Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presencia de factores de riesgo
- tos incoercible
- fiebre
- disnea
- sibilancia
- hipoxia
- crepitaciones
- Nivel de conciencia reducido
- cianosis
- broncoespasmo
Risk factors
- disfunción en la deglución
- enfermedad cerebrovascular
- nivel de conciencia deteriorado (puntuación de la escala de coma de Glasgow <9)
- Toxicomanía
- durante la anestesia general (u otros procedimientos orofaríngeos) o en la unidad de cuidados intensivos
- trastorno gastrointestinal
- edad avanzada
- tos ineficaz
- mayor gravedad de la enfermedad
- Estudios gastrointestinales superiores con bario
- sexo masculino
- presencia de una sonda de alimentación
- Cánceres de cabeza y cuello
- politraumatismo
- enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico
- posición en decúbito supino
- obesidad
- fármacos que reducen el tono del esfínter esofágico
- Fármacos que retrasan el vaciado gástrico
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- radiografía de tórax
- Análisis de sangre
Tests to consider
- tomografía computarizada (TC) de tórax
- broncoscopia
- gasometría arterial
Treatment algorithm
neumonitis por aspiración
neumonitis no resuelta después de 48 horas
Contributors
Expert advisers
Jonathan Bennett, MD
Honorary Professor of Respiratory Sciences
University of Leicester
Respiratory Consultant
Glenfield Hospital
Leicester
UK
Biography
JB is deputy medical director of RCP Invited Service Reviews, and speaker at national meetings for organisations including the British Thoracic Society, Primary Care Respiratory Society, and Society for Cardiothoracic Surgery.
Disclosures
JB declares that he has no competing interests.
Melvyn Jenkins-Welch, MBBS, BSc, MSc, FRCA, FFICM
Consultant Critical Care Medicine
Cardiff and Vale ULHB
Cardiff
UK
Disclosures
MJW declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice would like to gratefully acknowledge the previous expert contributor, whose work has been retained in parts of the content:
Madison Macht, MD
Volunteer Clinical Faculty
Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine
University of Colorado Denver
Aurora
CO
Disclosures
MM declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
David G. Smithard, BSc, MB, MD, FRCP, FRCSLT (Hon)
Visiting Professor
University of Greenwich
Consultant in Elderly Medicine
Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust
Greenwich
UK
Disclosures
DGS declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 1;344(9):665-71. Abstract
British Thoracic Society. Diagnosis and management of aspiration pneumonia. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

Differentials
- Síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda
- Exacerbación asmática
- Exacerbación de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC)
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Diagnosis and management of aspiration pneumonia
- ACR appropriateness criteria: dysphagia
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