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Aspiración aguda

Última revisão: 17 Aug 2025
Última atualização: 25 Mar 2025

Resumo

Definição

História e exame físico

Principais fatores diagnósticos

  • presencia de factores de riesgo
  • tos aguda o crónica
  • fiebre
  • disnea
  • sibilancia
  • crepitaciones
Detalhes completos

Outros fatores diagnósticos

  • Laringoespasmo
Detalhes completos

Fatores de risco

  • disminución del nivel de consciencia (puntuación <9 en la Escala de Coma de Glasgow)
  • mayor gravedad de la enfermedad
  • anestesia general
  • edad >70 años
  • sexo masculino
  • traumatismo de cráneo
  • enfermedad cerebrovascular
  • tubo endotraqueal o cánula de traqueotomía
  • disfagia
  • complicaciones en las vías respiratorias
  • papilla de bario
  • enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico
  • sondas de alimentación
  • posición en decúbito supino
  • vaciamiento gástrico retrasado
  • obesidad
  • fármacos que reducen el tono del esfínter esofágico
Detalhes completos

Investigações diagnósticas

Primeiras investigações a serem solicitadas

  • radiografía de tórax
Detalhes completos

Investigações a serem consideradas

  • tomografía computarizada (TC) de tórax
  • broncoscopia con lavado broncoalveolar
  • hemograma completo (HC)
  • gasometría arterial
  • hemocultivo
  • Toracocentesis
Detalhes completos

Algoritmo de tratamento

AGUDA

neumonitis por aspiración de contenido gástrico

neumonitis por aspiración de bario

Colaboradores

Autores

Augustine Lee, MD

Professor of Medicine

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine

Mayo Clinic Florida

Jacksonville

FL

Declarações

AL declares that he has no competing interests.

Spencer Deleveaux, MBBS

Fellow

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine

Mayo Clinic Florida

Jacksonville

FL

Declarações

SD declares that he has no competing interests.

Agradecimentos

Dr Augustine Lee and Dr Spencer Deleveaux would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Madison Macht, Dr Kamran Mahmood, Dr Scott Shofer, Dr Septimiu Murgu, and Dr Henri Colt, previous contributors to this topic.

Declarações

MM, KM, SS, SM, and HC declare they have no competing interests.

Revisores

Andrew Parfitt, MBBS, FFAEM

Clinical Director

Acute Medicine

Associate Medical Director

Consultant Emergency Medicine

Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust

Clinical Lead and Consultant

Accident and Emergency Medicine

St Thomas' Hospital

London

UK

Declarações

AP declares that he has no competing interests.

Momen M. Wahidi, MD, MBA

Director

Interventional Pulmonology

Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine

Assistant Professor of Medicine

Duke University Medical Center

Durham

NC

Declarações

MMW declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

Referências

Nossas equipes internas de editoria e de evidências trabalham em conjunto com colaboradores internacionais especializados e pares revisores para garantir que forneçamos acesso às informações o mais clinicamente relevantes possível.

Principais artigos

Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 1;344(9):665-71. Resumo

Smith Hammond CA, Goldstein LB. Cough and aspiration of food and liquids due to oral-pharyngeal dysphagia: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 suppl):154S-68S.Texto completo  Resumo

American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures - an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists task force on preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Anesthesiology. 2017 Mar;126(3):376-93.Texto completo  Resumo

Smith I, Kranke P, Murat I, et al. Perioperative fasting in adults and children: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011 Aug;28(8):556-69.Texto completo  Resumo

Artigos de referência

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