Aspiración aguda

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Evidence last reviewed: 23 Feb 2026
Topic last updated: 10 Jun 2025

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • presencia de factores de riesgo
  • tos incoercible
  • fiebre
  • disnea
  • sibilancia
  • hipoxia
  • crepitaciones
  • Nivel de conciencia reducido
  • cianosis
  • broncoespasmo
Full details

Risk factors

  • disfunción en la deglución
  • enfermedad cerebrovascular
  • nivel de conciencia deteriorado (puntuación de la escala de coma de Glasgow <9)
  • Toxicomanía
  • durante la anestesia general (u otros procedimientos orofaríngeos) o en la unidad de cuidados intensivos
  • trastorno gastrointestinal
  • edad avanzada
  • tos ineficaz
  • mayor gravedad de la enfermedad
  • Estudios gastrointestinales superiores con bario
  • sexo masculino
  • presencia de una sonda de alimentación
  • Cánceres de cabeza y cuello
  • politraumatismo
  • enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico
  • posición en decúbito supino
  • obesidad
  • fármacos que reducen el tono del esfínter esofágico
  • Fármacos que retrasan el vaciado gástrico
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • radiografía de tórax
  • Análisis de sangre
Full details

Tests to consider

  • tomografía computarizada (TC) de tórax
  • broncoscopia
  • gasometría arterial
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

neumonitis por aspiración

ONGOING

neumonitis no resuelta después de 48 horas

Contributors

Expert advisers

Jonathan Bennett, MD

Honorary Professor of Respiratory Sciences

University of Leicester

Respiratory Consultant

Glenfield Hospital

Leicester

UK

Biography

JB is deputy medical director of RCP Invited Service Reviews, and speaker at national meetings for organisations including the British Thoracic Society, Primary Care Respiratory Society, and Society for Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Disclosures

JB declares that he has no competing interests.

Melvyn Jenkins-Welch, MBBS, BSc, MSc, FRCA, FFICM

Consultant Critical Care Medicine

Cardiff and Vale ULHB

Cardiff

UK

Disclosures

MJW declares that he has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice would like to gratefully acknowledge the previous expert contributor, whose work has been retained in parts of the content:

Madison Macht, MD

Volunteer Clinical Faculty

Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine

University of Colorado Denver

Aurora

CO

Disclosures

MM declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

David G. Smithard, BSc, MB, MD, FRCP, FRCSLT (Hon)

Visiting Professor

University of Greenwich

Consultant in Elderly Medicine

Queen Elizabeth Hospital

Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust

Greenwich

UK

Disclosures

DGS declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 1;344(9):665-71. Abstract

British Thoracic Society. Diagnosis and management of aspiration pneumonia. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
  • Aspiración aguda images
  • Differentials

    • Síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda
    • Exacerbación asmática
    • Exacerbación de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC)
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • Diagnosis and management of aspiration pneumonia
    • ACR appropriateness criteria: dysphagia
    More Guidelines
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