression Scale)

    Cribado de depresión (cualquiera) por PHQ-2 de Dos Elementos

    Mais Calculadoras
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